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1. Compliance guide for a proposed highway project to meet National Environment Protection Act requirements

Author

Phelan, Marilyn E. and Phelan, R. Scott

Subjects
Freeways -- Environmental aspects, Freeways -- Design and construction, Road construction industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Environmental policy -- Interpretation and construction, Highway planning -- Analysis, Government regulation, Business, Education, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Environmental Education Act of 1990
Abstract

The National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) requires that, prior to construction of a highway, the head of the federal agency that is committing funds to the project must evaluate the effect of the project on the human environment; the effect of the project on the habitat of an endangered species, which implicates provisions of the Endangered Species Act, the effect of the project on any historic properties in the vicinity of the project, which implicates provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act, and the effect of the project on minority or low-income populations, called environmental justice, which implicates Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In this paper, we provide an example guide for transportation planners to follow as they comply with NEPA and the related acts in the beginning planning stages for a highway project. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2008)134:l(112) CE Database subject headings: Highway construction; Environmental issues; Historic sites; Toll roads; Endangered species.

Published
2008

2. Impact of federal environmental requirements on proposed highway or bridge project

Author

Phelan, R. Scott and Phelan, Marilyn E.

Subjects
Bridge construction -- Planning, Bridge construction -- Laws, regulations and rules, Bridge construction -- Environmental aspects, Road construction -- Planning, Road construction -- Laws, regulations and rules, Road construction -- Environmental aspects, Transportation planning -- Laws, regulations and rules, Transportation planning -- Analysis, Company business planning, Government regulation, Business, Education, Engineering and manufacturing industries, National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Abstract

Prior to construction of a bridge or highway, the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) requires an evaluation of the effect of the project on the human environment. The purpose of NEPA is to require the head of the federal agency that is committing funds to the project to consider its actions before deciding to proceed with the project. This paper will analyze the general provisions of NEPA to remove some of the mystery related to the environmental concerns raised by bridge or highway projects and to emphasize to transportation planners that these concerns must be addressed prior to beginning a major bridge or highway project. The intent of this paper is to provide some guidance to transportation planners in light of these statutes as they begin the planning stages for highway and bridge projects. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:2(158) CE Database subject headings: Bridges, highway; Highways; Environmental impact; Environmental issues; Federal government.

Published
2007

3. Environmental considerations for a proposed tolled highway project

Author

Phelan, R. Scott and Phelan, Marilyn E.

Subjects
Road construction industry -- Environmental aspects, Road construction industry -- Analysis, Highway engineering -- Analysis, Highway engineering -- Environmental aspects, Toll roads -- Design and construction, Toll roads -- Environmental aspects, Business, Education, Engineering and manufacturing industries
Abstract

As federal dollars available for highway projects are tightened and as demand for more highway capacity continues to increase, transportation officials seek more innovative financing methods. One of the more common methods has been to toll new highway projects. Recently, tollways also have been considered for existing, free-access roadways, i.e., nontolled, infrastructure segments. Transportation planners must consider that this so-called 'innovative' financing technique, i.e., the decision to toll existing and new roadways, is subject to provisions of the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA). This renewed interest in tolling mandates that transportation planners revisit the requirements of NEPA, and in this context, its applicability to decisions to toll roads for financing of highway projects. NEPA requires that, prior to construction of a bridge or highway, the head of the federal agency that is committing funds to the project must evaluate the effect of the project on the human environment; the effect of the project on the habitat of an endangered species, which implicates provisions of the Endangered Species Act; the effect of the project on any historic properties in the vicinity of the project, which implicates provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act, and the effect of the project on minority or low-income-populations, called environmental justice, which implicates Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In this paper, we analyze the requirements of NEPA as they relate to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The interrelation of the two acts now mandates that the transportation planner consider an environmental justice concept in planning for highway and bridge projects. The intent of this paper is to provide some guidance to transportation planners in light of the environmental justice issues implicated by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as they begin the planning stages for highway and bridge projects. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2008)134:1(116) CE Database subject headings: Highway engineering; Environmental issues; Toll roads; Tolls.

Published
2008

4. Phenester (NSC-116 785): Convulsant effects in the dog of an alkylating agent with antitumor activity

Author

Fleischman Rw, Phelan R, George R. Thompson, Ruth D. Davis, Ulrich Schaeppi, V. Jliewski, Stanley W. Stadnicki, and Cooney Da

Subjects
Diarrhea, Alkylating Agents, Vomiting, Acetates, Adenocarcinoma, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Dogs, Thalamus, Seizures, Lymphopenia, Tremor, Bronchopneumonia, medicine, Animals, Tonic (music), Adverse effect, Bone Marrow Diseases, Cerebral Cortex, business.industry, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, Electroencephalography, Esters, medicine.anatomical_structure, Hypocellularity, Cerebral cortex, Anesthesia, Nitrogen Mustard Compounds, Toxicity, Convulsant, Bone marrow, medicine.symptom, Salivation, business
Abstract

Phenester [acetic acid, (p-(bis (2 chlorethyl)-amino)-phenyl) ethyl ester] is known to produce marked oncolytic activity against the mammary adenocarcinoma 13,762 in rats. For evaluation of toxicity, 17 dogs were treated with single doses of 120, 80, 20, or 5 mg/kg, with 5 consecutive daily doses of 80, 28, 14, 7, or 3.5 mg/kg, or with 11 treatments of 7 mg/kg, at 4-day intervals. The essential toxicity consisted of centrally induced salivation, vomiting, muscle twitches, tremors, and finally clonic and tonic convulsions. EEG recordings (2 dogs) from the thalamus and cerebral cortex demonstrated subcortical and cortical spikes and 3–4 cps hypersynchronous slow waves which during tonic convulsions, progressed into cortical and subcortical seizures followed by postictal silence. Six of the 8 dogs that developed tonic convulsions died or became moribund during the seizures or a few days thereafter. Mortality resulted from treatment with up to 5 daily doses of 28 mg/kg ( 2 2 ), 14 mg/kg ( 1 2 ), or 7 mg/kg ( 2 5 ). The other dogs survived. Tonic convulsions were also noted in one of 2 dogs receiving 11 treatments at 4-day intervals with 7 mg/kg/day, and in 1 dog treated with a single dose of 80 mg/kg. Dogs treated with 5 daily doses of 3.5 mg/kg or with a single dose of 20 mg/kg did not manifest convulsions. The 6 dogs which became critically ill exhibited very severe or severe hypocellularity of the bone marrow ( 5 6 dogs), severe hypocellularity of the lymphoid tissues ( 6 6 dogs), severe bronchopneumonia ( 2 6 dogs) or intestinal toxicity ( 1 6 dogs). Hepatic and renal toxicity were negligible. In contrast to other alkylating agents, phenester failed to produce degenerative changes of the spermatogenic cells or important intestinal histopathologic changes; convulsive properties predominated. Treatment with 3.5 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days elicited vomiting, but was otherwise tolerated without adverse side effects (maximum tolerated dose).

Published
1971

5. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119 875): preclinical toxicologic evaluation of intravenous injection in dogs, monkeys and mice

Author

Phelan R, Irwin A. Heyman, Vladimir Ilievski, Ulrich Schaeppi, Ruth D. Davis, Harris Rosenkrantz, David A. Cooney, and Robert W. Fleischman

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Vomiting, Urinary system, Nephrosis, Pain, Toxicology, Median lethal dose, Excretion, Lethal Dose 50, Mice, Necrosis, Dogs, Internal medicine, medicine, Organometallic Compounds, Animals, Amines, Hypoxia, Bone Marrow Diseases, Lymphatic Diseases, Platinum, Pharmacology, Dehydration, business.industry, Lethal dose, Haplorhini, medicine.disease, Hypocellularity, Endocrinology, Toxicity, Injections, Intravenous, Azotemia, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chlorine, business
Abstract

cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), a compound with antineoplastic and antimitotic activity, which inhibited the synthesis of DNA and to a lesser extent of RNA and proteins, was submitted to a preclinical pharmacologic evaluation in 16 dogs, 10 monkeys, and 120 mice. The LD50 following a single dose iv in Swiss mice was 13.4 mg/kg for males and 12.32 mg/kg for females. The minimum lethal dose for the dog was a single iv injection of 2.5 mg/kg or 5 daily consecutive injections of 0.75 mg/kg and for the monkey, 5 daily doses of 2.5 mg/kg. The treatment elicited severe morbidity within 5–17 days and the time of onset was dose related. Toxic signs included severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis, severe hypocellularity of the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues and marked renal lesions (renal tubular necrosis in the dog and nephrosis in the monkey). Dogs also showed occasional pancreatitis and monkeys myocarditis and occasional degeneration of the spermatogenic cells. Renal lesions were the most severe toxic changes in survivors and were manifested by azotemia, hypochloremia, proteinuria, appearance of urinary erythrocytes, leukocytes and decreased 24-hr excretion of lactate dehydrogenase in dogs and by protracted polyuria in monkeys. Occasional hypocalcemia also occurred. In dogs and monkeys that survived the treatment, toxicity regressed entirely within 55–124 days. Treatment affected primarily tissues with a high rate of cell division (intestines, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues and occasionally testes) and tissues known for primary excretion of the compound (intestines and kidneys).

Published
1973

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