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Civil aviation is aiming at fuel efficient aircraft concepts. Propulsion systems using boundary layer ingestion (BLI) are promising to reach this goal. The focus of this study is on the DLR UHBR fan stage of a tube and wing aircraft with rear-integrated engines. In this integration scenario the propulsion system and especially the fan stage receives distorted inflow in steady-state flight conditions. The distortion pattern and distortion intensity are dependent on the operating conditions. Consequently, the interaction of the fan and the distortion changes over the flight envelope. The first part of the paper aims at gaining knowledge of the BLI fan performance in the operating points end of field, approach, cruise (CR) and top of climb (TOC) using high-fidelity, unsteady RANS approaches. The analysis includes fan map performance metrics and a deeper insight into the flow field at CR and TOC. The preliminary design of a fan stage requires fast turn-around times, which are not fulfilled by high-fidelity approaches. Therefore, a fast, throughflow-based methodology is developed, which enables aerodynamicists to design distortion-tolerant fans. The main characteristics of the methodology is outlined in the second part. Consequently, the methodology is taken advantage of to investigate parameter sensitivities in terms of tip speed, blade thickness, solidity, the annulus geometry and a non-axisymmetric stator. This study suggests that distortion-tolerant fans should be designed at higher tip speeds than conventional design experience recommends to limit the local operating point excursion.

The Cotton osteotomy or opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is a useful adjunctive flatfoot reconstructive procedure that is commonly performed; however, the outcomes are rarely reported owing to the adjunctive nature of the procedure. The Cotton procedure is relatively quick to perform and effectively corrects forefoot varus deformity after rearfoot fusion or osteotomy to achieve a rectus forefoot to rearfoot relationship. Proper patient selection is critical because the preoperative findings of medial column joint instability, concomitant hallux valgus deformity, or degenerative joint disease of the medial column might be better treated by arthrodesis of the naviculocuneiform or first tarsometatarsal joints. Procedure indications also include elevatus of the first ray, which can be a primary deformity in hallux limitus or an iatrogenic deformity after base wedge osteotomy for hallux valgus. We undertook an institutional review board-approved retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients (37 feet) who had undergone Cotton osteotomy as a part of flatfoot reconstruction. All but 1 case (2.7%) had radiographic evidence of graft incorporation at 10 weeks. No patient experienced graft shifting. Three complications (8.1%) were identified, including 2 cases with neuritis (5.4%) and 1 case of delayed union (2.7%) that healed with a bone stimulator at 6 months postoperatively. Meary's angle improved an average of 17.75°, from -17.24°± 8.00° to 0.51°± 3.81°, and this change was statistically significant (p .01). The present retrospective series highlights our experience with the use of the Cotton osteotomy as an adjunctive procedure in flatfoot reconstructive surgery.

The Cotton osteotomy or opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is a useful adjunctive flatfoot reconstructive procedure that is rarely performed in isolation. The Cotton procedure is relatively quick to perform and effectively corrects forefoot varus deformity after rearfoot fusion or osteotomy to achieve a rectus forefoot to rearfoot relationship. Proper patient selection is critical, because preoperative findings of medial column joint instability, concomitant hallux valgus deformity, or degenerative joint disease of the medial column might be better treated with arthrodesis of the naviculocuneiform or first tarsometatarsal joints. Procedure indications also include elevatus of the first ray, which can be a primary deformity in hallux limitus, or iatrogenic deformity after base wedge osteotomy in hallux valgus. We present the case of an adolescent patient who underwent flatfoot reconstruction, including Cotton osteotomy for correction of forefoot varus that was accentuated after double heel osteotomy. This case highlights our preferred procedure technique, including the use of a nerve-centric incision design. The use of an oblique dorsal medial incision is primarily intended to minimize the risk of trauma to the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve. At 20 months postoperatively for the right extremity and 12 months postoperatively for the left extremity, sensation remained intact, and the patient had not experienced any postoperative nerve symptoms. The patient had returned to playing sports without pain or restrictions.

Whereas the molecular events underlying acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are increasingly identified, dynamics of hematologic recovery following induction chemotherapy remain mysterious. Platelet recovery may vary between incomplete and excess recovery among patients achieving remission. We analyzed platelet recovery after the first induction cycle in 291 consecutive AML patients. We defined excess platelet rebound (EPR) as platelet increase above 500 G/L. We observed EPR in 120 (41.2%) patients. EPR+ patients had lower platelets at diagnosis, higher marrow infiltration, more frequently NPM1 mutations, and were associated with ELN favorable risk. Absence of EPR correlated with complex karyotypes, ELN intermediate-I and adverse risk, and therapy-related AML. Overall survival was better in EPR+ patients than EPR- (median 125 vs 41 months; p = 0.04), as was disease-free survival. By multivariate analysis, EPR+ was an independent parameter associated with favorable survival. Plasma thrombopoietin (TPO) levels at diagnosis indicated EPR+ (p

Aircraft concepts using boundary layer ingestion (BLI) are promising future flight systems aiming at reduced mission fuel burn. In this scenario the fan operates at inhomogeneous inflow conditions around the circumference. The accurate calculation of the resulting flow phenomena using uRANS approaches is highly time-consuming and therefore not suitable for fan design at early stages of the design process. In this paper, we introduce a throughflow based design methodology for BLI. The methodology includes the detailed design of the annulus geometry, the design of rotor and stator blades as well as the performance assessment in the BLI scenario. The throughflow approach is extended and calibrated to cover major BLI flow physics. The calibration data set consists of 12 fans with different fan pressure ratios (FPR) and meridional Mach numbers. The new design methodology is applied to design three specific fans and the effect of radial FPR is investigated. All designs are verified using 3D CFD uRANS approaches and the results indicate that either ascending or constant radial FPR should be favored. In addition an exploration study is conducted using the design methodology. This study covers 72 fan stages in the parameter space tip speed and meridional Mach number. The results suggest that there is a favorable tuple of design parameters to design a distortion tolerant fan by trading tip speed and meridional Mach number. In the end the newly gained knowledge is transferred to the DLR UHBR fan in order to improve the tolerance to BLI.

This paper describes the current status of the design, implementation, and test of a data acquisition (DAQ) system for the prototypes of the front-end electronics of the Antiproton Annihilation at Darmstadt ($\mathrm{\bar{P}ANDA}$) Micro Vertex Detector (MVD). The features of this DAQ, called Juelich Digital Readout System (JDRS), are driven by the requirements imposed by the physics program of the experiment, such as continuous data collection without external triggering. Flexibility and modularity are thus key points for this system, which is meant to operate during a test beam, as well as in a laboratory environment. The implementation of the system is based on an off-theshelf field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board. So far, two different application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) have been successfully connected to the JDRS. Tests to establish the performance of the JDRS in terms of processing speed and reliability have been carried out and are still ongoing.

Lisfranc fracture-dislocations can be devastating injuries with significant long-term sequelae with or without surgical intervention. The main goal of treatment is to minimize the common long-term complications including pain, progressive arch collapse, degenerative joint disease, hardware failure, and reoperation. Partial primary fusion involving the first, second, and third tarsometatarsal joints has become a common approach for primarily dislocation injuries, with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) favored for Lisfranc injuries involving fracture. ORIF commonly requires revision surgery for hardware removal or delayed fusion. Major revision creates hardship for the patient due to the prolonged recovery required, and even “simple” hardware removal can be traumatic to local nerve, artery, and tendon structures. A common injury pattern includes the findings of primary dislocation and instability of the first tarsometatarsal joint with oftentimes comminuted fracture to the second and third tarsometatarsal joints, which does not fit the standard surgical approach. We report a review of our preferred surgical approach consisting of medial column primary arthrodesis combined with central column ORIF and lateral column temporary pinning. We undertook an institutional review board-approved review of 35 consecutive Lisfranc injuries treated with this hybrid approach. Mean follow-up time was 22.14 ± 22.39 (range 2.5 to 84) months. All but 2 (5.71%) patients had radiographic evidence of union at 10 weeks. Complications included 3 with neuritis, 1 with medial column nonunion that was treated with a bone stimulator, and 1 with revision of second metatarsal nonunion. The present retrospective series highlights our experience with isolated primary fusion of the medial column in both subtle and obvious Lisfranc injuries.

Background: Whereas the molecular events underlying acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are increasingly identified, dynamics of hematologic suppression and recovery following induction chemotherapy remain enigmatic. In addition, thrombocytopenia at diagnosis is related to deregulated cytokine expression in specific leukemia subtypes rather than on the degree of bone marrow infiltration per se. Similarly, recovery of platelets after the first induction cycle among individual patients can vary from incomplete to excess recovery even if morphologic remission is achieved. In particular, excess platelet rebound (EPR) with values exceeding 500 G/L can be observed in some patients. However, this clinical observation of EPR is poorly understood so far, and its prognostic relevance is unknown. Methods: We analyzed platelet recovery after the first induction cycle in 291 consecutive AML patients receiving at least one cycle of intensive "3+7" based induction treatment. We defined excess platelet rebound (EPR) as a platelet increase above 500 G/L during hematologic recovery after the first induction cycle. Results: We observed EPR in 120 (41.2%) patients. EPR+ patients had lower platelets at diagnosis, higher marrow infiltration, more frequently NPM1 mutations, and were associated with ELN favorable risk. Absence of EPR correlated with complex karyotypes, ELN intermediate-I and adverse risk, and therapy-related AML. Overall survival was better in EPR+ patients than EPR- (median 125 versus 41 months; P=0.04), as was disease-free survival (Figure 1). By multivariate analysis, achievement of EPR+ was an independent parameter associated with favorable survival. Plasma thrombopoietin (TPO) levels at diagnosis indicated EPR+ (p Conclusion: This study suggests that excess platelet rebound (EPR+) defined as platelets exceeding 500 G/L is a common event identified in AML patients after the first induction cycle. EPR+ was predominantly observed in ELN favorable risk AML, and it was associated with significantly better overall and disease-free survival as compared to EPR- patients. In addition, achievement of EPR+ represented an independent prognostic parameter for improved survival in a multivariate analysis, and may contribute to prognostic assessment in AML patients undergoing intensive treatment with intention to cure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Hybrid pixel and double sided silicon microstrip devices will equip the Micro Vertex Detector of the P ¯ ANDA experiment. The most challenging request of the experiment is the continuous readout at the rate of 2 × 10 7 interactions/s. The detector is in an advanced R&D phase and pixel assemblies, composed of thinned epitaxial sensor read out by the custom chip prototype ToPix, developed in the 130 nm CMOS technology, were produced. The triggerless ASIC implements readout channels that are able to detect signals and transmit the information with a precise timestamp. It performs the energy loss measurement using the Time over Threshold technique, in the input range to about 50 fC. A dedicated testing bench allows the control and the readout of each single chip assembly. Two experimental setups were assembled for testing these first single chip prototypes with pions at CERN, T9, in August 2012. The first one is based on a pixel assembly positioned in the middle of a telescope composed of double sided silicon strips sensors. A 50 MHz clock signal synchronizes these two systems, the triggerless pixels and the strip detectors triggered by scintillation detectors. The second experimental setup is a tracking station housing four pixel assemblies. First results will be reported.

The design process of modern aircraft engines extensively makes use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). During the design process fan, compressor and turbine stages are typically evaluated using single passage CFD-simulations. For the design of an inlet distortion tolerant fan, the inhomogeneity of the inflow in circumferential direction does not allow the application of periodic boundary conditions and hence single passage simulations. Accordingly transient full annulus simulations have to be applied to correctly resolve the underlying physical interactions. The associated computation time for such a high fidelity simulation prohibit its application in today’s design procedures. This paper compares the simulation results of the ingestion of a mild and generic fuselage boundary layer of a blended wing body aircraft into an UHBR engine on the basis of four different simulation methods. The four different simulations include: transient full annulus CFD, Harmonic Balance frequency domain based CFD, steady full annulus CFD (Frozen Rotor) and steady single passage CFD for each blade passage. The results of the simulations are assessed using a newly developed stream tube based post-processing procedure. For the ingestion of the fuselage boundary layer the four numerical setups result in different aerodynamic conditions in the fan stage. For different aerodynamic measures different discrepancies are encountered for the different simulation methods. While the Harmonic Balance method can reproduce most features well, the simpler models overestimate the variations in the different flow features.Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Background: The combination of chemotherapy with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab is a standard of care in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). However, biomarkers predicting outcome of bevacizumab-containing treatment are lacking. As angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is a key regulator of vascular remodelling in concert with VEGF, we investigated its role as a biomarker in metastatic CRC. Methods: Serum Ang-2 levels were measured in 33 healthy volunteers and 90 patients with CRC. Of these, 34 had metastatic disease and received bevacizumab-containing therapy. To determine the tissue of origin of Ang-2, quantitative real-time PCR was performed on microdissected cryosections of human CRC and in a murine xenograft model of CRC using species-specific amplification. Results: Ang-2 originated from the stromal compartment of CRC tissues. Serum Ang-2 levels were significantly elevated in patients with metastatic CRC compared with healthy controls. Amongst patients receiving bevacizumab-containing treatment, low pre-therapeutic serum Ang-2 levels were associated with a significant better response rate (82 vs 31% P

Differential counts of bone marrow smears and aspirated material from the spleen were compared in 17 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). With increasing signs of relapse i.e. increasing WBC, an increasing proportion of granulopoietic precursor cells were found in the bone marrow. The proportion of granulopoietic precursor cells did not, however, change significantly in the spleen. It is suggested that the differences observed may reflect differences in granulopoiesis between bone marrow and extramedullary tissue in CML.

PANDA is a key experiment of the future FAIR facility and the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) is the innermost part of its tracking system, designed to identify primary and secondary vertices. It will be composed of four concentric barrels and six forward disks, instrumented with silicon hybrid pixel detectors and double-sided microstrip detectors. The layout of the two strip barrels of the PANDA MVD foresees square and rectangular sensors, arranged in linear staves. The compact layout of the detector poses significant challenges on its integration. The staves consist of a carbon fiber support structure with an embedded cooling system. A complete stave has been used to perform a test of the cooling system, using resistors to simulate the power dissipation of the chips. A multilayer flexible bus will be used to connect the readout chips to the sensor, as well as to provide the interconnection between the various chips and to distribute the power supply to the chips and to the sensors. Different prototypes have been designed to explore the technology possibilities and to optimize the stave geometry.

Extends the transactional‐transformational model of leadership by deductively developing four theoretical behavioral types of leadership based on a historical analysis of leadership literature. Then, in an exploratory empirical phase, uses two data sets to inductively develop alternative models of leadership types. Finally, with a third data set,tests several theoretically plausible typologies using second‐order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the CFA generally support the existence of four leadership types: directive leadership, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and empowering leadership.

The future PANDA-Experiment at the FAIR accelerator facility in Darmstadt/Germany utilizes an antiproton beam with momenta of 1.5 – 15 GeV/c incident on a hydrogen or heavy element fixed target. It addresses open questions concerning the strong interaction with one focus on high precision charmonium spectroscopy. The spatial and timing resolution in detecting fast-decaying particles e.g. in open-charm channels is crucial and requires the application of thin solid state detectors coupled with a fast untriggered readout electronics. The contribution will focus on the silicon microstrip tracker of the innermost subdetector, the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD), which is composed of double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSDs). These are connected to ultrathin flex modules carrying novel fast self-triggering front-end ASICs named PASTA. The construction of the DSSD modules, the carrier PCB and the architecture of the PASTA chip will be discussed as well as methods to qualify the sensors. An overview of the prototypes developed and tested up to now is given together with the future steps to be taken in order to arrive at the mass production of the full-scale modules.

Introduction Research suggests an ongoing need for change in the culture of academic medicine. This article describes the structure, activities and evaluation of a culture change project: the C - Change Learning Action Network (LAN) and its impact on participants. The LAN was developed to create the experience of a culture that would prepare participants to facilitate a culture in academic medicine that would be more collaborative, inclusive, relational, and that supports the humanity and vitality of faculty. Methods Purposefully diverse faculty, leaders, and deans from 5 US medical schools convened in 2 1/2-day meetings biannually over 4 years. LAN meetings employed experiential, cognitive, and affective learning modes; innovative dialogue strategies; and reflective practice aimed at facilitating deep dialogue, relationship formation, collaboration, authenticity, and transformative learning to help members experience the desired culture. Robust aggregated qualitative and quantitative data collected from the 5 schools were used to inform and stimulate culture-change plans. Results Quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods were used. Participants indicated that a safe, supportive, inclusive, collaborative culture was established in LAN and highly valued. LAN members reported a deepened understanding of organizational change, new and valued interpersonal connections, increased motivation and resilience, new skills and approaches, increased self-awareness and personal growth, emotional connection to the issues of diversity and inclusion, and application of new learnings in their work. Discussion A carefully designed multi-institutional learning community can transform the way participants experience and view institutional culture. It can motivate and prepare them to be change agents in their own institutions.

The culture of academic medicine has been described as hierarchical, competitive, and not highly supportive of female or minority faculty. In response to this, the authors designed the Learning Action Network (LAN), which was part of the National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine (C-Change). The LAN is a five-school consortium aimed at changing the organizational culture of its constituent institutions. The authors selected LAN schools to be geographically diverse and representative of U.S. medical schools. Institutional leaders and faculty representatives from constituent schools met twice yearly for four years (2006-2010), forming a cross-institutional learning community. Through their quarterly listing of institutional activities, schools reported a wide array of actions. Most common were increased faculty development and/or mentoring, new approaches to communication, and adoption of new policies and procedures. Other categories included data collection/management, engagement of key stakeholders, education regarding gender/diversity, and new/expanded leadership positions. Through exit interviews, most participants reported feeling optimistic about maintaining the momentum of change. However, some, especially in schools with leadership changes, expressed uncertainty. Participants reported that they felt that the LAN enabled, empowered, facilitated, and/or caused the reported actions.For others who might want to work toward changing the culture of academic medicine, the authors offer several lessons learned from their experiences with C-Change. Most notably, people, structures, policies, and reward systems must be put into place to support cultural values, and broad-based support should be created in order for changes to persist when inevitable transitions in leadership occur.

Most low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas are intrauterine in origin, and a primary extrauterine location in the mesentery or omentum is extraordinarily rare. Hence, we report a well-documented, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma of extrauterine origin as an incidental finding in a patient who had extensive ovarian intra-abdominal carcinomatosis. This case adds to the literature experience in this entity and illustrates that such lesions may occur as incidental and unexpected findings in patients with other gynecologic neoplasms.

This research investigates relationships between financial performance of the firm and subsequent chief executive officer (CEO) leader behaviors. The study was inspired by previous microlevel research that found that leaders respond to poorly performing subordinates with greater use of directive behaviors and punishment. Extrapolating from these microlevel findings, we posited that CEOs of firms with poor financial performance will demonstrate greater “strongman” or “tough” leader behaviors than CEOs of higher performing firms. Leader behavior descriptions were collected from the subordinates of CEOs at 56 high technology firms in a large metropolitan area. Generally, the results supported the notion that CEOs of poorer performing firms were “tougher” in their leader behavior toward direct-report members of their top management team than CEOs of higher performing companies. This research is an example of “meso” level research, where an organizational-level dimension—financial performance—is correlated with an individual-level dimension—leader behavior.

In this paper, an advanced Reverse Conducting (RC) IGBT concept is presented. The new technology is referred to as the Bi-mode Insulated Gate Transistor (BIGT) implying that the device can operate at the same current densities in transistor (IGBT) mode and freewheeling diode mode by utilizing the same available silicon volume in both operational modes. The BIGT design concept differs from that of the standard RC-IGBT while targeting to fully replace the state-of-the-art two-chip IGBT/Diode approach with a single chip. The BIGT is also capable of improving the over-all performance especially under hard switching conditions.

Evolutionary computational (EC) techniques such as genetic algorithms (GA) have been identified as promising methods to explore the design space of mechanical and electrical systems at the earliest stages of design. In this paper the authors summarize their research in the use of evolutionary computation to develop preliminary designs for various space systems. An evolutionary computational solver developed over the course of the research, X-TOOLSS (Exploration Toolset for the Optimization of Launch and Space Systems) is discussed. With the success of early, low-fidelity example problems, an outline of work involving more computationally complex models is discussed.

Our experimental setup for ultrasound computer tomography (USCT) has a cylindrical aperture with a diameter of 18 cm and height of 15 cm. In this setup ultrasound can travel over long distances up to 50 cm. Phase aberration due to speed of sound variations cause many pulses not to overlap in the reflectivity reconstruction. 3D speed of sound (SOS) maps were calculated using the recorded data and applied for correction. Due to a sparse sampling of the received transmission signals, the resulting speed of sound maps are noisy and of low detail. But the accuracy of the average speed of sound is sufficient for phase aberration correction of the reflection images down to object size of approx. 1 mm and increases the image quality significantly. Our work shows that high resolution USCT is not possible without phase aberration correction using SOS information.

The ANDA (antiProton ANnihilation at DArmstadt) experiment will study the strong interaction in annihilation reactions between an antiproton beam and a stationary gas jet target. The detector will comprise different sub-detectors for tracking, particle identification and calorimetry. The Micro-Vertex Detector (MVD) as the innermost part of the tracking system will allow precise tracking and detection of secondary vertices. For the readout of the double-sided silicon strip sensors a custom-made ASIC is being developed, employing the Time-over-Threshold (ToT) technique for digitization and utilize time-to-digital converters (TDC) to provide a high-precision time stamp of the hit. A custom-made Module Data Concentrator ASIC (MDC) will multiplex the data of all front-ends of one sensor towards the CERN-developed GBT chip set (GigaBit Transceiver). The MicroTCA-based MVD Multiplexer Board (MMB) at the off-detector site will receive and concentrate the data from the GBT links and transfer it to FPGA-based compute nodes for global event building.

Modular, executable, decision -centric templates have been used as a means to model design processes computationally. The use of decision templates has been limited so far to decision making by a single stakeholder . Templ ates for multiple stakeholders, making concurrent decisions regarding the design of a product have not been developed . In this paper, we extend the current template -based approach using Game -Based Design , which is a method incorporating game theoretic prot ocols in engineering design and has been proposed as a means to solve design decision problems for multiple stakeholders. The interaction s bet ween multiple decision makers are modeled using cooperative, non -cooperative, and leader follower protocols . The p roposed approach facilitates collaboration between two stakeholders by organizing design process information u sing decision -centric templates . The proposed approach facilitates computational modeling of designer interactions in a distributed environment by capturing the dynamics of collaborative decision making. It is demonstrated with respect to facilitating the design and prototype manufacture of a separation channel for a microscale gas chromatography system.

The concurrent consideration of design and manufacturing requirements at the early stages of design is one of the cited challenges in microsystem design. In this paper, we take the first steps, through an example, towards addressing these issues through the use of the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP). The cDSP is a domain-independent hybrid multiobjective decision support formulation utilized in engineering design. The design of a parylene microchannel for a microscale gas chromatography system is refined using the cDSP. The objective is to adjust the geometry of the microchannel to create a satisficing design for one fabrication goal and two performance goals. The cDSP is utilized for five scenarios, one in which all three goals are given equal priority, one for each of three goals when they are given first priority, and one in which the performance goals are given equal priority. We are more interested in demonstrating the method than the results per se. Our goal is to show how microsystem designers can use the cDSP to gain some insight into how these goals interact and how design decisions can be made with this insight.Copyright © 2004 by ASME

Test and modeling investigations for modal vibration, buckling, and stiffness characterization of polyimide film inflatable booms are described. These structures have considerable potential for use in space as components of solar concentrators, solar sails, space power systems including solar arrays, and other future missions. Several annular and solid-section thin-film booms constructed of Kapton polyimide film and polyurethane foam were characterized. Static load-deflection tests for bending and axial tension/compression, buckling tests, and modal survey tests were conducted. Finite element models were developed for solid and annular foamrigidized struts and compared to the test results. Closedform beam theory predictions were also compared to the modal test and finite element results. It was found that linear finite element models agreed well with the test data, particularly for mode shapes and natural frequencies. However, beam theory did not work well in general for these structures, predicting an unrealistic variation in modulus as a function of frequency.

Detailed investigation of the construction,packaging/deployment, foam rigidL'ation, and structuralcharacterization of polyimide film inflatable booms isdescribed. These structures have considerable potential foruse in space with solar concentrat_rs, solar sails, spacepower systems including solar arrays, and other futuremissions.Numerous thin-film booms or struts were successfullyconstructed, inflated, injected with foam, and rigidized.Both solid-section and annular test articles were fabricated,using Kapton polyimide fihn, various adhesives,styrofoam end plugs, and polyurethane pressurized foam.Numerous inflation/deployment experiments wereconducted and compared to comput,_r simulations usingthe MSC/DYTRAN code. Finite element models weredeveloped for several foam-rigidized _truts and compared tomodal test results.Several problems encountered in the construction,deployment, and foam injection/ri_::idization process arcdescribed. Areas of difficulty includ_:d inadequate adhesivestrength, cracking of the film and air leakage, excessivebending of the structure during deployment, problemswith loam distribution and curing properties, and controlof foam leakage following injection into the structure.Many of these problems were overcome in the course ofthe research.tStudent of Mechanical Engineering_Graduate Research Assistant*Structural Dynamics Lead Fn_ineer;Fellow AIAAAssociateCopyright O 2002 by the American _nstitute of Aeronauticsand Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the UnitedStates under Title 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. government has aroyalty-free license to exercise all _igtts under the copyrightclaimed herein for Governmental purl'oses. All other rightsare reserved by the copyright owner.

An "event-synchronous interference canceller" (ESC) for cancellation of electrocardiographic (ECG) interference in diaphragmatic electromyographic (EMGdi) signals is addressed in this paper, ESC pursues the concept of the "event synchronous adaptive interference canceller" (ESAIC), which was proposed in P. Strobach et al., ibid., vol. 41, p. 343-50 (1994) as a specific application of the well known "adaptive noise canceller" (ANC) paradigm, but ESC uses a simple adaptive gain control (AGC) instead of the complex adaptive filter of the ANC. The proposed ESC method is evaluated using both computer simulations and real EMGdi data, and its efficiency in interference cancellation is compared to that of ESAIC. Of particular interest is the result that the ESC can replace the ESAIC providing better performance as well as a considerable reduction of computational costs.

This work presents an FPGA-based readout system for double-sided silicon strip sensors based on the APV25 front-end chip. The system consists of an ADC-card and a digital readout board containing an FPGA. Data extraction algorithms implemented in the FPGA allow baseline and pedestal correction, hit detection and event-building. These algorithms represent an efficient data reduction tool and provide high readout rates. Details of the system, the algorithms applied and performance will be discussed featuring data collected in various tests experiments.

4133 Background: The combination of chemotherapy and the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab (BV) is the current standard treatment for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous efforts to identify bio...

aortic tissue of the patient may be an indication of elevated levels of other glycosaminoglycans that contain this amino sugar. Aneurysm formation with rupture in ch i ld ren with Marfan syndrome, in contrast to adults, is relatively infrequent. It usually occurs in the ascending aorta within a few centimetres of the sinuses of Valsalva. This infrequency should not allow the 'pediatrician to become complacent to the fact that all patients with Marfan syndrome are at risk for developing dissecting aneurysm, including aneurysms of the ductus arteriosus.

This paper reviews the 19 published studies that have utilized psychological assessments in determining the outcome of children with phenylketonuria who have discontinued a phenylalanine-restricted diet. About half the studies showed that, after diet termination, the intellectual performance of children decreased, while the other studies indicated that the intellectual performance of the children did not change. Difficulties in the use of intelligence tests to answer questions about diet termination are outlined. Due to the methodological difficulties and the varying results reported, the issue concerning the safety of diet discontinuation remains unresolved. The conclusion is that the task now is to differentiate those children who should remain on the diet from those who may safely terminate.

Mice harbouring a measured load of cul-turable Mycob. bovis in the lungs were treated either with rifampicin or INH in high doses over prolonged periods of time. Observed difference

The treatment of osteoporotic patients with teriparatide is associated with a significant increase in bone formation and gain of bone mass. The purpose of this post hoc analysis was to determine if the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the spinal canal and the vertebral body is affected by teriparatide treatment. Narrowing of the spinal canal might represent a safety problem, while widening of the vertebral CSA might improve mechanical stability. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of vertebra T12 were obtained at baseline and after 6, 12, and 24 months of teriparatide treatment (20 microg/day) from 44 postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis participating in the prospective, randomized EUROFORS study. The CSA of the spinal canal did not decrease but increased marginally by 0.9% (2.6 mm(2)) over 24 months (P0.001), with a range from -0.5% (-2 mm(2)) to 3.1% (+8 mm(2)). Even when analyzing the spinal CSA on a slice-by-slice basis, no clinically relevant narrowing of the spinal canal was observed. For vertebral bodies, the CSA increased by 0.7% (5.7 mm(2)) over 24 months (P0.001), with a range from -0.4% (-3 mm(2)) to 1.6% (+14 mm(2)). Our data do not provide evidence for safety concerns regarding spinal canal narrowing. On the other hand, the increases observed for vertebral CSA apparently also only minimally contribute to the mechanical strengthening of the vertebral body under teriparatide treatment.

ROUTINE NEWBORN SCREENING for galactosemia was initiated on the premise that early detection and treatment ensure normal development as well as prevention of liver disease and cataracts? However, early in our follow-up of children with galactosemia detected and treated from birth, we were impressed with the severity and frequency of speech difficulties, Thus we studied the intelligence and speech and language development in eight children with classic galactosemia (galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency) detected by routine newborn screening in the Massachusetts Metabolic Disorders Screening Program at the State Laboratory Institute, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. The ages of the children ranged from 3.6 to 11.6 years (Table I). There were six boys and two girls. Four of the eight children were sick during the neonatal period with jaundice, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, and vomiting. One child had, in addition, a urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli and a bleeding diathesis. Treatment with a lactose-free diet was initiated before 16 days of age in all the children. Two children (Patients 4 and 7), each with an older affected sibling, were diagnosed at birth on the basis of cord blood studies. One of these children (Patient 4) never received milk, and the other received only two milk feedings. All of the children have continued dietary treatment and have been in good biochemical control since four to five days after treatment began, with no detectable galactose in blood or urine and whole blood galactose-l-phosphate concentrations less than 2 mg/dl. All have normal growth and normal physical develop

Psychotropic drug use in Saskatchewan during 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980 was determined. Approximately one in five prescriptions dispensed was for a psychotropic. About 20% of the population received psychotropic drugs in each year but use has declined slightly, especially that of tranquilizers. Psychotropic use increased with the patient's age and nearly two-thirds were women. Considerable caution should be exercised in making comparisons with other drug utilization studies. There may be substantial differences in the drugs selected for study, the categorization of these drugs, and the methodology used to analyze drug use. Also, most studies are based on data that is from a decade old or older. Moreover, most if not all other studies on drug use are based on sample surveys (from different sampling universes), whereas the present study is based on the entire population. Nevertheless, some generalizations may be valid. Since non-formulary drugs are excluded, the findings should be regarded as conservative. Examples of non-formulary drugs considered to be psychotropic include antispasmodic / tranquilizer / sedative combinations (example: Librax, Donnatal), combination hypnotics (example: Tuinal, Mandrax), and some combination analgesics (example: propoxyphene compounds, pentazocine compound, oxycodone compound).

As a result of treatment with rifampicin, starting on the 11th day after infection with the Ravenel strain of Mycob. bovis used in these investigations, the disease passes into a chronic phase. The number (mode) of culturable organisms present in the lungs of the mice declines exponentially in the course of treatment with rifampicin in a dose of 40 mg/kg daily, so that the bacteriological findings in an increasing number of animals become negative after more than 100 days. After 150 days treatment with rifampicin (40 mg/kg) alone or rifampicin (40) in combination with streptomycin (250) or ethambutol (150), the majority of the mice are actually not yet bacteriologically sterile, since viable bacteria are again found in mice treated under the same conditions after a recuperation period of 50 or 100 days. In contrast, all animals treated with rifampicin (40) and INH (25) remain free from relapse. It may therefore be concluded that a special form of synergism takes place when these two drugs are given simultaneously.