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System integration for process automation promoted the technologies that were accessed to functions and data of field device, controller, and SCADA system. In addition, the data from filed devices can apply to solve device diagnostic and preventive maintenance. This paper describes the practical technique to configure and implement of control and SCADA system that focus on integration of field device, PLC controller, and SCADA system. The paper presents case study of Allen-Bradley (AB) PLC by using WirelessHART device to temperature control and device diagnostic through SCADA system. PLC’s input/output (I/O) modules are installed that consists of Modbus module, digital I/O module, analog I/O module. In addition, Prosoft configuration builder and Studio 5000 software are new software to build add on Modbus instruction and ladder diagrams, respectively. The experiments perform in case study of temperature control by using Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) function in the AB PLC. Wonderware InTouch SCADA software is implemented to monitor the process mimic, trend, and alarm. Moreover, the technique can support the operators and engineers to make decision for process control and devices diagnostic.

Utilization of photoelectric and fiberoptic sensors equipped with a number of actuators have been integrated into an embedded system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The labeling mechanism is based on the detection of the photoelectric sensor due to the photoelectric effect, while the bottle separation process is based on the detection of the fiberoptic sensor for two different colors. The objectives of this research includes three things, namely (i) produce a simulator controlled by a PLC system with assisted the help of sensors and actuators, (ii) create a ladder-based program structure, and (iii) measure the performance of the embedded system based on the performance of sensors and actuators. The research methods are conducted based on the research objectives through three stages, namely (i) the assembly of the conveyor frame, installation of the entire device, and integrated wiring; (ii) providing a 64-bit CX-Programmer, determining algorithms, compiling ladder, and compiling and uploading the entire program structure; and (iii) synchronization conditions and readings of on-board sensors for activation of all devices in the output line, and measurement of the processing time of stamping and bottle separation assisted by a pneumatic system. The results of the system performance during the labeling process for green and red bottles were fifteen times each, as was the case with the bottle separation process for green and red bottles, fifteen times each. The performance of the system is based on the success rate during the labeling process of 100%, while the success rate during the bottle separation process is 73.33%. The unsuccessful separation of bottles by 26.67% occurred in green bottles. The general conclusion is that a fabricated embedded system can be used as a simulator for a mechanical system of labeling and separating bottles based on bottle color. &nbsp, Pemanfaatan sensor photoelectric dan fiberoptic dilengkapi dengan sejumlah aktuator telah diintegrasikan ke sebuah sistem tertanam (embedded system) berbasis programmable logic controller (PLC). Sistem tertanam dipasang pada miniatur mesin konveyor untuk sistem pemberian label dan pemisahan botol. Mekanisme pemberian label berdasarkan deteksi sensor photoelectric akibat efek foto listrik, sedangkan proses pemisahan botol didasarkan kepada deteksi sensor fiberoptic terhadap dua warna berbeda. Sasaran penelitian ini meliputi tiga hal, yaitu (i) membuat simulator terkendali oleh sistem PLC berbantuan sensor dan aktuator, (ii) membuat struktur program berbasis ladder, dan (iii) mengukur kinerja sistem tertanam berdasarkan performansi sensor dan aktuator. Metode penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan sasaran penelitian melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu (i) perakitan kerangka konveyor, pemasangan seluruh perangkat, dan pengawatan terintegrasi; (ii) penyediaan CX-Programmer 64 bit, penetapan algoritma, penyusunan ladder, dan proses compiling dan uploading terhadap seluruh struktur program; dan (iii) kondisi sinkronisasi dan pembacaan sensor-sensor terpasang untuk pengaktifan seluruh perangkat di jalur keluaran dan pengukuran waktu proses pemberian stempel dan pemisahan botol berbantuan sistem pneumatis. Hasil kinerja sistem saat proses pemberian label terhadap botol warna hijau dan merah, masing-masing sebanyak lima belas kali, demikian halnya dengan saat proses pemisahan botol pada botol warna hijau dan merah, masing-masing sebanyak lima belas kali. Kinerja sistem berdasarkan tingkat keberhasilan saat proses pemberian label sebesar 100%, sedangkan tingkat keberhasilan saat proses pemisahan botol sebesar 73,33%. Ketidakberhasilan pemisahan botol sebesar 26,67% terjadi pada botol warna hijau. Kesimpulan secara umum, bahwa sistem tertanam terpabrikasi dapat digunakan sebagai simulator untuk sistem mekanis pemberian stempel dan pemisahan botol berdasarkan warna botol, sehingga merupakan salah satu bentuk implementasi instrumentasi berbasis PLC untuk proses otomasi.

Limited knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee, coupled with poor patient outcomes with non-operative management, resulted in the PLC often being labelled as the ‘dark side’ of the knee. In the last two decades, extensive research has resulted in a better understanding of the anatomy and function of the PLC, and has led to the development of anatomic reconstructions that have resulted in improved patient outcomes. Despite considerable attention in the clinical orthopaedic literature (nearly 400 articles published in the last decade), a standardized algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of the PLC is still lacking, and much controversy remains. Considering the literature review, there is not a reconstruction technique that clearly prevails over the others. As anatomic, biomechanical, and clinical knowledge of PLC injuries continues to progress, finding the balance between re-creating native anatomy and safely performing PLC reconstruction provides a big challenge. Treatment decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:676-685. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200096

This paper proposes a security testbed system for industrial control systems. In control systems, controllers are final fortresses to continue the operation of field systems. Then, we need countermeasures of controllers. The whitelisting function is efficient in controller security. The whitelisting function registers normal operations in a list and detects unregistered operations as abnormal. We need a testbed system to check whether the whitelist function does not affect other functions of the controller. The industrial controller and its engineering tool are relatively expensive, and are customized with respect to controller vendors. To enhance the whitelist development, this study proposes a testbed system using OpenPLC which is an open-source software. This system is independent of controller vendors and is applicable for controller programming languages. We implement a whitelist based anomaly detection method for the testbed system and validate that the anomaly detection method operates correctly.

Power line carrier communication (PLC) is one of the important technologies to construct and realize ubiquitous power Internet of Things, while the degree of network matching severely affects the communication quality of the network. Combined with the actual topology of a medium voltage (MV) distribution network, the transmission line theory is used to derive the impedance matching relationship between the two slave nodes in the master-slave network mode. Based on this, a matching optimization method for the carrier communication of MV distribution Internet of Things based on network looseness is proposed. Firstly, a large complex distribution communication network is selected and divided into several small impedance-matching networks according to the network looseness on the trunk lines. Then, in each region, the particle swarm algorithm is applied for matching coordination to avoid power wasting and impedance mismatching among multiple communication nodes. The coordinated matching method has fast optimization speed and strong portability, and its feasibility and effectiveness are verified by theoretical derivation, simulation and laboratory test results, which provides an important theoretical basis for the planning, design and popularization of PLC technology in the ubiquitous power Internet of Things.

Pick and place system is one of the significant employments of modern robots utilized in industrial environments. The objective of this research is to make a comparison of time sequences by combining multiple axes of sequences. A pick-place system implemented with pneumatic linear double-acting cylinders to applicator in automated systems processes for manufacturing. The challenge of 3-axes movement control was achieved using the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) controller such that the merging between two or three axes was achieved according to the selected sequence of the program. The outcomes show the contrasted sequences and the reference in a constant velocity. The main variable parameter is the number of steps for each sequence. The combination of two axes has developed the sequence and reduced in number of sequences for a path. At last, one of the important factors in moving products industry is the smooth product’s movement, because any high speed might cause a vibration in the system and lead to a decreased positioning accuracy.

In the Reference Architecture Model for Industrie 4.0, the concept of Asset Administration Shell is presented as the corner stone of interoperability. Asset Administration Shell is defined as a digital representation of an asset able to provide information about the asset including documents, properties, parameters, and functionalities, all organized in a consistent way. Information provided by an Asset Administration Shell can be adopted during whole life cycle of a production system, from its development until its disposal. At the lowest level of the hierarchy of a production system, usually automation and control programs are executed by Programmable Logic Controllers, whose programming technology is based on IEC 61131–3 standard. The IEC 61131–3 programs, the Programmable Logic Controllers where they run, and the real plant controlled are closely related. Considering the life cycle of a production system, the description of IEC 61131–3 programs and the relevant relationships with the plant should be clearly defined, leading to several advantages for example regarding the definition of testing plant operations, maintenance operations at run-time and reconfiguration process of the plant. What is missing for the realization of what said so far is a standard way to realize this description. For this reason, the paper presents an Asset Administration Shell model able to represent IEC 61131–3 programs and the relevant relationships with Programmable Logic Controllers and each device of the controlled plant.

Within the Industry 4.0 revolution, manufacturing enterprises are transforming to intelligent enterprises constituted by Smart Manufacturing Systems (SMSs). A key capability of SMSs is the ability to connect and communicate with each other through Industrial Internet of Things technologies, and protocols with standard syntax and semantics. In this context, the GEMMA-GRAFCET Methodology (GG-Methodology) provides a standard approach and vocabulary for the management of the Operational Modes (OMs) of SMSs through the automation software, bringing a common understanding of the exchanged data. Considering the lack of tools to implement the methodology, this work introduces an online tool based on Model-Driven Engineering–GEMMA-GRAFCET Generator (GG-Generator)–to specify and generate PLCopen XML code compliant with the GG-Methodology. The proposed GG-Generator is applied to a case study and validated using Virtual Commissioning and Dynamic Software Testing. Due to the consistency obtained between the GG-Methodology and the generated PLC code, the GG-Generator is expected to support the adoption of the methodology, thus contributing to the interoperability of SMSs through the standardization of the automation software for the management of their OMs.

Urgency of the research. New modern trends in the cable industrial communication and exchange of data focus on implementation of new communication standards, protocols and reduced costs. Communication in every automation systems is crucial. Functions of these systems is very important for the correct function of automation system.Target setting. For designing sensor and actuator systems for automation and solving connection between different de-vices, developers solved this problem with standardized communication like technology IO-Link. This communication tech-nology together with industrial bus create solution for modern communication with quantity of benefits like quick design and diagnostic, unified interface, cost and work reduction.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. To prepare this paper, we analyzed different solutions for communication between sensors and actuators, different control systems and mechanical solutions. We used knowledge from our previous experiments and choose optimal components and systems for our project.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. There are many different types of sensors, actuators, communication interfaces and industrial busses. This paper is insufficient to describe them all. That’s why we’ve only described those, which will be used.The research objective. This article describe the design of a machining module for the FESTO FMS 500 Modular La-boratory System. This module will be physically implemented as part of the revitalization and modernization of the FMS 500 laboratory system at the Department of Automation, Control and Human-Machine Interactions.The statement of basic materials. We follow the trends in industrial automation and the requirements of the 4th Industrial Revolution. This is reason why we use IO-Link technology in combination with Profinet bus for communication with sensors and actuators.Conclusions. The main objective of this article is to approach the design of the Machining Module with Industry 4.0 elements for the Modular Production System FMS 500. This design describe the individual components which will be used. The functions and purpose of the module are also describe, as well as its functional capabilities in terms of diagnostics., Актуальность темы исследования. Новые современные тенденции в кабельном промышленном связи и обмене данными направлены на внедрение новых стандартов связи, протоколов и снижения затрат. Связь в каждой автоматизированной системе имеет определяющее значение. Функции этих систем очень важны для правильного функционирования авто-автоматизированной системы.Постановка проблемы. При проектировании сенсорных и исполнительных систем автоматизации и для налаживания связи между различными устройствами, разработчики решили проблему с помощью стандартизированной связи, такого как технология IO-Link. Эти коммуникационные технологии вместе с промышленной шиной создают решения для современной связи с большим количеством преимуществ, таких как быстрый дизайн и диагностика, унифицированный интерфейс, уменьшение стоимости и рабочего времени.Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. Для подготовки этой статьи мы проанализировали различные решения для связи между датчиками и исполнительными механизмами, различные системы управления и механические решения. Мы использовали знания из наших предыдущих экспериментов и выбрали оптимальные компоненты и системы для нашего проекта.Выделение неисследованных частей общей проблемы. Есть много различных типов датчиков, исполнительных механизмов, коммуникационных интерфейсов и промышленных шин. Объема одной статьи недостаточно, чтобы описать их полностью. Вот почему мы описали только те, которые будут использоваться.Постановка задачи. В этой статье описывается проект механического модуля для модульной лабораторной системы FESTO FMS 500. Этот модуль будет физически реализован в рамках активизации и модернизации лабораторной системы FMS 500 в Департаменте автоматизации, управления и человеко-машинного взаимодействия.Изложение основного материала. Мы следуем тенденциям промышленной автоматизации и требованиям 4-й промышленной революции. По этой причине мы используем технологию IO-Link в сочетании с Profinet для связи с датчиками и исполнительными механизмами.Выводы в соответствии со статьей. Основная цель этой статьи - предложить конструкцию механического модуля с элементами Industry 4.0 для модульной производственной системы FMS 500. В этом проекте описываются отдельные компоненты, которые будут использоваться. Также описаны функции и назначение модуля, а также его функциональные возможности с точки зрения диагностики., Актуальність теми дослідження. Нові сучасні тенденції в кабельному промисловому зв'язку та обміні даними спрямовані на впровадження нових стандартів зв'язку, протоколів і зниження витрат. Зв'язок в кожній автоматизованій системі має визначальне значення. Функції цих систем дуже важливі для правильного функціонування автоматизованої системи.Постановка проблеми. При проектуванні сенсорних і виконавчих систем автоматизації та для налагодження зв'язку між різними пристроями, розробники вирішили проблему за допомогою стандартизованого зв'язку, такого як технологія IO-Link. Ці комунікаційні технології разом з промисловою шиною створюють рішення для сучасного зв'язку з великою кількістю переваг, таких як швидкий дизайн і діагностика, уніфікований інтерфейс, зменшення вартості і робочого часу.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Для підготовки цієї статті ми проаналізували різні рішення для зв'язку між давачами і виконавчими механізмами, різні системи управління і механічні рішення. Ми використовували знання з наших попередніх експериментів і вибрали оптимальні компоненти та системи для нашого проекту.Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Є багато різних типів датчиків, виконавчих механізмів, комунікаційних інтерфейсів і промислових шин. Обсягу однієї статті недостатньо, щоб описати їх повністю. Ось чому ми описали лише ті, які будуть використовуватися.Постановка завдання. У цій статті описується проект механічного модуля для модульної лабораторної системи FESTO FMS 500. Цей модуль буде фізично реалізований у межах активізації та модернізації лабораторної системи FMS 500 в Департаменті автоматизації, управління та людино-машинної взаємодії.Виклад основного матеріалу. Ми слідуємо тенденціям промислової автоматизації та вимогам 4-ї промислової революції. З цієї причини ми використовуємо технологію IO-Link в поєднанні з Profinet для зв'язку з датчиками й виконавчими механізмами.Висновки відповідно до статті. Основна мета цієї статті – запропонувати конструкцію механічного модуля з елементами Industry 4.0 для модульної виробничої системи FMS 500. У цьому проекті описуються окремі компоненти, які будуть використовуватися. Також описані функції та призначення модуля, а також його функціональні можливості з точки зору діагностики.

This paper presents a design of a flow meter based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The new construction of a flow meter controlled by PLC increases the possibilities for the control and automation of fluid flow. Additionally, the didactic potential of the use of simple automation in the form of a programmable logic controller was considered. A device enabling the measurement of fluid flow rate based on a PLC controller was designed, constructed, and tested. The choice of device was the Gems Sensors FT-210 series turbine flow sensor, which is characterized by low purchase and maintenance costs. The properties and the chemical resistance of polyamide-12, the material the sensor is made of, make it possible to test the flow of various types of fluids. As part of the work, an algorithm and a program controlling the device was developed based on the APB Soft software, enabling the accurate reading of the number of impulses sent by the turbine flow sensor. The results of the designed flow meter were compared with the results obtained for the Krohne VA-40 high accuracy rotameter.

This paper proposes an improved control and monitors between two different PLCs, the Mitsubishi, and Omron. The main advantage is interoperability and communication between both PLC. The use of NI OPC server as the software interface reached interoperability and communication. There were developed two field applications to test interoperability. Laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench (LabVIEW) uses as the software application for creating the user interface to control and monitor. This improvement show OPC server technology solves data compatibility issue between different driver controller’s and reducing development cost. Regardless of whether there are more than two different PLCs, it's enough to use the NI OPC server. So the benefit of the NI OPC server is not limited to two types of PLC used right now but can also use the other manufacturers. Besides, the improvement of the previous study is the use of the LabVIEW makes data from the OPC server displayed more realistic. The use of LabVIEW allows additional monitoring functions, one of which is LabVIEW vision. Data utilization becomes more flexible, and so it can use for more complex purposes. It is envisaged that this is very useful for Integrator engineer to implement this method in industrial automation

The Shanghai High repetition rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE), an advanced XFEL project, is now being built at Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences. It includes a hard X-ray free electron laser and a 100 pW intense laser facilities with overall length of 3.1 km. The XFEL part including an 8 GeV LINAC and 3 undulator lines is cooled with forced superfluid and supercritical helium at 2 K/4 K. The cryogenic system of SHINE consists of test facility cryogenic system (TFCS), accelerator cryogenic system (ACCS), and undulator cryogenic system (UNCS). A dedicated control system based on Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) will be built to automate the cryogenic system with process control, PID control loops, real-time data acquisition and storage, alarm handler and human machine interface. It is capable of automatic recovery as well. This paper describes details of control system structure, interfaces, controllers and the integration under EPICS framework.

Nowadays, the inner shape and economic viability of a stone block is dependent on the skill and experience of the “expert” that makes predictions based on external observations. This actual procedure is an extremely high empirical method, and when it fails, substantial work, time, and money is wasted. At present, researchers are committed to developing models to predict the stone block internal structure based on non-destructive tests. Ultrasonic tomography and electrical resistivity tomography are the tests that best fit these objectives. Trying to improve the existing procedures for collecting stone information and data exporting, a novel approach to perform both tomographies is proposed in this paper. This novel approach presents sound advantages regarding the current manual procedure: namely, (i) high accuracy due to a new automatic positioning system, (ii) no need for highly skilled operators to process measurements, (iii) measurements are much easier to derive, and results are quickly delivered. A comparison between the new automatic process and the current manual procedure shows that the manual procedure has a very low accuracy when compared to the new developed automatic system. The automatic measurements show extremely significant time savings, which is a relevant issue for the future competitiveness of the stone sector.

Urgency of the research. Nowadays, it is crucial to keep up with modern technologies. Therefore, this work aims to modernize the production system Festo MPS 500. Thanks to this, it will be possible to apply to the system technologies meeting the latest trends in Industry 4.0. The MPS 500 system prepared in this way can be used to research new trends in accordance with Industry 4.0. The modernized MPS 500 system will also find use in the education of students in the field of automation and mechatronics so that they are sufficiently prepared for practice.Target setting. The goal of the research was to modernize the transport system of the modular production system Festo MPS 500 according to Industry 4.0 platform.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. When upgrading the system MPS 500 and preparing this paper, we took into account both current sources – publications and papers dealing with the current state of Industry 4.0 and modular production systems as well as existing modular production systems based on Industry 4.0 platform.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. At this stage of the research, data acquisition from the system MPS 500 and interconnection with the cloud was not realized.The research objective. The purpose of this article is to modernize the MPS 500, which will allow focusing on Industry 4.0 research specifically for the deployment of Cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things, Big Data, Cloud Computing.The statement of basic materials. Effective research of the new technologies in the industry requires to use modern systems which meet the criteria of Industry 4.0 platform. So the original system Festo MTS 500 was upgraded by systems from Siemens.Conclusions. The main aim of this work was to modernize the transport system of the production system MPS 500. Elements of the system management were changed, and a new control program was created in the TIA Portal environment. The functionality of the MPS 500 was subsequently verified, where the full functionality of the system was confirmed. It makes the MPS 500 ready for further expansion in accordance with Industry 4.0., Актуальність теми дослідження. В даний час, вкрай важливо, щоб йти в ногу з сучасними технологіями. Отже, ця робота спрямована на модернізацію виробничої системи Festo MPS 500. Завдяки цьому можна буде застосувати до системних технологій, що відповідають останнім тенденціям у Індустрії 4.0. Підготовлена таким чином система MPS 500 може бути використана для дослідження нових тенденцій відповідно до Індустрії 4.0. Модернізована система MPS 500 також знайде застосування у навчанні студентів у галузі автоматики та мехатроніки, щоб вони були достатньо підготовлені до практики.Постановка проблеми. Метою дослідження була модернізація транспортної системи модульної виробничої системи Festo MPS 500 відповідно до платформи Індустрія 4.0.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Під час оновлення системи MPS 500 та підготовки даного документу ми врахували як сучасні джерела - публікації та статті, що стосуються сучасного стану Індустрії 4.0, так і модульні виробничі системи, а також існуючі модульні виробничі системи на базі платформи Індустрія 4.0.Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. На даному етапі досліджень збір даних із системи MPS 500 та взаємозв'язок з хмарою здійснено не було.Постановка завдання. Метою цієї статті є модернізація MPS 500, що дозволить зосередитися на дослідженнях Індустрії 4.0 cпеціально для розгортання кіберфізичних систем, інтернету речей, великих даних, хмарних обчислень.Виклад основного матеріалу. Ефективне дослідження нових технологій у галузі потребує використання сучасних систем, що відповідають критеріям платформи Індустрія 4.0. Отже, оригінальна система Festo MTS 500 була модернізована системами виробництва Siemens.Висновки відповідно до статті. Основна мета цієї роботи полягала в модернізації транспортної системи виробничої системи MPS 500. Елементи управління системою були змінені та створено нову програму управління в середовищі порталу TIA. Потім функціональність MPS 500 була перевірена, де була підтверджена повна функціональність системи. Це робить MPS 500 готовим до подальшого розширення відповідно до Індустрії 4.0.

WOS: 000470838000028 Physical layer security (PLS) has emerged as a new concept and powerful alternative that can complement and may even replace encryption-based approaches, which entail many hurdles and practical problems for future wireless systems. The basic idea of PLS is to exploit the characteristics of the wireless channel and its impairments including noise, fading, interference, dispersion, diversity, etc. in order to ensure the ability of the intended user to successfully perform data decoding while preventing eavesdroppers from doing so. Thus, the main design goal of PLS is to increase the performance difference between the link of the legitimate receiver and that of the eavesdropper by using well-designed transmission schemes. In this survey, we propose a conceptual, generic, and expandable framework for classifying the existing PLS techniques against wireless passive eavesdropping. In this flexible framework, the security techniques that we comprehensively review in this treatise are divided into two primary approaches: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio-based approach and complexity-based approach. The first approach is classified into three major categories: first, secrecy channel codes-based schemes; second, security techniques based on channel adaptation; third, schemes based on injecting interfering artificial (noise/jamming) signals along with the transmitted information signals. The second approach (complexity-based), which is associated with the mechanisms of extracting secret sequences from the shared channel, is classified into two main categories based on which layer the secret sequence obtained by channel quantization is applied on. The techniques belonging to each one of these categories arc divided and classified into three main signal domains: time, frequency and space. For each one of these domains, several examples are given and illustrated along with the review of the state-of-the-art security advances in each domain. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach alongside the lessons learned from existing research works are stated and discussed. The recent applications of PLS techniques to different emerging communication systems such as visible light communication, body area network, power line communication, Internet of Things, smart grid, mm-Wave, cognitive radio, vehicular ad-hoc network, unmanned aerial vehicle, ultra-wideband, device-to-device, radio-frequency identification, index modulation, and 5G non-orthogonal multiple access based-systems, are also reviewed and discussed. The paper is concluded with recommendations and future research directions for designing robust, efficient and strong security methods for current and future wireless systems. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [114E244] This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under Grant 114E244. (Corresponding author: Jehad M. Hamamreh.)

The current trend in the field of industrial diagnostics of the electrical appliances is to lower the maintenance costs by appropriate procedures of optimization of all processes from design, manufacturing, operation to decommissioning and recycling. Online monitoring of the current state of the monitored object and its gradual deterioration are becoming an important issue. Nowadays this topic is also very important in the concept of Industry 4.0 because the importance is given to asset management, which helps organizations to manage their assets. This could only be done by using a properly designed diagnostic system. This paper is dealing with the comparison of two different concepts of design and realization of an online diagnostic system, which creates the core of Condition Based Management approach.

As the global population is daily soaring, the need for water and energy is also increasing. This makes the role of the agriculture sector more tangible. Water and energy efficiency in this sector is still very low, and the need for smart management and strategic planning are obvious. This paper proposes an autonomous approach to increase the efficiency of energy and water consumption in the agriculture irrigation process. The model contains local renewable energy resources to supply the irrigation electricity demand. In the previous works developed by the authors, the irrigation scheduling had been performed by a decision tree approach. however, in this paper, the model schedules irrigation according to the realtime field data as well as the availability of the local resources to minimize operational costs. The system also includes a laboratory demonstration to test the scheduling process under practical challenges. A case study is also shown to validate the model, and its results show a gap between expected and real results. Nevertheless, the results proved the functionality and applicability of the proposed model.

The Arrowhead framework enables interoperability and integrability for new and legacy systems by applying Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles at the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) domain. The core systems of Arrowhead provide service registration, discovery, security and other services for application systems within the System of Systems domain under their authority. While the application systems can communicate with each other using any protocol that fits them, the core Arrowhead services have been available as RESTful HTTP implementation only. This practically meant that those application systems without built-in HTTP protocol support, must have used translators to connect to the Arrowhead services. The current paper describes a pragmatic enhancement for OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) endpoints, so they are now able to utilize Arrowhead core services natively. Moreover, the paper provides a solution for IEC 61499 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) integration, and a practical use case description as proof of concept.

Many industries often use different devices and controllers in automation systems. They all face the same difficulty how to exchange data between all those components. This paper proposed the implementation of OPC Server as software interface on communication between two different controllers, PLC Mitsubishi and PLC Omron. The main advantage of the method is the compatibility and solution for the factory difficulty problem because of using several driver controller. The compatibility among the different platforms of both controller, PLC Mitsubishi and PLC Omron, can be reached by use of KEPServerEx6 (OPC server) as a software interface. To test the compatibility amongst two different controllers, there was developed and implemented two field application devices, bottle unscramble and bottle filling station. This implementation shows OPC Server technology resolving data compatibility issues between different platforms and reducing development costs. It is envisaged that the method can be very useful to realize integration.

As Digital Twins gain more traction and their adoption in industry increases, there is a need to integrate such technology with machine learning features to enhance functionality and enable decision making tasks. This has lead to the emergence of a concept known as Digital Triplet, an enhancement of Digital Twin technology through the addition of an &rsquo, intelligent activity layer&rsquo, This is a relatively new technology in Industrie 4.0 and research efforts are geared towards exploring its applicability, development and testing of means for implementation and quick adoption. This paper presents the design and implementation of a Digital Triplet for a three-floor elevator system. It demonstrates the integration of a machine learning (ML) object detection model and the system Digital Twin. This was done to introduce an additional security feature that enabled the system to make a decision, based on objects detected and take preliminary security measures. The virtual model was designed in Siemens NX and programmed via Total Integrated Automation (TIA) portal software. The corresponding physical model was fabricated and controlled using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) S7 1200. A control program was developed to mimic the general operations of a typical elevator system used in a commercial building setting. Communication, between the physical and virtual models, was enabled using the OPC-Unified Architecture (OPC-UA) protocol. Object recognition using &ldquo, You only look once&rdquo, (YOLOV3) based machine learning algorithm was incorporated. The Digital Triplet&rsquo, s functionality was tested, ensuring the virtual system duplicated actual operations of the physical counterpart through the use of sensor data. Performance testing was done to determine the impact of the ML module on the real-time functionality aspect of the system. Experiment results showed the object recognition contributed an average of 1.083 s to an overall signal travel time of 1.338 s.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) still plays an essential role in various user applications for end-to-end reliable data transmission. However, TCP cannot get a high goodput performance in the lossy networks because it considers any packet loss to be a congestion signal and decreases the congestion window mistakenly. Therefore, TCP with Network Coding (termed TCP/NC) was proposed to recover the packet loss at the sink without retransmission if the number of coded packets is enough. However, the ACK packet needs to be sent for any arriving coded packet as a feedback of the end-to-end channel condition, resulting in a lower transmission performance in half- duplex networks, e.g., Power Line Communication. Therefore, we propose the ACK-Skipping scheme for TCP/NC to limit the number of ACK packets but still retain the necessary information, e.g., for channel estimation. The simulation result on ns-3 (Network Simulation 3) shows that the proposal achieves a higher goodput on PLC environment compared to TCP with Selective Acknowledgment and TCP Westwood+ as well as the recent variant of TCP/NC., The 22nd International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology, ICACT2020, 16-19 February 2020, Phoenix Park, PyeongChang, Korea

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are special embedded computers that are widely used in industrial control systems. To ensure the safety of industrial control systems, it is necessary to verify the correctness of PLCs. Formal verification is considered to be an effective method to verify whether a PLC program conforms to its specifications, but the expertise requirements and the complexity make it hard to be mastered and widely applied. In this paper, we present a specification-mining-based verification approach for IEC 61131-3 PLC programs. It only requires users to review specifications mined from the program behaviors instead of model checking for specified specifications, which can greatly improve the efficiency of safety verification and is much easier for control system engineers to use. Moreover, we implement a proof-of-concept tool named PLCInspector that supports directly mining LTL specifications and data invariants from PLC programs. Two examples and one real-life case study are presented to illustrate its practicability and efficiency. In addition, a comparison with the existing verification approaches for PLC programs is discussed.

Copper wire can be elongated to a very thin size like 0.01 mm from an original 0.6 mm via wire drawing dies. Although automatic machines are available for wire elongating process, the wire threading through dies still requires a human operation before entering an automation process. This procedure may repeat up to tens of times to complete, taking a long time. To resolve this problem, this paper develops an adjustable automatic wire copper wire drawing system for elongation using contactless heater. Three pneumatic claws are designed in the proposed system. The first claw is used to clamp the wire. The second claw fixed in the rotating mechanism is to draw the heated wire. The third claw is used to move the wire going through the drawing die after the drawn wire is cut off in one side. Then, the wire will be drawn again through the die mold. The force amount for drawing the wire can be adjusted via the gear connection controlled by the serer motor. Therefore, the system can be suited for variety of copper wire sizes. The experimental results prove that the proposed system has achieved the automatic copper wire elongation process successfully. Also, the human loading can be reduced considerably, and more importantly the operation time can be decreased significantly.

This paper completes the structure design of the feed process for the small rectification experimental unit. According to the process requirements, the overall scheme of the detection and control system and the main parameters are designed, and the type of the instrument is selected. The system hardware design is based on the CPU222 of Siemens s7-200 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and the corresponding input/output module. The lower computer adopts STEP 7-Micro/WIN programming software, and it completes the program design of parameter acquisition, scale transformation and PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) operation through ladder diagram. The monitoring interface of the upper computer adopts Kingview monitoring software.

In order to improve the automation and reliability of the mechanized transplanting, a vegetable seedling automatic conveying system was designed. The functional execution component of the system consists of a tank-wheel storage seedling mechanism, a seedling tray conveyor, and a hanging cup circulating conveying mechanism. Combined with the communication technology between host computer and programmable logic controller (PLC), the user interface software of automatic conveying system for potted vegetable was developed by using Visual Studio to control and monitor the transmission progress. The PVDF pressure sensor was used to detect the pressure change of the seedling storage disk to obtain the information of the loading seedling tray. The limit switch and stroke switch were combined to obtain the information of the push rod and feed plate. The timing of each component is controlled by the PLC controller combined with the feedback information of each sensor. The test results show the effect of taking an individual seedling is excellent, the error rate of the pushing mechanism is about 2.08%, and the success rate was 97.91%.

The use of programable logic controllers (PLC) technology in electrical networks 230 V causes electromagnetic radiation that interferes with other electrical equipment connected to the network [1–4]. Therefore, this article describes the issues of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of new PLC adapters used in IP broadband services in a multi-user environment. The measurements of disturbing electromagnetic field originated in PLC adapters were made in a certified laboratory EMC (laboratory of electromagnetic compatibility) in the Institute of Electrical Engineering at Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. The measured spectra of the radiated electromagnetic field will be compared with the results obtained when testing older PLC modems [5].

With the growing scale of the school and the growing student, traditional campus logistics services have been difficult to serve the college students with strong daily consumer demand. The huge consumption potential and demand have attracted more campus card construction, and the design of intelligent campus automatic settlement PLC control system for the Internet of Things has emerged. In the development process of campus logistics management, there are problems such as low operational efficiency and unreasonable management, plus the shopping consumption habits and time distribution characteristics of student groups. This design is the campus-based automatic settlement control system for the Internet of Things. Firstly, it discusses the principle of the Internet of Things technology, the principle, and the working method of the WinCC technology. According to the actual requirements of the school, the campus automatic settlement system should have based on the status quo and development. The construction of the campus automatic settlement system should fully consider the consumer management subsystem, the library monitoring subsystem, the student attendance monitoring subsystem, and the computer monitoring subsystem. The construction of the campus card system should have discussed in detail from the design of the system to the implementation of the system, organization of training, and so on. In addition, strict safety precautions have adopted to ensure efficient operation, safe management, and reliable monitoring of the entire system.

In this study, a real time monitoring and control of the working parameters of distributed robotic systems used in manufacturing processes is presented. Additionally, a fault diagnosis and protection system is developed in the control and monitoring system to prevent possible errors during the working process. Unlike the conventional monitoring and control systems, Android/IOS based smart phones and tablets are used besides SCADA and the process is supported by cameras. 3 different robotic systems are used in the study and electrical, electronic and mechanical prototypes are designed for each of them. Thus, a complete robotic system being able to perform real time monitoring and control for industrial manufacturing processes that is supported by smart phone applications and fault diagnosis and protection system is developed successfully. © 2018, Strojarski Facultet. All rights reserved.

Traffic signals are the most convenient method of controlling traffic in a busy junction. Present traffic Signals fail to control the traffic effectively when a particular lane has got more traffic than the other lanes. In this paperan intelligent traffic control system using PLC is proposed. System measures the traffic density on each road bycounting the number of vehicles and then takes the decision. Programming is done using ladder diagram. Seimens S7 1200 PLC is have been used for the system implementation. Traffic management on the road has become a severe problem of todays society because of growth of the urbanization. This leads to traffic jam at the traffic junctions which in turn causes delay to ambulances. In order to overcome this problem, this paper presents a simple ambulance controlled traffic system. The main objective of this system is that to control the traffic, allowing an ambulance to arrive at a particular location without it having to stop anywhere until the destination is reached. This system includes RF Transmitter and Receiver technology and Lab VIEW software. Mamatha R "Traffic light Controller for the Congested Urban Route using PLC & Ambulance Detection using RF Transmitter & Receiver with Lab VIEW" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5954.pdf

Maintenance is a very important activitiy to keep an equipment always at its best condition. This research aims to create an early warning system/ lifetime spare parts detector of Nissin Kogyo Batam (NKB) Company’s TR Osawa machine by adopting PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). PLC is used to automatically calculate the lifetime spare parts of TR Osawa machine. PLC will shut down the machine if it detects that lifetime spare parts have reached the specified setting standard (380-400 k pcs). As a result, PLC machine can provide more accurate results than manual counting.

La técnica de flotación permite mejorar las características térmicas de carbones que presentan altos contenidos de materia mineral; no obstante, en este proceso la ausencia de control de variables críticas como la dosificación de reactivos de flotación —espumante y colector—, causado por la discontinuidad en la medición del material que fluye hacia el equipo de clasificación (celdas de flotación), genera pérdidas de material y hace ineficiente el proceso de clasificación carbonífera. Por lo anterior, el presente artículo describe las fases de la investigación que condujeron a la optimización del rendimiento de la técnica de flotación, esto a partir de la adquisición de datos por medio de instrumentación y la automatización y control de las variables críticas mencionadas anteriormente. Se presenta el diseño de un sistema automático controlado por un PLC y un entorno visual HMI, el cual permite monitorear y controlar las variables que intervienen en una dosificación eficiente de reactivos durante el proceso de flotación en una planta de clasificación de carbón

IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi networks are increasingly becoming popular for its use in industrial applications. With the availability of recent amendments to IEEE 802.11 series of standards, particularly IEEE 802.11n, the adoption of Wi-Fi networks for process automation is gaining more focus and importance. The installation of Wireless networks naturally provides reduction in cable and its maintenance related costs, provides increased flexibility and mobility to enhance performance of industrial control system. The IEEE 802.11n supports parameterization that can be set for particular industrial applications and hence it has addressed to the aspects of timeliness and criticality to some extent. This paper proposes the use of IEEE 802.11n network to interconnect field instruments with Siemens PLC controller in harsh EMI/EMC environment. An application example is shown where the alternate control system architecture is developed in which non-critical and non-safety signals are communicated over Wi-Fi. While, for critical and safety signals, traditional hardwired signals methods can be implemented.

This paper proposes a synthetic statistical top-down MIMO power line communications channel model based on a pure phenomenological approach. The basic idea consists of directly synthesizing the experimental channel statistical properties to obtain an extremely compact model that requires a small set of parameters. The model is derived from the analysis of the in-home 2 $\times$ 3 MIMO PLC channel data set obtained by the ETSI Specialist Task Force 410 measurement campaign in the band 1.8-100 MHz. The challenge of modeling the channel statistical correlation, exhibited among the frequencies and between the MIMO modes, in compact form is tackled and it is shown that a small set of parameters can be used to reconstruct such a correlation behavior. The model is validated and compared to the measured channels, showing a good agreement in terms of average channel gain, root-mean-square delay spread, coherence bandwidth, and channel capacity distribution., Comment: A version of this paper has been accepted for publication to IEEE Transactions on Communications - \copyright\ IEEE 2017. The paper consists of 11 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables

This article is an extended version of the study presented at the IEEE Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM)-2016. At that time, a methodological proposal was designed, implemented, and applied in a group of industrial plants for the management of the information security of the Industrial control systems (ICS). The present study displays an adaptation and improvement of such methodology with the purpose of aligning the proposal for the effective management of information security with the strategic objectives. The development of this study has been divided into three distinctive phases. Firstly, we induced the articulation of PMI-PMBOK v5 and ITIL v3 both for the management of the project and for the verification of risks in the IT services. Second, we applied a set of risk mitigation strategies based on international standards as NIST 800-82 and 800-30. Thirdly, we assembled the two mentioned phases in a Guide for standards-based instructions and security policies, which previously have been encouraged on NIST 800-82, 800-53 and 800-12. Hereby, we observed the reduction of incidents of information security, the correct delimitation of the functions of the direct responsible of the ICS and the improvement of the communication between the operative and technical areas of the involved companies. The results demonstrate the functionality of these improvements, especially in the context of the availability and integrity of information, which generates an added value to the enterprise.

The rapid development of modern information management technology leads to the emergence of new aspect of their security. In particular, special importance has acquired the co-called problems of industrial cyber-security, gradually allocated in independent field of scientific and technical research. In recent years, the number of attacks on industrial objects has increased significantly. This is according by ICS-CERT reports for 2014-2015. Several incidents that have received wide press coverage are related with cybersecurity issues. For example, the STUXNET virus, which affects Siemens industrial systems. STUXNET caused serious damage to Iran’s nuclear program by exploiting vulnerabilities of the operating system and the so-called “human factor”. There are a number of modified viruses capable of carrying out successful attacks on various industrial networks based on STUXNET architecture. Siemens is one of the key industrial equipment manufacturers in the world, so STUXNET is widespread and was even discovered at Russian NPP. Thus the security of the automated control systems, process control is critical now and its importance can not be underestimated. One of the most devastating attacks on the possible damage is the diversion of the production process. Diversion of the process affects all levels of the process control system. This article proposes assessment of consequences of performing each of the described attack’s steps, determines the information possessed by the attacker after each phase of attack.

In this paper is shown importance of modular architecture in the sustainable development of enterprises. The application of modular design enables the development of the production program based on the results of its own development. At the illustrated example, the production of transmitters it was concluded that modular architecture enables the production of independent entities, provides the realization of products in inaccessible places, enables to precisely defined technical documentation of modules, enabling easy maintenance, repair and improvement. This paper describes an algorithm for material reuse which indicates the importance of the customer in a closed material flow. In this connection, PLC includes protection of the environment as a strategic decision in the sustainable development of enterprises.

Considering the complexity of controller systems in and also managing a microgrid (MGs), using automation systems can be an effective step in increasing energy efficiency, high reliability, as well as economic and environmental issues. In order to achieve these goals, this paper presents a comprehensive testbed for control and energy management in MG lab project is called LAMBDA MG in Sapienza University of Rome. The MG is composed of several sources (Photovoltaic, Storage, Emergency Generator Set) a smart switchboard and loads (lights, HVAC, plugs). The control strategy consists of two different subnets: the first one is based on a distributed home and building electronic system (HBES) for the supervisory and control for energy and comfort goals and the second one based on a central PLC for the operation of the different sources in grid and island mode respect the grid. The two subnets are integrated in a common SCADA system able to provide a real time monitoring, alarm handling, human machine interfacing, event and data.

PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) is a control algorithm that mostly used in industry. However, users have never known what the PID model that used inside the PLC. By knowing the PID model that used in PLC, users will have more choice in determining the more appropriate tuning algorithm. Also, users can use MATLAB to perform analysis and can implement it to PLC. Through OPC Server (Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control Server) as a software interface, programs on a windows operating system can communicate with industry devices universally. PID model prediction method is done by comparing the output of the plant controlled by PID model in PLC and PID model in SIMULINK MATLAB using OPC Server intermediaries. Based on comparison result in graph and analysis using integral error method, PLC M221 using Parallel PID model and PLC S7-1200 using Ideal PID model.

The increased need of flexibility of automation systems and the increased capabilities of sensors and actuators paired with more capable bus systems, pave the way for the reallocation of IEC 61131-3 applications away from the field level into so-called compute pools. Such compute pools are decentralised with enough compute power for a large number of applications, while providing the required flexibility to quickly adapt to changes of the applications requirements. The paper proposes a framework able to deploy IEC 61131-3 applications to multiple computing platforms based on CLR VM; it uses C# language as intermediate code. The software solution proposed by the authors does not require any modifications of the IEC 61131-3 applications. Current literature does not provide solutions like that here presented; due to the spread current use of C# language in the development of industrial applications, adoption of the proposed solution seems very attractive. The paper will deeply describe the software implementation and will also present an analysis about the capability of the proposed framework to respect real-time constraints of the industrial processes, mainly focusing on the periodic ones.

We here present a new PLC-POWERLINK industrial solution for Industry 4.0 applications. The proposed solution provides the capability to separate the sensing functionality from the PLC-side, in demand for the reconfigurable FPGA implementation. In particular, we here provide a framework that supports the interfacing between the POWERLINK protocol and commonly used standards, such as I2C, SPI, and UART. This has been obtained by using a framework built around a soft IP-core Application Processor, which manages the interfacing with several POWERLINK slaves, able to support the data exchange with the POWERLINK Communication Processor. A practical application example and related implementation details are presented in the paper.

Thanks to the development of education and internet technologies, two-dimensional educational environments such as internet pages in distance education are starting to leave their places to three-dimensional virtual worlds with more communication and interaction tools, that offer with–without instructor, synchronous–asynchronous and individual–collaborative learning environments. In this study, a new basic programmable logic controllers laboratory was designed, simulated and virtually implemented on Second Life, a 3D virtual world with powerful features such as object construction and programming language. Then, this virtual programmable logic controllers laboratory was introduced to the students of Electricity and Energy Department of Usak University who had previously taken the programmable logic controllers course theoretically, and a survey about this laboratory was administered. One-hundred percent of the students who participated in the survey found this lab to be helpful, and 95.45% found it to be useful. Based on this lab design and evaluations, the specific and general conclusions including the pros and cons are discussed. © The Author(s) 2019.

In order to reduce the cost and improve the reliability, real-time performance, and installation convenience of remote-controlled light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems, a networked LED driving technology based on the direct current (DC) grid power line carrier is proposed. In this system, an alternating current (AC)/DC bus converter converts the mains into a DC bus with multiple distributed LED drive powers on the DC bus. The AC/DC bus converter receives the user’s control command and modulates it into the DC bus voltage. The DC bus waveform changes to a square wave containing the high and low changes of the address information and command information. The LED drive power of the corresponding address receives energy from the DC bus and demodulates the commands, such as turning the lights on and off, dimming, etc., and performs the action. In order to make the waveform of the AC/DC bus converter have better rising and falling edge, this paper adopts the half-bridge topology with variable modal control. In the modulation process, the circuit works in buck mode and boost mode. Distributed LED drivers have DC/DC circuits and very simple demodulation circuits that dissipate energy and information from the DC bus. Through experiments, the technology not only simplifies the use of communication technology in application, but also reduces the application difficulty.

Background: Multiligamentous knee injuries with a posterolateral corner injury represent a devastating insult to the knee. Purpose: To evaluate multiligamentous knee reconstruction rehabilitation programs and recommend a rehabilitation program based on a review of published outcomes studies. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A MEDLINE (PubMed), OVID, and Embase database search was conducted using the terms “posterolateral corner” and “rehabilitation.” All articles obtained were examined to confirm their rehabilitation programs for multiligamentous knee injuries. These injuries included a posterolateral corner injury plus an isolated anterior or posterior cruciate ligament injury or a combined cruciate injury. Results: Ten publications representing 245 patients with multiligamentous knee reconstruction were analyzed. Rehabilitation protocols were divided by weightbearing (WB) status: in 2 studies, patients were non-WB until postoperative 4 weeks (delayed WB; n = 61); 5 studies permitted progressive WB until postoperative 6 weeks (progressive WB; n = 123); and 3 studies allowed WB immediately after surgery (immediate WB; n = 61). No significant difference in outcome scores among the 3 WB groups was found. Arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation under anesthesia was the most common complication (11%) in the delayed WB group, followed by the immediate WB group (3%) and the progressive WB group (0%; P < .01). Overall complication rates were highest in the delayed WB group (44%), followed by the immediate and progressive WB groups (25% and 3%, respectively; P < .00001). The delayed WB group was permitted to return to sport at a mean of 10.5 months from the index procedure; the progressive WB group, at 6.0 months; and the immediate WB group, at 9.0 months ( P < .05). Conclusion: This review revealed no significant difference in outcome scores when comparing immediate, progressive, and delayed WB protocols. Time to permitted return to sport was not significantly different among the groups, but there existed a trend toward earlier return in the progressive WB group. Patients in the delayed and immediate WB groups experienced a higher overall complication rate. Progressive WB postoperative protocols may decrease the risk of complications without compromising outcomes; however, more research is needed to identify the optimal postoperative rehabilitation protocol, given the significant data heterogeneity currently available in the literature.

Our analysis explores how local educational policymakers redesigned the formal organizational infrastructure of their 14 elementary schools to support teacher collaboration and learning. In particular, we examine the design, deployment, and workings of a Professional Learning Community (PLC) routine intended to support teachers’ on-the-job learning about instruction. The PLC routine was part of a broader system-wide infrastructure redesign effort to support teachers’ implementing a more inquiry approach to teaching mathematics in elementary (primary) schools. We show how participation in the PLC routine structured teachers’ advice and information interactions about mathematics. We also describe how bureaucratic and collegial arrangements interacted in the implementation and performance of the bureaucratically mandated and monitored PLC organizational routine that relied on collegiality arrangements for institutionalization. Based on this analysis, we theorize how bureaucratic and collegial arrangements work in tandem, rather than in opposition or independently, in transforming how school staff work with one another. Notre analyse explore comment les responsables éducatifs locaux ont restructuré leurs 14 écoles primaires pour soutenir la collaboration et l’apprentissage professionnel des enseignants. En particulier, nous examinons la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un programme de communautés d’apprentissage professionnelles (PLC) visant à soutenir l’apprentissage sur le lieu de travail des enseignants. Le programme de PLC s’intègre dans une restructuration plus large permettant de soutenir les enseignants dans la mise œuvre d’un nouveau curriculum de mathématiques. Nous montrons comment la participation au programme de PLC a structuré les interactions et discussions entre enseignants autour du curriculum de mathématiques. Nous décrivons également comment les régulations bureaucratique et collégiale interagissent dans la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif impulsé par une structure bureaucratique, mais qui repose sur la collégialité pour s’institutionnaliser. Nos analyses permettent de théoriser comment régulations bureaucratique et collégiale fonctionnent de concert, et non pas en opposition ou indépendamment, en modifiant profondément comment l’équipe éducative travaille collectivement.

Input/Output is the mechanism through which Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) interact with and control the outside world. Particularly when employed in critical infrastructures, the I/O of PLCs has to be both reliable and secure. PLCs I/O like other embedded devices are controlled by a pin based approach. In this paper, we investigate the security implications of the PLC pin control system. In particular, we show how an attacker can tamper with the integrity and availability of PLCs I/O by exploiting certain pin control operations and the lack of hardware interrupts associated to them.

The research of the operation of low-power photovoltaic generation plants used for self-contained electric power supply in Siberian climatic conditions is performed in this paper. It provides an analysis of the operation of individual units of an automated control system, and gives recommendations for the selection of hardware components. The article describes the operational principles, developed based on functional modules of the programmable logic controller, ensuring maximum possible use of solar energy in this continuous power supply system. The results of plant operation have been obtained, in the form of a power counter log, as well as data on the volume of solar energy produced in both overcast and in sunny weather, throughout the observation period. The article provides visual illustration of generated energy, which could be used to assess the efficiency and economic viability of the low-power photovoltaic plant. Authors would like to point out that examples of the proposed methodology for the construction of self-contained power supply systems can be found in existing industrial facilities, on which further scientific research can be based.

Actualmente la seguridad informática es una necesidad, ante la expansión de las redes, para garantizar la disponibilidad, la confidencialidad y la integridad de la información en usuarios públicos y privados. El uso de la red eléctrica como medio físico de transmisión, ha sido considerado como una excelente alternativa en la prestación de servicios de interconexión de última milla. El uso de adaptadores de red basados en Power Line Communications (PLC) facilitan el diseño de redes LAN y comunicaciones de banda ancha a través de la red eléctrica, convirtiendo cualquier tomacorriente en un punto de conexión para el usuario, sin la necesidad de cableados adicionales a los existentes, en donde la seguridad en la red y la calidad de servicio (QoS / Quality of Service) se convierten en aspectos de vital importancia a la hora de implementarlas. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre la seguridad en la red y la calidad del servicio (QoS), elementos que juegan un papel importante en la administración y la eficiencia de una red centrada en aplicaciones, utilizando la red eléctrica como medio físico de transmisión desde el análisis simple del estándar HomePlug 1.0.

In today’s populated world, urban land availability has become scarce and manual involvement of humans for a proper task makes a work less efficient and less accurate. The garage is one of the workstations which needs to be modernized for enhanced land utilization, energy saving approach and systematic functioning. This goal can only be achieved through the automation of parking systems. We have proposed an automated control system for garage using siemens PLC (programmable logic control)-1200 to control the vehicles. The number plate of the car is recorded through the RFID reader and the parking slot for that particular vehicle is allotted automatically based on the available vacancy. Along with this the parking area is fitted with fire alarm, which will raise if any smoke or fire happens in the location. The total parking cost of each vehicle can be calculated based on the number of hours it has been parked. And the information will be displayed in the SCADA screen. Additionally, instead of the full lightening of the complete place, lightening will be provided only in the direction of movement of the car, preventing wastage of energy.

In this study, a simulated remote monitoring and operation system was developed for an assumed remote area energy plant in a developing country with few skilled operators and unstable electric power supply. It is useful for skilled operators to be able to monitor and operate the energy system from a remote site. Moreover, low-power equipment is required for the Web server in order to reduce the electric power consumption of the remote monitoring system. The system has the function of remote monitoring of data obtained from sensors through a programmable logic controller (PLC), while the monitoring function is realized by a Web application. The PLC can be operated from a remote monitoring site. The simulated remote monitoring and operation system was constructed using an Internet connection and a virtual private network (VPN) connection. The Internet connection was used for open monitoring of acquired data by the public. The VPN was used for secure remote operation of the device on the plant side from a monitoring PC. The effectiveness of the developed system was conï¬rmed though experiments with a simple simulated plant.

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is one of the infrastructures and systems in the manufacturing industry. This system serves to treat wastewater coming from boiler machines, which are used to produce steam to support the tire and tube production process of manufacturing companies, which are the object of our research. Wastewater from this boiler machine is alkaline and contains solids that are harmful to the ecosystem and the environment, so it needs to be processed so that wastewater can be discharged into drains. The process is not by following the standards; it can affect the quality of the process water so that water that is discharged into drains or water bodies violates government regulations. In this case, the pH standard of water is in a neutral state whose values are between 6 and 9 and is clear in color. Therefore, we conducted research that is designing a system to control and monitor the process at the wastewater treatment plant automatically. The design of this control system is done by adding sensors and actuators that are connected to the modular PLC that is the control system. This system is also designed to be connected to a PC (Personal Computer) as a monitoring system so that the process can be monitored continuously. Display interface created using HMI (Human Machine Interface) software. This is because many features that allow for a more attractive appearance. With this system, it can be sure that the boiler wastewater treatment process is more consistent and efficient in maintaining pH standards, and the process is monitored in real-time.