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Recently, it has been reported that tear osmolarity (Tosm) is correlated with plasma osmolarity and will increase during exertion. We aimed to assess whether inhaling oxygen-enriched air between exercises could significantly change the Tosm value. Thirty men aged 24.9 years were included in the study. A cycloergometer was used to perform the exercise protocol. We recorded the participants’ Tosm (mOsm/L), heart rate (HR, beats/minute), oxygen saturation, and blood pressure values. After the first exhaustive exercise (T1), participants inhaled oxygen in the experimental group and a placebo in the control group. After the second exercise (T2), another set of measurements was obtained. The Tosm value before exercise was 297.4 ± 1.21 and 296.53 ± 1.11 mOsm/L (p = 0.61718) and the HR was 72.6 ± 2.59 and 73 ± 2.59 beats/minute (p = 0.39949) in the study and the control group, respectively. At T1, Tosm was 303.67 ± 1.25 and 302.2 ± 1.25 mOsm/L (p = 0.41286) and the HR reached 178.04 ± 2.60 and 176.4 ± 2.60 beats/minute (p = 0.65832), respectively. At T2, Tosm in the study group reached 305.73 ± 0.86 mOsm/L (correlation with the use of oxygen: r = −0.3818), and in the control group, it was 308.4 ± 0.86 mOsm/L (p = 0.0373), while the HR reached 172.20 ± 2.53 beats/minute in the study group and 178.2 ± 2.53 beats/minute in the control group (p = 0.057). It was concluded that inhaling oxygen before and after exercise could increase the rate of recovery after exhaustive exercise.

Objectives Vestibular rehabilitation leads to a gradual diminution of the subjective and objective symptoms that accompany the vestibular disorders. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of 2 different types of vestibular rehabilitation on vestibular compensation in patients with chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction. Material and Methods The study was conducted on a group of 58 subjects (43 females and 15 males) aged 40–64 years, who presented with chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction and were hospitalized. The patients were randomly assigned to either of the 2 groups established. The study was conducted in a 6-week period. Group 1 consisted of patients who underwent customized group vestibular rehabilitation in an outpatient setting. The program was performed once a week for 1 h 30 min, under the supervision of a physiotherapist and a physiatrist. Group 2 was instructed to perform Cawthorne–Cooksey exercises and simple balance exercises twice a day for 15 min. Results An improvement in the outcomes of the Dynamic Gait Index as well as the Berg Balance Scale was statistically significant for group 1. The time for fulfilling the task in the Timed Up and Go Test improved in both groups (p < 0.05). The subjective estimation of the symptoms evaluated with the use of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and the Visual Analogue Scale revealed a statistically significant improvement in both groups, yet it was higher in group 1. Conclusions The compensation achieved after 6 weeks of the customized, supervised outpatient rehabilitation program in group 1 was superior to the results of the home-based unsupervised Cawthorne–Cooksey and balance exercises. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(3):273–82

Physical exertion leads to the rise in tear osmolarity. However, previous studies have been conducted mostly on males and did not consider sex differences and the possible alteration in blinking during physical exercise. Sixteen women and 18 men aged 25.09 ± 1.70 were divided into equal groups with eyes open and shut. Participants performed 8-min medium-intensity exercise and 5-min intense exercise on a cycloergometer. Tear osmolarity (in mOsm/L) was evaluated before ( T0), after medium-intensity (T1) and intense exercise (T2). The blinking rate was assessed in a group with eyes open. Tear brake up time was measured in T0 and T1. With tear osmolarity measuring 305.72 ± 1.22 and 313.56 ± 1.90 for men and women, respectively, we observed significant differences in T1. In T2, tear osmolarity in men was 303.3 ± 1.28 vs. 310.87 ± 1.36 in women. The blinking rate decreased from 14.24 ± 2.54/min in T0 to 9.41 ± 2.83/min in T1. There was a statistically significant change in tear osmolarity in both groups, that is, in the group with eyes shut from 300.53 ± 1.37 in T0 to 308.06 ± 1.55 in T1 to 304.88 ± 1.54 in T2. In the group with eyes open, tear osmolarity increased from 300.29 ± 1.37 in T0 to 310.76 ± 1.55 in T1 and then dropped to 308.88 ± 1.54 in T2. Tear brake up time measured in T0 was 14.7 ± 1.43 vs. 13.53 ±1.48 in the open eyes condition. Due to physical exercise, short-term changes in tear osmolarity are partially caused by altered blinking. Sex differences in tear osmolarity in response to exertion may confirm the relationship between total body water and tear osmolarity.

Using own modification of X-ray microanalysis method the authors evaluated the lead, chlorine, and sulfur content in the peripheral blood lymphocytes in 20 patients with laryngeal carcinoma in comparison with 20 healthy subjects of the control group. In patients with advanced clinical stages of that carcinoma the elevated lead and chlorine content has been stated in above cells whereas that of sulfur was decreased. According to the authors' opinion above changes reflect functional disturbances of lymphocytes in the patient with laryngeal carcinoma related to the decreased detoxicative properties, the intracellular electrolyte imbalance, and the enzymatic machinery alterations within that cells.

Activity of N -acetyl-beta- d -glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase was determined in neutrophils and lymphocytes of patients with cancer of the larynx and precancerous states of the larynx as well as—for comparative reasons—in patients with malignant tumors of female generation organs, breast carcinoma, cancer of the stomach and endometriosis. The main result of investigations performed was in fact that intracellular deficiency of beta-glucuronidase within the neutrophils characterizes patients with cancer and precancerous states of the larynx. Patients with cancer of the larynx show additionally a deficiency of neutrophil myeloperoxidase. Deficiency of N -acetyl-beta- d -glucosaminidase occurs, in contrast, in patients with malignancies of female generation organ. Activity of myeloperoxidase in neutrophils from patients with gastric carcinoma is slightly elevated.

In 24 men aged 32 to 58 years with precancerous states of the larynx, i.e., leukoplakia, papillomas and pachydermia the peripheral blood lymphocytes were cytochemically stained for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and glycogen; and the neutrophils were stained for alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase and lipids. The results were expressed in terms of the absolute counts of reaction-positive cells and of the activity index score. The serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were also determined by Mancini's method. The results obtained were compared with those in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years. The patients exhibited elevated numbers of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase-positive lymphocytes. A characteristic feature was an increase in the absolute counts of lymphocytes with diffuse and granular-diffuse types of cytochemical reaction for all enzymes studied. The number of cells with the granular type of enzymatic reaction (intact enzyme-positive lysosomes) was significantly diminished. These cytochemical alterations were accompanied by a significant increase in the serum IgA level. These results are discussed with reference to the lymphoid system response to tissues of precancerous lesions of the larynx. So far as the neutrophils are concerned the patients exhibited significant intracellular deficiency of beta-glucuronidase and decrease in the lipid content as well as an elevated alkaline phosphatase activity. The possible significance of the beta-glucuronidase deficiency in neutrophils for the diminished cytotoxic response of these cells against the tumor and precancerous lesion cells is discussed.

Using the scanning electron microscopic technique the surface structure of the peripheral blood lymphocytes has been studied in 20 men aged 46 to 62 years with the laryngeal carcinoma diagnosed clinically and histopathologically. The control group consisted of 20 healthy men aged 39 to 58 years. According to the international classification 15 of 20 patients studied showed the T3N0M0 stage of the disease and other five the T4N0M0 stage respectively. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patients showed significantly greater variability of the surface structure as compared with the controls. The characteristic pattern of the lymphocytes in patients with cancer of the larynx was quantitative increase in numbers of lymphocytes having smooth surface deprived of microvilli and significant decrease of cells exhibiting numerous surface microvilli; these cells may correspond to the T and the B cell series, respectively. Moreover, the patients showed significant, approximately threefold increase in number of lymphocytes having the intermediate surface morphology between above mentioned two basic lymphocyte topographical types. According to the authors opinion above differences between the lymphocytes of patients with cancer of the larynx and those from healthy subjects are associated with the antitumor response of the lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes from patients with cancer of the larynx have been characterized by the activity of two enzymes involved in purine metabolism--adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. It has been shown that purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was 1.5-fold higher in lymphocytes of patients in comparison with a group of healthy individuals. Adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes was elevated three to four-fold. The authors suggest that especially the estimation of adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes would be a useful laboratory test in the study of immune responsiveness of patients with cancer of the larynx.