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Background The use of X-ray as a diagnostic tool for complication and anomaly in the neonatal patient has been helpful, but the effect of radiation on newborn stands to increase their cancer risk. This study aims to determine the mean, 50th percentile (quartile 2 (Q2)), and 75th percentile (quartile 3 (Q3)) entrance surface dose (ESD) from anteroposterior (AP) chest X-ray and to compare our findings with other relevant studies. The study used calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), which was positioned on the central axis of the patient. The encapsulated TLD chips were held to the patients’ body using paper tape. The mean kilovoltage peak (kVp) and milliampere seconds (mAs) used was 56.63(52–60) and 5.7 (5–6.3). The mean background TLD counts were subtracted from the exposed TLD counts and a calibration factor was applied to determine ESD. Results The mean ESDs of the newborn between 1 and 7, 8 and 14, 15 and 21, and 22 and 28 days were 1.09 ± 0.43, 1.15 ± 0.50, 1.19 ± 0.45, and 1.32 ± 0.47 mGy respectively. A one-way ANOVA test shows that there were no differences in the mean doses for the 4 age groups (P = 0.597). The 50th percentile for the 4 age groups was 1.07, 1.26, 1.09, and 1.29 mGy respectively, and 75th percentile were 1.41, 1.55, 1.55, and 1.69 mGy respectively. The mean effective dose (ED) in this study was 0.74 mSv, and the estimated cancer risk was 20.7 × 10−6. Conclusion ESD was primarily affected by the film-focus distance (FFD) and the patient field size. The ESD at 75th percentile and ED in this study was higher compared to other national and international studies. The estimated cancer risk to a newborn was below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) limit for fatal childhood cancer (2.8 × 10−2Sv−1).

Objective To compare the effectiveness of silicone sheets and paper tape in the prevention of postoperative cesarean section scars. Methods Patients undergoing horizontal cesarean section were included in this randomized controlled trial. Surgical wounds were divided into two halves. Patients randomly applied silicone sheets or paper tape to each side of their wound as assigned for 3 months. Wounds were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Researchers used the objective Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) to evaluate the scars and the subjective visual analog scale (VAS) to evaluate itch, pain, and scar appearance. Results No significant differences between the silicone sheet and paper tape groups were noted at postoperative follow-ups with respect to VSS scores. The silicone sheet group had significantly better VAS scores for scar appearance than the paper tape group at 6 (6.81 ± 1.47 vs 6.19 ± 1.62, P = .03) and 12 (6.88 ± 2.01 vs 6.2 ± 2.08, P = .04) months' follow-up, respectively. Conclusions The silicone sheet group showed statistically significant differences in comparison with the paper tape group in terms of scar appearance as determined by the VAS. However, the differences were too small to be clinically meaningful.

Introduction: Tapes have been used to aid fresh wound closure. For hypertrophic scars, the use of tapes as a therapy to reduce the mechanical forces that stimulate excessive and long-term scarring is yet to be evaluated. The aim of this comprehensive review was to explore the current clinical application of tapes, as a minimally invasive option, as purposed specifically for the management of hypertrophic scarring, regardless of scar causation. Method: Databases were searched using MeSH terms including one identifier for hypertrophic scar and one for the intervention of taping. Studies included the following: patients who received tape for a minimum of 12 weeks as a method of wound closure specifically for the purpose of scar prevention; those who received tape as a method of scar management after scar formation; reported outcomes addressing subjective and/or objective scar appearance; and were available in English. Results: With respect to non-stretch tapes, their use for the prevention of linear surgical scarring is evident in reducing scar characteristics of height, colour and itch. Statistically significant results were found in median scar width, reduction in procedure times and overall scar rating. Tapes were predominately applied by participants themselves, and incidence of irritation was infrequently reported. After 12 months, significance with respect to scar pain, itch, thickness and overall scar elevation was reported in one study investigating paper tape. Two papers reported the use of high stretch tapes; however, subjective results limited formal analysis. Although the use of taping for abnormal hypertrophic scar management is in its infancy, emerging research indicates tapes with an element of stretch may have a positive impact. Conclusions: Non-stretch tapes, for the prevention of linear surgical scarring, are effective in reducing scar characteristics of height, colour and itch. Paper tapes have shown effectiveness when applied during wound remodelling or even on mature scarring, with reported subjective changes in scar colour, thickness and pliability. Preliminary evidence of the benefits of high-stretch, elasticised tapes for scar management in the remodelling phase of wound healing have also been reported. Lay Summary Patients are often concerned about unsightly scars that form on their bodies after trauma, especially burn injuries. These scars can be thick, red and raised on the skin, and can impact on the patient’s quality of life. For some scars, the process of skin thickening continues for up to two years after an injury. Unfortunately, scar formation is a part of the body’s healing process, whereby there is a constant pull or tension under and along the skin’s surface. The use of simple tapes, such as microporetm, to help with wound closure are sometimes used as a therapy to reduce the tension on the skin’s surface when a wound is healing to minimise scar formation. However, the effectiveness of taping has not been proven. This paper looks at the available evidence to support the use of taping to reduce scar features of height, thickness and colour. Initial evidence of mixed levels, suggests some benefits of tapes for scar management and show preliminary efficacy for reduction of scar height, thickness and colour. More research is required to determine the direct impact, comparison to other treatments available and patient viewpoint for this therapy.

In this study, we aimed to determine risk factors associated with cytological endometritis (CYTO) diagnosed at artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows. The CYTO risk factors were evaluated based on 1.625 AI-CYTO samples obtained from 873 Holstein-Friesian cows from in total 18 dairy herds in Flanders (Belgium). The endometrial cytology samples were obtained using the cytotape technique, which consisted of adapting a 1.5 cm piece of paper tape to a standardly loaded AI catheter, covered with a double guard sheet. The polymorphonuclear cells' (PMNs) cut-off point for CYTO at AI was set at >= 1%. We constructed multilevel generalized mixed effect models in order to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of CYTO at AI. The CYTO prevalence at AI was 27.8% at the animal level, while the within-herd level prevalence ranged from 10.7 to 39.7%, with an average of 28.1%. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of CYTO were parity >= 2 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8], days in milk (DIM) at AI >= 124 (OR = 0.4), and warm months of the year [July (OR = 2.9), August (OR = 2.3), and September (OR = 1.4)]. In conclusion, the present study supports that multiparous cows and cows that are inseminated in the summer months have a higher risk to suffer from CYTO at insemination, while the risk for CYTO is lower when the insemination is taking place at >= 124 DIM. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives: Subjective assessment of nasal obstruction with patient-reported outcome measures such as visual analogue scale and NOSE score may be limited in chronic mouth breathing subjects who are not consciously aware of nasal breathing difficulties. This study investigates a simple objective screening tool to assess the capacity for comfortable nasal breathing that is based on sealing the lips and mouth with tape and assessing whether the subject can breathe comfortably through the nose for up to three minutes. Method: Cross-sectional, multi-center cohort study with 663 participants (ages: 3-83 years, 50.5% female). Lips were gently sealed using MicroPore paper tape; timer was used to assess how long the participants were able to breathe comfortably through the nose for up to 180 seconds. Other measures included subjective rating of perceived difficulty with nasal breathing (VAS, 0-100) as well as self-assessed reports of mouth breathing. Results: There were 9.3% of patients with subjective reports of moderate to severe nasal obstruction (VAS> 50) and 17.2% of patients with predominance of self-reported mouth breathing in this series. Overall, 93.4% of participants successfully passed the nasal breathing test. Among patients with habitual mouth breathing, 83.5% (91/109) were able to breathe comfortably through the nose when instructed to do so for the entire 3-minute duration tested. Similarly, there were 67% (40/59) patients with VAS score >50 who could breathe comfortably through the nose for >180 seconds despite subjective reports of moderate to severe nasal obstruction. Participants unable to breathe exclusively through the nose for 180 seconds had increased likelihood of mouth breathing while awake (OR 4.12, 95% confidence interval 2.14-7.89, p

Objective Friction foot blisters are a common injury occurring in up to 39% of marathoners, the most common injury in adventure racing, and represent more than 70% of medical visits in multi-stage ultramarathons. The goal of the study was to determine whether paper tape could prevent foot blisters in ultramarathon runners. Methods This prospective randomized trial was undertaken during RacingThePlanet 155-mile (250-km), 7-day self-supported ultramarathons in China, Australia, Egypt, Chile, and Nepal in 2010 and 2011. Paper tape was applied prerace to one randomly selected foot, with the untreated foot acting as the own control. The study end point was development of a hot spot or blister on any location of either foot. Results One hundred thirty-six participants were enrolled with 90 (66%) having completed data for analysis. There were 36% women, with a mean age of 40 ± 9.4 years (range, 25–40 years) and pack weight of 11 ± 1.8 kg (range, 8–16 kg). All participants developed blisters, with 89% occurring by day 2 and 59% located on the toes. No protective effect was observed by the intervention (47 versus 35; 52% versus 39%; P = .22), with fewer blisters occurring around the tape on the experimental foot than under the tape (23 vs 31; 25.6% versus 34.4%), yet 84% of study participants when queried would choose paper tape for blister prevention in the future. Conclusions Although paper tape was not found to be significantly protective against blisters, the intervention was well tolerated with high user satisfaction.

This paper reports the development and evaluation of software for smart devices to support educational experiments on acceleration in junior and senior high schools. Paper tape and time recorders are conventionally used for performing such experiments in schools. However, a long time is required to read out the measurements when using these devices. Long experiment times may hamper students' intuitive understanding of concepts. The proposed software for smart devices reduces the experiment time by using values obtained from acceleration sensors in a smartphone. We propose an experimental method with the proposed software and a wireless display adapter to support students' learning.

In order to improve the spine tape folding precision of GMS-7 type spine taping machine and reduce the labor intensity, this paper researched the principle of the spine tape folding process.Through analysis and calculation, the relation curve between folding angle and the advancing distance of paper tape is obtained, therefore, achieved is the free form feature of plow shaped guideways that provides the method to brush the paper tape on the spine of promissory note with glue smoothly.

It is an important factor that the paper tension for web press printing and roll paper manufacture. Especially commerce web press is the more important. The commerce web press has not only the first tension control, but also the second tension control. The second tension control would control tension wave restrict accurate bound. The simulation method was discussed about paper tape tension the second tension control on some problems of high speed Web press controlling system in actual adjustment course, and different respond graph was obtained on the different controlling parameter by MATLAB and controlling system capability target. Intuitionistic and exact foundation was offered for system analysis, comparison and choice arithmetic, which benefits the further research.

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine if sock, antiperspirant, or barrier strategies were effective in prevention of friction blisters in wilderness and outdoor pursuits. A search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted. Title, abstract, and full text articles were screened by 2 authors using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify prospective controlled trials investigating prevention methods for friction blisters involving the foot. Only blisters associated with wilderness and outdoor pursuits (running, hiking, marching, etc.) were considered. Extraction of a predetermined data set was accomplished using a piloted form. Confidence in effect estimates were determined utilizing the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology checklist. Literature search resulted in 806 discrete articles. After screening, 11 studies were identified for inclusion in systematic review. Included studies investigated 5 sock, 3 antiperspirant, and 3 barrier strategies. Only 2 articles were determined to have moderate confidence in effect estimate. Clinical and methodologic diversity precluded meta-analysis. Despite the high frequency, discomfort, and associated cost there is a paucity of high-quality quality evidence in support of socks, antiperspirants, or barriers for the prevention of friction blisters. Moderate confidence in effect estimate suggests that paper tape may be an effective form of barrier prevention.

To determine whether paper tape prevents foot blisters in multistage ultramarathon runners.Multisite prospective randomized trial.The 2014 250-km (155-mile) 6-stage RacingThePlanet ultramarathons in Jordan, Gobi, Madagascar, and Atacama Deserts.One hundred twenty-eight participants were enrolled: 19 (15%) from the Jordan, 35 (27%) from Gobi, 21 (16%) from Madagascar, and 53 (41%) from the Atacama Desert. The mean age was 39.3 years (22-63) and body mass index was 24.2 kg/m (17.4-35.1), with 31 (22.5%) females.Paper tape was applied to a randomly selected foot before the race, either to participants' blister-prone areas or randomly selected location if there was no blister history, with untaped areas of the same foot used as the control.Development of a blister anywhere on the study foot.One hundred six (83%) participants developed 117 blisters, with treatment success in 98 (77%) runners. Paper tape reduced blisters by 40% (P0.01, 95% confidence interval, 28-52) with a number needed to treat of 1.31. Most of the study participants had 1 blister (78%), with most common locations on the toes (n = 58, 50%) and heel (n = 27, 23%), with 94 (80%) blisters occurring by the end of stage 2. Treatment success was associated with earlier stages [odds ratio (OR), 74.9, P0.01] and time spent running (OR, 0.66, P = 0.01).Paper tape was found to prevent both the incidence and frequency of foot blisters in runners.

The Second World War motivated researchers to investigate faster ways to perform calculation to solve practical problems. This led to research into the development of digital computers to determine if they could provide faster methods of computation. We discuss the first digital computers including the Atanasoff-Berry computer developed in the United States, the ENIAC and EDVAC developed in the United States, the Colossus computer developed in England, Zuse’s computers developed in Germany and the Manchester Mark I computer developed in England.

How did we get to the Age of Intelligent Machines from the first radio transmission in 125 years? There’s no one best place to start, but the amplifier is a good one. We’ll be talking about big and small numbers in the first part of this chapter, so I recommend a quick review of Numbers.

For the family embarrassment and annoyance brought by the replacement of slippers when someone pays a visit, a cutting paper tape machine for sole coating was designed. Based on the detailed calculation and preliminary drafted general design scheme, the electric motor was chosen, the transmission ratio was distributed reasonably, the structural style and related parameters of worm gear were designed, and the stress strength was checked. Based on these, the three-dimensional model was established, through simply simulation, the scheme was verified and improved, and the parametric design was realized. Thus, one kind of convenient and practical cutting paper tape machine for sole coating is provided for families and high-grade places, which is greatly convenient to visitors.

Accurately measuring the size of infantile hemangiomas is critical for objectively quantifying their growth, involution, and treatment response. Volumetric measurements are particularly appropriate because hemangiomas tend to mark out their territory early on and then grow and involute volumetrically. To our knowledge, only two publications have proposed bedside methods for measuring hemangioma volume. In these two publications, the authors modeled hemangiomas as perfect spheres or half-spheres, but many hemangiomas more closely approximate ellipsoids, with each of their axes in three dimensions having different, rather than equal, lengths. We present an alternative bedside method for calculating hemangioma volume, using a formula derived with calculus requiring only three bedside measurements using a disposable paper tape measure.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to measure the craniofacial dimensions of 41 full‐term neonates nursed in the Special Care Baby Unit of Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong, so as to develop a good‐fitting and secure eye‐patch protector for protecting neonatal eyes from the strong light in phototherapy.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 14 craniofacial dimensions were measured using a new, safe and non‐intrusive method with a close‐range photogrammetric system and two dimensions of head circumference and facial arc were measured using manual method with a disposable paper tape in the hospital environment. Birth information of gestation, age, gender, present weight and present length has been recorded. A descriptive statistics was produced based on the measured data. Correlations between each pair of dimensions were investigated and factor analysis was conducted for application on an eye‐patch protector development.FindingsHead circumference was identified as the most desirable key dimension of a sizing system for an eye‐patch protector. Two head circumferences with the sizes of 310‐349 mm and 350‐389 mm, respectively, could effectively cover all full‐term neonates. Design guidelines were generated according to the measurement of the craniofacial dimensions.Originality/valueThis paper presents the craniofacial dimensions of head, eye, nose and ear parts of full‐term neonates.

Purpose: The distance between the anterior surface of the neck of the prosthetic stem and the anterior joint capsule, the "capsular distance", is increased in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with synovitis. We evaluated the potential of ultrasonography (US) in measuring the "capsular distance" in THA hips one year after insertion. Materials and Methods: We compared the measurements of the capsular distance using a ruler with those performed with US. A plastic pelvis and femur model with a prosthetic hip and paper tape to simulate the joint capsule were used. We also evaluated the intra- and interobserver agreements between 3 examiners of the US measurements of the anterior capsular distance in 22 patients with THA. The effect of experience in such type of examination was estimated. Results: There was a high correlation when measuring the anterior capsular distance in the prosthetic hip model with a ruler as compared with US. The interobserver agreement in the US measurements was good and became better after examiners gained experience in this procedure. The intraobserver agreement was always better than the interobserver agreement and also improved with increasing numbers of examinations. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a reliable method to measure the anterior capsular distance in THA, especially if performed by an experienced examiner.

If small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses are identified antenatally, perinatal outcomes are likely to improve. The most widely used method of screening for SGA fetuses is for midwives to repeatedly measure symphysis-fundus (SF) height, but this is not an efficient practice. Deviant growth might be more efficiently identified if pregnant women themselves started making SF measurements earlier during pregnancy and made them more frequently. In order to determine whether pregnant women can reliably measure SF height, 40 healthy women with ultrasound-dated singleton pregnancies were asked to make 4 consecutive SF measurements each week, starting at 20 to 25 weeks' gestation and continuing up to the time of delivery. Self-administered measurements were compared with those made by midwives. Measurements were made using blank paper tape measures from the upper limit of the pubic bone to the highest point of the uterus-the fundus-in the direction of the fetus. Thirty-three pregnant women made self-administered SF measurements over a median period of 14 weeks. The SF curves constructed from these measurements had the same shape as population-based reference curves. Variance in self-administered measurements was, however, higher than for measurements made by midwives. Intra-individual variance of self-administered SF measurements was about 5 times higher than for midwives' open measurements. The degree of variance remained constant throughout pregnancy and was not a function of fetal size. The midwives performed a median of 6 SF measurements on each pregnant woman. Their blinded measurements were, on average, higher than the corresponding open SF measurements. Self-administered SF values tended to be higher than the corresponding measurements made by the midwives. These findings show that pregnant women are able to measure SF height by themselves, and that this practice makes it possible to follow fetal growth more closely, starting at a relatively early stage of pregnancy. Self-administered SF measurements have some potential to improve the early detection of intrauterine growth retardation.

The earliest collections of computerized data began with wired boards, paper tape, and punched cards. Then magnetic tapes came quickly followed by disk storage. After disk storage came data base management systems, followed by online high-performance transaction systems. Then came 4GL technology, the personal computer, and spreadsheets. The first processors were uniprocessors. Then came tightly coupled multiplexed processors. Parallel processors came next, leading to Big Data. With data base management systems came data warehouses, where there was “a single version of the truth.” After data warehouse came data vault.

Data architecture began with simple storage devices. But soon the need to store lots of data and to access the data quickly caused these early devices to disappear. In their place came disk storage. With disk storage, data could be accessed directly. But the need for managing volumes of data surpassed that of disk storage. One day there appeared Big Data. And with Big Data came the ability to effectively store unlimited amounts of data. But as Big Data grew, the older day-to-day systems did not go away. There began to be a need for a rational way to interface legacy systems to Big Data.

Dear Editor High-quality images with a proper length-scale bar play an essential role in reporting the findings of a reconstructive and aesthetic surgery operation. Sterile and sensitive tools are required to take accurate measurements during a surgical operation. The most common method used in the open literature is to measure the area of interest in the body with a tape measure. However, this type of scale setup usually does not provide precise measurements. In order to overcome this problem, we have designed a handmade Vernier caliper. With this apparatus, we can easily put sterilized surgical tools in use in less than a minute during an operation (Supplementary material, Video [http://sri.sagepub.com/content/by/supplementaldata]). To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous work presented to address this problem. Our tool design consists of a paper tape measure, 2 injector needles, and braided suture material (or strip of a 528385 SRIXXX10.1177/1553350614528385Surgical InnovationGorgulu et al research-article2014

Rebuilding the Colossus Mk2 computer used in code breaking during World War II has been particularly difficult and challenging - almost nothing remained of the original machines. The original drawings and nearly all the circuit diagrams had been destroyed. Then, too, what Colossus actually did was kept secret until recently. These difficulties have been gradually resolved, however. The result? A working example of early electronic computer designs at its innovative best.

Some of the chemicals used in textiles including chemical additives used in fabric processing can cause allergic reactions. As all these products are in direct contact with the skin, these are required to be non-allergenic. Plant extracts can be used as alternative textile finishing agents, but should be non-allergenic to skin. Hence the tests were conducted on covering fabrics of sanitary napkins treated with natural antimicrobial agents viz. Eucalyptus citriodora, Pinus roxburghii and Woodfordia fructicosa for allergy through skin patch test on healthy volunteers to assess the usability of the functional clothing. The untreated control & treated polypropylene and polyester fabric samples were examined for allergic potential through patch sensitivity tests on 30 healthy volunteers by placing test samples of size 1” x1” each against their skin for 48 hours with hypoallergenic paper tape. No reaction was observed on all volunteers, which implies that selected plant extracts can be used in intimate contact with human skin.

Background: The “suture suspension” platysmaplasty technique has been shown to be an effective and reliable procedure over the last decade. Objective: We investigated the effectiveness of fibrin sealant in reducing the recovery time after suture suspension platysmaplasty. Methods: After contouring the neck with our standard suture sling, hemostasis was assured. The instruments and gloves were wet with saline to prevent adherence to the sealant once it was applied. The 2 syringes were mounted on a Duploject applicator. The fibrin sealant was then sprayed simultaneously into the pockets in thin layers for 60 seconds, the time required for the liquid sealant to activate. Gentle manual pressure was applied over the neck skin, with the surgeon's fingers spread evenly over the whole neck, to prevent pooling of the fibrin sealant in any given area. This pressure was applied for 3 minutes, the time required for the tissue fibrin sealant to solidify. The incisions were closed in a standard fashion. Paper tape was used to cover the neck, and dressings were placed. Results: In 60 patients who underwent neck contouring with lipoplasty and suture suspension and lipoplasty with fibrin sealant between January and July 2001, the time necessary to return to activities of daily living was reduced from 7 to 10 days to 2 to 3 days by the use of fibrin sealant. No complications were reported. Conclusions: The use of fibrin tissue sealant has markedly improved the postoperative course of patients who underwent the neck suture suspension procedure by both eliminating most potential complications and decreasing recovery time. (Aesthetic Surg J 2002;22:519-525.)

We developed a method for synchronous registration of electrical activity of the myometrium in pregnant rabbit females and electrocardiograms of the female and fetus on a paper tape and on PC in the online mode using an original pickup for registration of intrauterine pressure in awaken animals in a natural (sitting) posture. The method causes no pregnancy complications and is adequate for evaluation of uterine contractility, female and fetal status in different variants of the experiment.

A main purpose of doing a diagnostic in cable system including its accessories such as impregnated paper insulated oil filled cable termination is to predict failure before they occur. Those cable and accessories, which are about to fail, can be replaced, thereby reducing the incidence of electrical system failure, thus reducing the electricity outages. This paper presents the work carried out to find any possible method that can be used to detect a drying out of oil impregnated paper tape cable terminations. Furthermore, the diagnosis has to be used without destroying the terminations. Two diagnosis methods; infrared (IR) thermography and X-ray imaging are reviewed and the diagnosis result is presented. By comparison of two-diagnosis method in this work, the X-ray imaging method is the best approach to observe and detect a drying out of paper tape oil impregnated cable terminations.

PURPOSE To compare the relative gentleness of a silicone tape to a paper tape in healthy infants and children. DESIGN A randomized, grader-blinded, comparative study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING The sample group comprised 24 healthy infants and children 9.1 to 46.7 months of age (mean ± SEM, 34.0 ± 2.21). The study was conducted at a dermatological research facility (cyberDERM, Inc) located in Broomall, Pennsylvania. All volunteers were recruited from the surrounding community. METHODS Tapes measuring 1 × 1.5 inches were randomly applied to the left and right intrascapular regions of the upper back. Tapes were removed in a standardized fashion after 24 hours. The primary study outcome, gentleness, was based on visual assessments of skin damage, discomfort, and quantification of keratin removal. Four-point scales were used to assess skin damage, and a 10-point Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability instrument was used to assess discomfort. Secondary assessments included hair removal, tape edge-lift assessments, and parent preference for either tape. RESULTS There was a significantly lower mean ± SEM erythema response for the silicone tape (0.93 ± 0.14 vs 1.35 ± 0.11, P = .0129) than for the paper tape. No measurable epidermal stripping occurred with the silicone tape compared to a mean ± SEM response of 0.29 ± 0.11 for the paper tape (P = .0039). Discomfort was significantly lower (P = .0002) for the silicone tape as compared to the paper tape (Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability score mean difference from baseline 0.5 vs 3.3, P = .0002). Keratin removal was significantly less with the silicone as compared to paper tape (8.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL vs 15.2 ± 1.3 μg/mL, P < .0001). Few hairs were removed with either tape. There was significantly less (P < .0001) edge-lift with the paper tape than the silicone tape; no statistically significant differences in parent preferences for silicone versus paper tapes were measured (P = .3359). CONCLUSIONS Gentleness assessments favored the silicone tape compared to a paper tape and warrant further clinical investigation in the neonatal intensive care unit.

The volume of cipher traffic that was made possible by radio showed the need for vastly increased security, speed and accuracy in both enciphering and deciphering messages. The use of mechanical and electromechanical machines to do the encipherment was a logical outgrowth of this need. The first electromechanical rotor cipher machines began to appear right after World War I and the next three decades saw their steady improvement in both complexity and speed. The Enigma, the Typex and the M-134C/SIGABA were the epitome of these machines and the efforts to create and cryptanalyze them led us into the computer age. This chapter examines the history of cipher machines in the 20th century and looks in some detail at the cryptographic construction of the Enigma and the M-134C/SIGABA.

Although calculating machines can be traced back as far as Archimedes and the Antikythera mechanism, and clever devices such as church clocks, barrel organs, and music boxes were widespread by the eighteenth century, machines that process information and machines that communicate with each other were both nineteenth-century inventions.

PURPOSE To compare gentleness of a silicone tape to a paper tape and to an untreated control. DESIGN Controlled, randomized, grader-blinded cohort trial. SUBJECTS AND SETTING The sample group comprised 28 healthy volunteers aged 55 years and older (median age = 63 years) with a Fitzpatrick Skin Type of I, II, or III. All volunteers were recruited from the greater Philadelphia area and the study was conducted at a dermatological research facility specializing in noninvasive instrumental measurements. METHODS Tapes were applied and removed daily (excluding weekends) to 2 of 3 sites on the left and right volar forearms over an 11-day period. The center site on each forearm was left untreated and tapes were randomized to the proximal and distal sites. The primary assessment was transepidermal water loss (TEWL); secondary assessments included erythema/edema, denudation/skin-stripping, and subject self-evaluations. Study personnel conducting the primary and secondary assessments were not involved with treatments to maintain the blinded nature of the study. The identity of the 2 tapes was not revealed to the subjects until after conclusion of the study. RESULTS On day 11 the mean TEWL value for the paper tape was significantly higher than that for both the untreated control and silicone tape (P < .001). End-of-study mean TEWL values were 2.65 ± 0.68 g/mh for the silicone tape, 6.85 ± 4.97 g/mh for the paper tape, and 3.73 ± 1.19 g/mh for the untreated control. At all assessments, the silicone tape exhibited net changes from baseline that were significantly less than the paper tape (P < .05 day 1, P < .001 days 4, 7, and 11) and similar for the untreated control. Only at days 4 (P < .01) and 11 (P < .001) was the paper tape significantly higher than that for the untreated control. Throughout the study, both tapes exhibited mean TEWL values within the range of normal intact forearm skin, indicating that both tapes were gentle. No differences in erythema/edema scores occurred but the silicone tape resulted in lower denudation/skin-stripping scores than the paper tape at days 4 to 11 (P < .0001). Self-assessment of pain at removal was low for both tapes but significantly lower for the silicone tape (days 1-7, P = .02; day 11, P = .009). Forty-four percent of participants expressed a preference for the silicone tape as compared to the paper tape (19%), with 37% stating no preference. CONCLUSIONS Based on TEWL assessment of disruption of the stratum corneum water barrier, the silicone tape proved gentler to the skin than the paper tape. After 9 applications and removals over 11 days of study, the silicone tape was similar to the untreated control, whereas the paper tape exhibited significantly higher mean TEWL values than both the untreated control and the silicone tape. Expert grader assessments corroborate these findings. These data indicate that the silicone tape may provide additional gentleness when it is clinically needed.

Tension control of press is a key and difficult point of the whole machine control. The stand or fall of tension is directly related to the quality of the products. According to the characteristics of the web press tension control, this paper expounds the main factors influencing tension and the purpose of tension control, researches on the tension control principle of web tape, analyzes control rule and control circuit of tension control system, illustrates the advantages of PID control law adopted in the tension control system, and concludes the influencing factors of paper tape tension control system and the corresponding problems needed to solve in the control.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether clinicians' fundal height measurements were influenced by their ability to see the numeric markings on the tape measure during the measurement procedure, and by their knowledge of gestational weeks. Ten certified nurse-midwives and four student nurse-midwives each obtained measurements from 24 women. Each clinician obtained two fundal height measurements with unmarked paper tape measures and two fundal height measurements with marked paper tape measures. The fundal height measurement obtained and recorded on the prenatal chart by the clinician responsible for the woman's routine prenatal visit at the time of data collection was also recorded by the researchers. Comparison of the differences between the clinician's two marked and two unmarked tape measurements demonstrated that the differences between the two marked tape measurements were smaller (mean absolute difference = 0.61 cm) than the differences between the two unmarked tape measurements (mean absolute difference = 0.97 cm). When the gestational weeks were compared with the unmarked and marked tape measurements and with the fundal height measurements recorded on the prenatal record, the smallest differences were between the fundal height measurements recorded on the prenatal record and gestational weeks (mean absolute difference = 1.51 cm); the next smallest differences were between the marked tape measurements and gestational weeks (mean absolute difference = 1.89 cm); and the largest differences were between the unmarked tape measurements and gestational weeks (mean absolute difference = 2.15 cm). These findings demonstrate that clinicians' fundal height measurements are biased by their ability to see the numeric markings on the tape measure and by their knowledge of gestational weeks. These findings suggest that clinicians should blind themselves to their own fundal height measurements and to the number of gestational weeks to avoid the effects of clinician bias on their fundal height measurements.

Computer-controlled fabrication – the design and “printing” of tangible, physical objects – has seen an explosion of interest and excitement in the past several years. Three-dimensional printers, laser cutters, paper-cutting devices, computer-controlled sewing machines, milling machines, and the like have become increasingly affordable, and now permit users to create a remarkable range of physical objects in a wide array of materials. Strangely, however, this “explosion” has thus far largely ignored the remarkable potential of physical production and fabrication by children. This is a surprising oversight. After all, children’s crafts – the landscape of activities and materials that have traditionally been associated with educational construction – represent fertile ground for experimentation with novel, innovative computer-controlled fabrication devices and materials. This chapter describes a number of imaginative possibilities for such devices, blending the most expressive and content-rich aspects of children’s crafts with the powerful affordances of computer-controlled fabrication. As an example, we describe one “home-grown” prototype device, StringPrinter, designed for creating custom-decorated lengths of yarn and string for children’s craft projects. StringPrinter is not the exclusive focus of this chapter, but rather an illustration of a more general idea: it represents one (still-early) step in a much broader research agenda of creating fabrication hardware, software, and web-based systems for use by children. We use this example as a foundation for exploring much broader questions in the enhancement of children’s craft activities.

To determine the effectiveness of treating scars with microporous paper tape or silicone gel sheeting (SGS) in preventing hypertrophic scarring.Forty hypertrophic scars were induced in a validated rabbit ear model. Wounds were randomized and bandaged for 30 days with either SGS (20 wounds), paper tape (20 wounds), or untreated controls (40 wounds). Two outcome measures of hypertrophic scarring included (1) histologic measurement of scar elevation index (SEI) and (2) blinded photograph analysis using a visual analog scale.In histologic comparison, no difference in mean (SE) SEI between treatment groups was seen (paper tape group, 1.32 [0.2]; SGS group, 1.41 [0.18]; control, 1.35 [0.23]; P = .51). In photographic analysis, both treatment groups were superior to the control group (P.01), whereas no difference was seen between the SGS and paper tape groups (P = .88).Paper tape and SGS demonstrated equal effectiveness in the prevention of hypertrophic scarring on visual analysis, whereas histologic analysis demonstrated no difference in treatment groups from controls. The effectiveness of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scarring in humans will require further laboratory and clinical investigation.

In the previous chapter we elevated the idea of data to that of forma: the physical nature of signs. In this chapter we focus upon systems of such forma. Symbols relate together and are operated upon in data systems. A data system is a physical symbol system consisting of physical patterns (symbols) which can be combined into structures and manipulated to produce new structures. We suggest a particular interest in those data systems in which the symbols have some persistence. By persistence we mean that symbols exist for some duration over and above the communication within which the symbols were used.

The first investigation into the possibility of applying an Elliott 402 computer to commercial data processing was published in 1954 (see [1]). There then appear to have been at least two events that persuaded Borehamwood that the 402 was not, after all, a suitable architecture for business applications and that new, specially designed, hardware would be required [2]. The first event was Andrew St Johnston’s unsuccessful attempt to sell an Elliott 402 to the Mars confectionary company. During this exercise, it was realised that the transfer of large amounts of data was a critical issue and that the 402 was not up to this task. The second event was the approach to Borehamwood in May 1954 by the Long Range Weapons Establishment (LRWE), who urgently needed a computer that was also required to deal with very large volumes of data.

We describe three rather special Borehamwood digital computers in this chapter. Two of them were designed to perform tasks for the UK’s intelligence services, via GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters). The third went to a joint British–Australian long-range missile facility in Australia, to be used in analysing data from the Woomera test range. The time frame of all three computers, from conception to delivery, covers the period 1949–1956. Internally to the Borehamwood Research Laboratory of Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd., the projects were identified by sequence numbers in the company’s list of orders.

In order to consummate the management of bank paper, a new algorithm which can recognize the areas of paper tape in bundle of paper money is presented. Image segmentation is used to divide the image into several sub-blocks. Specifically, image entropy is computed in each sub-block. Experimental in different algorithms, including color training algorithm and the median filter and edge detection algorithm, demonstrates its real-time, effectiveness and robustness.

By the early 1850s, the telegraph network was expanding rapidly and there was a growing need to lay cables across stretches of water. In view of the problems that had been encountered with insulation on land-based cables, it was clear that underwater cables would present some major challenges. In 1842, Morse installed a submarine cable between Castle Garden and Governor’s Island in New York Harbor, but the cable was damaged by a ship’s anchor after transmitting just one message. In 1845, Ezra Cornell set up a 12-mile underwater cable between Fort Lee, New Jersey and New York City. This cable had worked for several months before it was broken by an ice flow. In 1850, a 25-mile underwater cable was installed between England and France, but it was cut by a French fisherman after only 3 days.

A colposcope with a camera attachment was used for noninvasive examination of the external genitalia in 190 patients 1–14 years old, who were referred for sexual abuse evaluations. In a subset of 88 patients, in whom clear colposcopic photographs were obtained, 33 (37%) had abnormal findings on examination but only 26 (30%) were believed to have findings suspicious for sexual abuse after a review of the colposcopic photographs. ECG calipers were useful in obtaining direct horizontal measurements of the hymenal opening. The measurements were closer to those taken from photographs on each patient (mean difference 0.6 mm) than direct measurements using a paper tape measure (mean difference 2.4 mm). The review of colposcopic photographs decreased the frequency of findings suspicious for sexual abuse in this population of referred patients.

The effectiveness of medical masks in preventing respiratory infection was investigated by testing bacterial leakage, filtration efficiency, respiratory resistance and oxygen concentration of the enclosed space. Polypropylene (PP) fibres were treated with dimethyldioctadecylam-monium bromide to impart a positive electrical charge capable of attracting bacteria. The fluffed PP fibres were used to make a polypropylene mask and to edge standard surgical and N-95 respirators to prevent leakage. A PP napkin was created by melting and blowing PP. The PP edging seal dramatically reduced bacterial leakage of standard masks and was more effective than adhesive paper tape edging in reducing respiratory resistance. Bacterial or viral filtration efficiency was almost 100% for the PP mask and the PP napkin. The specially designed PP mask with a synthetic adhesive at the edge of the mask may be more effective than the standard surgical mask and the N-95 respirator. The PP napkin is an important tool in preventing the spread of pathogens.

A long, long time ago, in a laboratory far, far away, EDA researchers and developers used paper tape instead of Linux, rubylith instead of GDS II, yellow wires instead of ten levels of metal. Sitting around a potbellied stove, in their rocking chairs, practitioners of that era (and this) will offer insight into why some great ideas were immediately put into practice while others stayed on the drawing board or in the ivory tower. They will share remembrances of things past, of simpler days when foundries made steel, when options meant CMOS or bipolar, when real parts were measured instead of benchmarks touted. Their stories of what it was like, what has changed, and whether the "good old days" were then or now will be followed by questions and, possibly, answers.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo mensurar o pH da lágrima de cães da raça Poodle com a utilização de fitas de papel de pH. Foram utilizados 65 cães da raça Poodle (35 animais com mancha colorida junto à região nasal e 30 animais sem mancha). Um questionário complementar, a respeito do tempo de apresentação da mancha, tipo de alimentação e medicamentos utilizados pelos animais, foi feito aos proprietários. Foi realizado então teste Qui Quadrado do tipo de independência com nível de significância 5,00%, para verificação da relação entre: presença de mancha colorida junto à região nasal e pH da lágrima do cão; presença de mancha colorida junto à região nasal e sexo do animal; pH da lágrima e sexo; presença de mancha colorida junto à região nasal e tipo de alimentação; pH da lágrima e tipo de alimentação; presença de mancha colorida junto à região nasal e uso de medicações orais; pH da lágrima do cão e uso de medicações orais; presença de mancha colorida junto à região nasal e idade. Com os resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: o pH ácido não está relacionado à dacriorréia; a dacriorréia está relacionada com o tipo de alimentação; a maioria dos animais com e sem mancha apresentou valores de pH de lágrima entre 5 e 6. The objective of this paper was to measure the tears pH of Poodle dogs, using pH paper tape measurement. Sixty five animals were used (35 dogs with coloured spot near the nasal area and 30 dogs with no coloured spot). A complementary questionnaire was made to the owners asking about how long the spot have been there and the food offered and the medicines used by the animals. A Chi Square Test of independence type was used, for matching the relation between the presence of the coloured spot and sex; the near the nasal area tear pH; the presence of the coloured spot and sex; tear pH and sex; presence of the coloured spot and type of feeding; tear pH and type of feeding; presence of the coloured spot and use of any oral medicines; tear pH and use of oral medicines; presence of the coloured spot near the nasal area and age. In conclusion , the acid pH is not associated with the coloured spot near the nasal area; there is a relationship between the coloured spot near the nasal area and the food; the majority of the animals,with or without the stain, presented tear pH values between 5 and 6.

The development of computer software ranks among the major historical advances of the last century. Preserving a representative historical record of this achievement is an international cultural goal. Achieving the goal, however, must be the shared responsibility of many cultural institutions working together. These institutions include archives, libraries, and museums, in both the public and private sectors. What should be the specific role of history museums?