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Reproductive health for women who have entered puberty to experience menstruation which is an important indicator of women's reproductive health. Menstruation is the periodic process of removing blood from the vagina during the reproductive age which is a sign of the reproductive period in a woman's life. Complaints that often arise during menstruation, namely disorders related to the menstrual cycle, are a problem that most women experience intense discomfort or pain. This is commonly referred to as menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). Dysmenorrhea is pain before or during menstruation which can be primary or secondary due to an increase in the hormone prostaglandin which causes the uterine muscles to contract. Analytical descriptive research method using cross sectional design. The sample in this study involved all young women at the Orphanage Sejahtera Aisyiyah Sidrap. The conclusion of this study is that the value of α> 0.005 is 0.005, so it can be concluded that there is no relationship between dysmenorrhea and anemia that occurs in young women at the Aisyiyah Pangkajene Orphanage. However, several factors related to the incidence of anemia, namely BMI (0.000 0.005 yaitu 0.005 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan anatara dismenore terhadap anemia yang terjadi pada remaja putri di Panti Asuhan Aisyiyah Pangkajene. Namun beberapa faktor yang berhubungan terhadap kejadian anemia yaitu IMT (0.000 < 0.005), pendidikan(0.001 < 0.005), riwayat nyeri (0.000 < 0.005), yang artinya nilai α

Milling is a typical intermittent cutting process. As a result, tool wear is generated cyclically due to periodic process variables. However, the traditional tool wear prediction strategy based on continuous cutting model is no longer applicable. In this paper, a novel geometric approach through mesh node rigid moving for the milling cutter tool wear prediction has been developed. Firstly, a unified tool wear predictive model is established through bridging the two wear configurations before and after worn. A coupled abrasive–diffusive model is employed to calculate the tool wear volume of each point on tool face. Further, a novel iterative algorithm for tool wear prediction through mesh node rigid moving layer-by-layer and process variables redistribution is designed in discrete-time domain, which is generally decomposed into two phases according to cutting heat equilibrium state, FEM simulation and offline calculation. Last, a series of numerical and saw-milling experiments for flank wear prediction were implemented to verify the developed approach. The AISI304 and the high vanadium high-speed steel tool without coating were adopted. By comparison, the predicted results were consistent with the experimental overall. It has been proved that the proposed approach is more effective than pure FEM simulation and is suitable for long-term milling tool wear prediction.

Love which is one of the emotional of mankind, has been studied in sociology and psychology as a matter of great concern. Through such a research, the researchers have provided the basic mathematical model for love model, we cannot find nonlinear characteristics through the basic love model. Therefore, in this paper, in order to find nonlinear behaviors in the basic love model, we apply external force to the basic love model. Then we confirm the existence of nonlinear behaviors through time series and phase portrait. We also confirm that this nonlinear behaviors have the periodic doubling, chaotic phenomena and periodic process which are very similar to typical chaotic occurrence phenomena.

Study Objectives Periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) occur within a subject as a series with a remarkably stable period defined by the intermovement interval (IMI). Sometimes a non-PLMS movement occurs intervening between two PLMS. PLMS scoring rules totally ignore these intervening leg movements (iLM). This implicitly assumes an iLM results from a process sufficiently independent from the periodic process producing PLMS that it does not affect the periodicity of the surrounding PLMS. This study for the first time tests this basic assumption and explores characteristics of iLM as a potentially significant class of leg movements during sleep. Methods Leg movements were analyzed from two nights of polysomnography recordings from 27 RLS patients and 22 controls using the validated MATPLM1.1 program. All periods (IMI) between PLMS containing an iLM were compared to the local PLMS period defined as the immediately preceding PLMS IMI using pairwise two-sided Wilcoxon sign-rank tests. Similarly, iLM were tested to see if they started a new PLMS series by having the same period as the subsequent PLMS. Results The periods (IMIs) containing iLM were longer than the previous periods in RLS subjects, but not controls (p < .05). The periods beginning with the iLM were shorter than the subsequent periods in both RLS and controls (p < .05). Conclusions iLM as a separate type of LM distort PLMS periodicity and do not restart PLMS series. iLM end PLMS series.

A new on-line predictive monitoring and prediction model for periodic biological processes is proposed using the multiway non-Gaussian modeling. The basic idea of this approach is to use multiway non-Gaussian modeling to extract some dominant key components from daily normal operation data in a periodic process, and subsequently combining these components with predictive statistical process monitoring techniques. The proposed predictive monitoring method has been applied to fault detection and diagnosis in the biological wastewater-treatment process, which is based on strong diurnal characteristics. The results show the power and advantages of the proposed predictive monitoring of a continuous process using the multiway predictive monitoring concept, which is thus able to give very useful conceptual results for a daily monitoring process and also enables a more rapid detection of the process fault than other traditional monitoring methods.

A novel model-based predictive control (MPC) method is developed with the aim of applying it to periodic process control problems. By borrowing concepts from repetitive control (RC), we endow the MPC method with the ability to make continuous period-to-period improvements. The method uses a linear time-varying system description of a periodic process and can handle constraints on inputs and outputs. Some numerical examples are shown to illustrate performance improvements that can be achieved by the new method over the conventional MPC and RC methods.

Although data is often used to estimate parameters for models in calculus and differential equations, the models themselves are seldom justified. In this paper, the data itself is used to motivate mathematical models in introductory mathematics courses. In doing so, various regression and optimization techniques are illustrated.

Multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) techniques for batch processes have been extended to monitoring a semi-batch process by focussing on periodic process set point changes. This procedure can be extended to continuous processes that have repeated upsets or perturbations. The MSPC technique was demonstrated for a nuclear waste storage tank that undergoes periodic agitation from a mixing pump. The procedure described here used multi-way principal components analysis to develop a statistical model of the process based on historical data. The model can be used to determine if changes have occurred in the system. At present this procedure is used off-line for monitoring but it could be implemented on-line.

Investigators at the University of Notre Dame's Center for Bioengineering and Pollution Control have conducted research and development studies since 1980 in the broad area of hazardous waste management. These efforts have been primarily directed at the use of periodic processes. Many of the findings have been applied to the construction and operation of full scale bioreclamation facilities. Early research and development activities were directed at the suspended growth, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The SBR is an activated sludge-like, periodic process that has been used effectively for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters (Irvine and Busch, 1979; and Irvine and Ketchum, 1989). Due to the time-oriented nature of the SBR, simple operational modifications have allowed for nutrient removal (Alleman and Irvine, 1980a; Alleman and Irvine, 1980b; Ketchum et. al., 1987; Irvine et. al., 1979; Manning and Irvine, 1985; and Palis and Irvine, 1985) and the control of bulking sludge (Brenner et. al., 1992; Chiesa and Irvine, 1985; Chiesa et. al., 1985; and Dennis and Irvine, 1979). The SBR has been shown to be a cost effective and energy efficient means of removing hazardous organic compounds found in industrial wastes and leachates from landfills (Brenner et. al., 1992; Herzbrun et. al., 1985; Irvine et. al., 1984; Irvine and Wilderer, 1988; Smith and Wilderer, 1987; and; Ying et. al., 1987). The Soil Slurry-Sequencing Batch Reactor (SS-SBR) described by Irvine et. al., (1993) and the Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR), a fixed film periodic system that can be used in conjunction with granular activated carbon (Chozick and Irvine, 1991), were developed in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Recent efforts have been directed at periodically operated in situ bioremediation systems. This paper provides a brief overview of how such systems can be used to bioremediate contaminated leachates and soils.

Increasing evidence suggests that attention can concurrently select multiple locations; yet it is not clear whether this ability relies on continuous allocation of attention to the different targets (a “parallel” strategy) or whether attention switches rapidly between the targets (a periodic “sampling” strategy). Here, we propose a method to distinguish between these two alternatives. The human psychometric function for detection of a single target as a function of its duration can be used to predict the corresponding function for two or more attended targets. Importantly, the predicted curves differ, depending on whether a parallel or sampling strategy is assumed. For a challenging detection task, we found that human performance was best reflected by a sampling model, indicating that multiple items of interest were processed in series at a rate of approximately seven items per second. Surprisingly, the data suggested that attention operated in this periodic regime, even when it was focused on a single target. That is, attention might rely on an intrinsically periodic process.

Three experiments determined the perceptual threshold (JND) for detecting tempo change; i.e. linear continuous increase or decrease in inter onset interval (IOI) in sequences with 2-9 brief sounds. JND decreased as a power function of the number of intervals presented (Expt. 1). JND increased with IOI and exhibited breakpoints in this respect close to 1 and 1.4 s (Expt. 3), in agreement with previous results for serial interval production. No interaction was apparent between IOI and number of intervals (Expt. 2). None of the experiments showed any effect of direction (increasing or decreasing intervals). The results are inconsistent with several conceivable principles for perceiving tempo change, except for one in which the external intervals are compared with the intervals generated by an internal, periodic process. The plausibility of this principle is discussed in the light of recent research on sensorimotor synchronisation.

International audience; Modeling video and graphic streams with different clocks is largely an open problem. This article proposes a new kind of process network for application modeling, called Hierarchical Process Network. With properties such as abstraction, composition, synchronization and sequencing, hierarchy helps to describe stream-processing applications and deduce parameters such as throughput and buffer sizes more precisely. Real-time is explicit, as well as adaptable degrees of synchronous behavior.

Due to natural or artificial obstacles, gait is a less automatic and periodic process than it would appear when studying normal walking on the level. Pre-programmed functional electrical stimulation (FES) sequences, therefore, do not appear to be a suitable approach to the control of multichannel electrical stimulators in the restoration of paraplegic walking. Walking in paraplegic subjects must be, to a large extent, under voluntary control. To lessen the burden of this control, the symmetry of walking can be taken into account. Symmetric motion of the legs requires symmetric FES actuation. Symmetry of FES responses was studied in a group of 10 paraplegic subjects who had all undergone the FES training program. Recruitment curve, fatigue index and twitch delay were assessed. An average 80% symmetry was found in all parameters measured, thus allowing a reduction of complexity of control approach for FES locomotor aids.

The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is one of several periodically operated, suspended‐growth activated sludge systems. This periodic process accomplishes (in time) in one tank the same unit operations and processes that a conventional continuous‐flow system carries out in separate tanks. This paper discusses the history of periodic process development as well as the relationship of the SBR to other periodic processes and continuous flow‐systems. Bench‐and full‐scale performance of the SBR are described for synthetic substrates, municipal and industrial waste waters, and organics in Ieachates from hazardous waste disposal sites. Examples are given for the removal of biodegradable organics and nutrients (both nitrogen and phosphorus) and for the control of filamentous organisms. A brief discussion of the organism selection features of the SBR is presented as well as a comparison with genetic engineering approaches. The paper closes with two design examples, one dedicated to the treatment of industrial or ha...