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SiO2 nano-particles have been examined in a distant phosphor structure for the elevated luminous quality and better consistency of white light-emitting diodes with angular-dependent associated color temperature (CCT). The luminous scattering ability could be increased by applying SiO2 nano-particles contain silicone to the outside of the phosphorus coating. In specific, the strength of blue light at wide angles is increased and differences in CCT can be minimized. In addition, owing to the sufficient refractive indices of silicone-containing SiO2 nanoparticles between the air and phosphorus layers, the luminous flux was improved. This new configuration decreases angular-dependent CCT deviations in the range of -700 to 700 from 1000 to 420 K. In comparison, at a 120 mA driving current, the rise of lumen flux increased by 2.25% relative to an usual distant phosphor structure without SiO2 nano-particles. As a result, in a distant phosphor structure, the SiO2 nano-particles could not only enhance the uniformity of illumination but also enhance the output of light.

Objective: to investigate the effect of addition different concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles on acrylic resin polymethyl methacrylate to improve the anti-microbial properties of denture base material Subjects and Methods: 24 completely edentulous patients were selected to be enrolled in of the following groups: Group I: 8 patients were rehabilitated with complete dentures had no nanoparticle (Control group),Group II: 8 patients were rehabilitated with complete dentures had a 1% concentration of titanium oxide nanoparticles and Group III: 8 patients were rehabilitated with complete dentures had a 3% concentration of titanium oxide nanoparticles . Microbiological evaluation was done from the fitting surface of dentures after one week, two weeks, and one month of denture use. Results: Regarding staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans colonization, the result revealed that between one week, two weeks , and one month follow up periods for each group and between different groups for each follow up period, there was a statistically significant difference between all groups. Regarding staphylococcus epidermis colonization , there was negative colonization of staphylococcus epidermis . Conclusion: Addition of TiO2 nano particles with 1% and 3% concentrations to PMMA has a great anti-microbial effect with reduction of the colonization of S. aureus, S. epidermis and C. albicans than the conventional dentures

This article is the analysis of SiO 2 nano-particles’ influences on the luminous efficiency and the color temperature uniformity of a remote phosphor structure in a WLED. The purpose of integrating SiO 2 into the silicone layer in the remote phosphor structure is to significantly promote the scattering occurrences. Particularly, with an appropriate proportion of SiO 2 , there could be more blue lights generated at large angles, leading to reducing the angular-dependent color temperature deviation. The luminous flux also can get benefits from SiO 2 addition owing to a proper air-phosphor layer refractive index ratio provided by this SiO 2 /silicone compound. The attained experimental results were compared with optical values of a non-SiO 2 remote phosphor configuration and showed a notable enhancement. The color deviation was reduced by approximately 600 K in the angles from -70 0 ­ to 70 0 . Additionally, the lumen efficiency was improved by 2.25% at 120 mA driving current. Hence, SiO 2 can be used to boost both color uniformity and luminous efficacy for remote-phosphor WLED.

In recent research, the zinc oxide (ZnO) semiconductor nano particles have received a lot of attention due to its unique physical, chemical, magnetic and optoelectronic properties. The present study focuses on the photo physical and optoelectronic properties of ZnO nanostructures. To attain better optical and optoelectronic properties for light emitting diodes, solar cells and photo detectors, the rare earth transition metal ions, specifically gadolinium (Gd) were doped into ZnO nano material. Gadolinium-doped ZnO nano materials have been synthesized by a simple chemical deposition method. The structural, morphological, optical properties of synthesized samples have been investigated by various techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-absorption spectroscopy, and photo luminescence spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of pure single phase with a particle size in the range of 30–42 nm. Optical absorption studies demonstrates that the absorption edge of the Gd:ZnO appeared to shift towards the longer wavelength due to the charge transfer between the ZnO valence or conduction band and rare earth ion 4f energy level. The band gap of the doped ZnO samples was found to be decreases and it varies from 3.2 eV to 3.1 eV due to the quantum confinement of the charge carriers in ZnO. These results provide a new approach to design ZnO nano particles with enhanced photochemical properties, light emitting electronics and solar cells.

Nuclear power plants are big in construction and possess complex facilities. These plants usually operate at very large temperatures and the materials used in their construction experience considerably higher levels of radiation. It is therefore very important to understand the effects of radiation on these materials. Radiation is responsible for defects which affects the strength and performance of the materials. In this review paper, we have suggested one idea for constructing an efficient nuclear power plant by using nano-particles. This paper also details about nano-particles in an elaborated way and a few of them can be used for constructing nuclear power plants (NPP).

The vapour absorption refrigeration system is not so much used commercially because of its low performance. The performance of absorption refrigeration system is required to improve to make its eff...

In the current research, the effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nano thin films as anti-cancer nano drug in cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations is investigated. The calculation of thickness and optical constants of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) the effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nano thin films as anti-cancer nano drug in cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations produced using sol-gel method over glassy medium through a single reflection spectrum is presented. To obtain an appropriate fit for reflection spectrum, the classic Drude-Lorentz model (Appendix A) for parametric di-electric function is used. The best fitting parameters are determined to simulate the reflection spectrum using Lovenberg-Marquardt optimization method. The simulated reflectivity from the derived optical constants and thickness are in good agreement with experimental results.

As a new product of high-value utilization of lignin, lignin micro/nano particles (LMNPs) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their non-toxicity, corrosion-resistance, UV resistance, and other excellent characteristics and potential application value. This article outlined the main preparation methods of LMNPs at the current stage, summarized and compared them from three perspectives of preparation technology, final product state and product composition. Subsequently, based on the different focuses of the properties of LMNPs, their application research progress as fillers, UV blockers, drug delivery carriers, among others, were introduced. Then a concise analysis of the technical and economic assessment and life cycle assessment of LMNPs in the process of industrialization was made. Finally, the main problems at present and the future development directions were analyzed and prospected to provide references for the deep processing of forest resources and the development of bio-based nanomaterials.

Rare-earth oxides microparticles doped tellurite-based glass have been studied extensively to improve the capability of optoelectronic devices. We report a detailed comparison between two sets of glass series containing samarium microparticles and nanoparticles denoted as ZBTSm-MPs and ZBTSm-NPs respectively. The two sets of glass have been successfully fabricated via melt-quenching technique with chemical formula {[(TeO2)0.70 (B2O3)0.30]0.7 (ZnO)0.3}1-y (Sm2O3 (MPs/NPs)) y with y = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 mol fraction. The TEM analysis confirmed the existence and formation of nanoparticles in ZBTSm-NPs glasses. The density of ZBTSm-NPs glasses was found higher than ZBTSm-MPs glasses due to the distributions of nano-scale particles in tellurite glass network. There was a linear trend of increment in the refractive index in both sets of glass series along with the concentrations of dopants. The refractive index of ZBTSm-NPs glasses was found higher than ZBTSm-MPs glasses due to the shift in compactness of glass structure with nano-scale particles. In comparison, the absorption peaks of ZBTSm-MPs glasses were greater than ZBTSm-NPs glasses which were mainly due to the restriction of electrons mobility in glass network with nano-scale particles. The optical band gap energy in ZBTSm-NPs glasses was found greater than ZBTSm-MPs glasses which correspond to the widening of forbidden gap with nano-scale particles. The polarizability of ZBTSm-NPs and ZBTSm-MPs was found in non-linear trend along with dopant concentrations. Based on these findings, the improvement of optical properties have been made by introducing samarium oxide nanoparticles in tellurite glass which is beneficial for optoelectronic devices.

Recently, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have attracted increasing attention in the development of electronic devices and energy harvesting applications. Standard materials used as TCOs are Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) and F-doped tin oxide (FTO), which are ternary systems and require a doping process. Here, we introduce the synergistic effect of using microwave (MW) irradiation and Au nanoparticles (NPs) together on tin dioxide (SnO2) thin films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD), which have a binary system and do not need any additional doping process. For comparison to as-deposited SnO2 thin films, we prepared MW-irradiated SnO2 thin films with and without Au NP decoration. SnO2 thin films with Au NPs added during MW irradiation have carrier concentration, Hall mobility, and resistivity of 1.45 × 1022 cm−3, 5.4 cm2/Vs, and 7.93 × 10−5 Ω cm, respectively. Compared with as-deposited SnO2 thin films, these electrical properties are significantly enhanced, and plasmonic effects also occurred due to the presence of Au NPs. The enhanced properties are mainly attributed to generation of oxygen vacancies in SnO2 thin films. Our results demonstrate the potential of using SnO2 thin films as binary system TCOs, and point to the synergistic effects of using MW and Au NPs together.

To tackle global warming, a reliable storage system seems crucial due to unpredictability of renewable energy. As a result, storage units based on Phase Change Material (PCM) are found to be of great worth where latent heat transfer occurring in an almost isothermal condition lay the foundation for far more compact and easy-to-fabricate storage components. Despite their advantageous, one major drawback being weak thermal conductivity needs to be addressed. So, in this study a triplex-tube heat exchanger with tree-like and rectangular fins along with hybrid nanoparticles made of Mo S 2 - T i O 2 are put into perspective to dispose of this weakness and Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) is applied using FlexPDE to analyze the solidification process and evaluate the influence of single and combined usage of fins and nanoparticles. Moreover, the credibility of this study and GFEM has been confirmed by an experimental work. The results unveiled that, while the combined usage of nanoparticles and tree-like fins gives the best result by lowering the solidification time by 78% compared to bare tube, tree-like fins claim the best performance taking 1700 s followed by rectangular fins with 3500 s if nanoparticles are out of reach.

The goal of endodontic treatment is the debridement and removal of the microbial ecosystem associated with the disease process. The need for root canal disinfectants increases especially in those cases where infection is resistant to the regular treatment and the outcome of endodontic therapy is often compromised. Therefore, it is of interest to document the known effectiveness of silver nanoparticle based root canal disinfectants with other root canal disinfectants on microbial load reduction during root canal disinfection. Known data shows that the overall risk of bias for the selected studies was moderate. Silver nanoparticle based root canal disinfectants showed superior reduction of microbial counts in majority of the studies. This data is limited to vitro studies with no clinical information to validate the use of antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles used as root canal disinfectant.

The present research paper shows the use of Titanium oxide nanoparticle to enhance the yield of Solar still. Titanium Oxide and black die mixture used as a base paint and find out the performance o...

NaBaPO4:Eu2+,Er3+ phosphors and Ag nano-particles (NPs) were prepared by the solid-state reaction and chemical reduction method, respectively. The fluorescence spectra and decay curves demonstrate the effective energy transfer from Eu2+ to Er3+ and the existence of three-photon quantum-cutting through two-step cross-relaxation of Er3+. The quantum-cutting emission is peaked at 1534 nm with a broad excitation band centered at 352 nm. Plasmon-enhanced quantum-cutting of NaBaPO4:Eu2+,Er3+ phosphors was realized by decorating Ag NPs. The largest enhancement factor is 1.395. It is hopeful to improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of Ge solar cells by using this phosphor.

This paper is to study the thermal analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using R134a in primary circuit and Al2O3-Water based nano-fluids in secondary circuit. The study provides the information of the secondary fluids input conditions, Performance parameters of vapour compression refrigeration system using eco-friendly refrigerants and without nano materials, Effect of overall evaporator heat transfer coefficient using different nano particles mixed with R718 in the secondary evaporator circuit and R134a in primary circuit, the compressor power consumption and the system overall energy performance. Such an analysis with the help of engineering equation solver software (EES) tool can be conveniently useful to compare the thermal performance of different nano-particles (i.e., Al2O3, TiO2) based nano fluid as a secondary fluid in a vapor compression refrigeration system.

One of the urgent problems of modern surgery continues to be the increasing number of patients with purulent-inflammatory and purulentnecrotic processes of soft tissues – about 60.0 % of patients in the structure of specialized hospitals of a surgical profile. This is due to the adaptation of microorganisms – pathogens of wound infection to existing means for treating wounds. In addition, the number of patients with diabetes mellitus increases annually, and as a result, the number of people suffering from diabetic foot syndrome. Thus, the relevance of developing new modern tools for the local treatment of purulent-necrotic processes of the skin and soft tissues is not reduced.Materials and methods.The material for the study was a highly porous biodegradable sponge (chitosan-collagen) in the ratio of chitosan: collagen 2: 1 with the inclusion of colloidal particles of metallic silver and chymotrypsin. The experiment was performed on 50 Wistar rats that simulated a purulent necrotic wound. During the treatment, the state of the wounds was visually evaluated, the morphological features of the course of the wound process were evaluated after animals were withdrawn from the experiment and the wound material was taken on days 1, 5, 10, 15 and 21, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and/or according to Van Gieson.Results.By visual assessment, by the 10th day it was noted that necrotic tissues underwent lysis, the wound defect was covered with a scab, swelling of the surrounding tissues was not noted, and on the 21st day of treatment the wound defect was covered with epithelium and had an area of about 3 mm2 with the initial - in 250 mm2. When describing micropreparations, it was noted that on the 10th day the exudation phase passed its peak and the activity of proliferation processes increased from the center of the wound to its periphery and from the granulation surface in depth. On the 15th day, the proliferative phase of inflammation was at its height, and on the 21st day, the proliferation phase was completed and the processes of remodeling of dense fibrous connective tissue began.Conclusion.Based on a visual assessment of the state of wounds and a morphological study, the effectiveness of a chitosan-collagen complex with silver nanoparticles and chymotrypsin was shown to be applied locally to a purulent necrotic wound in an experiment.

One of the greatest challenges in the twenty-first century is unquestionably energy storage. It is now essential that new, low-cost and environmentally friendly energy conversion and storage system...

Background: Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPS) have long been known to have powerful antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study: to synthesize of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPS) in chitosan composite for possible use in biological application. Objective: Chitosan – silver nanoparticles composite materials was synthesized by adding AgNo3 0.5 gm and NaOH solution to chitosan solution at 120 c. Different concentrations of chitosan 0.05 % - 0.125 % - 0.25 % - 0.5 % were used for synthesis. Chitosan – silver nanoparticle composite materials were characterized by Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV), particles size and zeta potential (NCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Bacteria isolated from diabetic feet were used to test the bactericidal efficiency of synthesized chitosan – silver nanoparticles composite materials. Results: The bacteriological tests showed either bacterial growth inhibition or cell death occurred depending on the concentration of chitosan used. Antibacterial effect of chitosan – silver nanoparticles composite materials increased by increasing chitosan concentration. Conclusion: The presence of Ag- nanoparticles in different concentrations of chitosan composite was enough to significantly enhance antibacterial activity.

Due to the impact of fossil fuel use on the environment, renewable jet fuel has been pursued as an alternative fuel for aircraft engines. Several renewable jet fuels are developed with minimal carbon footprint and pollutants emission to replace petroleum jet fuels. To modify certain combustion behaviors such as combustion rate, ignition delay and total combustion time, colloidal suspension of carbon-based nanoparticles to liquid fuels has proven to be an effective mechanism. But the influence of carbon-based nanoparticles on the combustion behaviors of renewable jet fuels at different concentrations has not yet been investigated. Researchers have been exploring ways to modify the combustion performances of renewable jet fuel, and in this work, the addition of carbon-based nanoparticles (Graphene Nano Particles) is examined as a potential performance enhancing additive for fuel transport safety. The effects of Graphene Nano Particles (GNP) on the ignition and combustion characteristics of soy oil and canola oil based renewable jet fuel at different mass concentrations (1%, 2% & 3%) loading are investigated in this manuscript. The impact of different mass concentrations loading of GNP on the combustion behavior is analyzed by post-processing the high-speed images. It is observed that the ignition delay decreased by 8.52% and combustion rate decreased by 7.26% for renewable jet fuel at 3% GNP loading. GNP also caused a maximum decrease of total combustion time by 13.61% at 3% loading. It is expected that this study will drive further interest in fuel characteristics improvement of renewable jet fuel and will provide experimental data for future computational modeling.

The present work shows how the eccentricity in active nano-particles may lead to very interesting and rather directive near- and far-field radiation patterns. The nano-particle is of a three-layer type and consists of a silica core, a free-space middle layer and an outer silver shell and is excited by a magnetic line source. The constant frequency gain model is included in the silica core, and the eccentricity is introduced through appropriate displacements of the core. It is shown that the eccentricity in a nano-particle, which was initially designed to excite a strong dipole mode, causes a progressively larger excitation of several other (including higher order) modes, this being more so the larger the core displacement. Specifically, eccentric nano-particles are identified with comparable simultaneous excitations of dipole and quadrupole modes, with associated large values of the radiated power and, even more notably, enhanced and directive near- and far-field radiation patterns. The main beam of these patterns is shown to be effectively tailored (enhanced, reshaped and steered) by the direction and amount of the core displacement. The eccentric nano-particles can be additionally gain optimized to boost their near-field response and the radiated power, while retaining the directivity of the gain unoptimized eccentric cases. Owing to their very directive nearand far-field patterns, the proposed eccentric, active three-layer nano-particles may provide alternative strategies towards the design of directive nano-antennas relative to several of the existing solutions.

Optical sensors are extensively used in different fields of engineering. Multilayer thin film manufactured utilizing the Layer-by-Layer self-assembly method has obtained many applications such as mass sensors, smoke sensors, ammonia gas sensors, membranes. At the time of synthesis, in-situ monitoring of film growth, as well as precise control of film thickness, are of excellent significance for various applications. The deposition rate and film density are two of the various parameters that determine the nature of the accumulated film. On-line monitoring of thin-film thickness has been enhanced as an inherent part for thin-film formation with wanted features. This works aims to develop a convenient simulation method to determine the thickness of the film based upon optical signal processing using FPGA and Verilog HDL.

With the growing amount of high resolution microscopy images automatic nano-particle detection, shape analysis and size determination have gained importance for providing quantitative support that gives important information for the evaluation of the material. In this paper, we present a new method for detection of nano-particles and determination of their shapes and sizes simultaneously with deep learning. The proposed method employs multiple output convolutional neural networks (MO-CNN) and has two outputs: first is the detection output that gives the locations of the particles and the other one is the segmentation output for providing the boundaries of the nano-particles. The final sizes of particles are determined with the modified Hough algorithm that runs on the segmentation output. The proposed method is tested and evaluated on a dataset containing 17 TEM images of Fe3O4 and silica coated nano-particles. Also, we compared these results with U-net algorithm which is a popular deep learning method. The experiments showed that the proposed method has 98.23% accuracy for detection and 96.59% accuracy for segmentation of nano-particles.

In this research, an optimum design for better usage of field resonance was proposed. More interaction of the field that formed around nano-particles with a solution which has refractive index variations substantially can increase the sensitivity of the plasmonic biosensors. More interaction could be provided by floating nano-particles in the solution. The proposed structure, which has peak plasmonic resonance, has better light sensing features in comparison to similar non-floating structures. While without floating nano-particle, sensitivity is 265.8 nm/RIU with the realization of the full floating nano-particles, the sensitivity of the structure with elliptic disc and circular disc nano-particles are 574.2 nm/RIU and 425 nm/RIU, respectively. FWHM (Full width at half maximum) of the structure with elliptic disc and circular disc nano-particles are 57.4 nm and 49.4 nm, respectively. In presence of meshed SiO2 network and pseudo-floating form, sensitivity and FWHM of the structure are 504 nm/RIU and 58.4 nm for elliptic discs and 372 nm/RIU and 49.9 nm for circular discs, respectively.

In drug delivery, there is a need for precision in reporting particles parameters. Studies have shown that absorbency of drugs in the blood stream depends on the size of the nanoparticle. The shape and size of nanoparticles (NPs) matter the most, hence the distribution of NP depends on the size and shape of NPs. By synthesizing and characterizing the NPs, we are able to cluster and get the amount of a certain type of morphology and accurate size determination. Moreover, the size distribution of a particle plays a more important goal as it possesses an increase in the usability of a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in medicine. The shape and size distribution of NPs is important for the delivery of drugs and for the cure or treatment of several chronic diseases such as cancer. Hence it is important to get the accurate size distribution of NPs for better results. Gold nano particles (AuNPs) where measured manually by the use of transmission electron microscope, hence, in most cases human error could play part in terms of inaccurate measurements. The digital images of AnNPs contain noise, making it difficult to get accurate measurements using the transmission microscope. AuNPs were measured in terms of their width and length. This study focused on the characterization of AuNPs collected by the transmission electron microscope using machine learning approaches. Image preprocessing and processing techniques are used for extracting the features (length and width) of AuNPs. In this study, filtering techniques such as Gaussian blur, Median and Mean filtering techniques are employed for noise removal to increase the precision in estimating the size of NPs. Unsupervised machine learning algorithm such as K-means and Otsu are used to perform image segmentation of the filtered nano images for the accurate extraction of particles' features such as length and width. The size measurements obtained using the machine learning approaches are compared with the measurements taken by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) for error estimation in the size distributions of NPs. The results showed that machine learning approaches provided accurate measurements of most of the NPs as compared to TEM. Therefore, it is recommended that machine learning approaches can be used to estimate the size of NPs so that the shapes can be described better and classified during the synthesis process.

A set of nano metal exchanged 12-tungtophosphoric acid salt (M =Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu) was synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation in nanoscale. To thoroughly recognize the structure transformation induced by metal doping and morphologies of as-prepared M-TPA catalysts, a combination of XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, N2 adsorption-BET, were employed. These analyzes indicate that the chemical structure and crystallinity of nano M-TPA's remained unchanged while its morphology was found a different particle size according to the exchange metal., Bir dizi nano metal değişimli 12-tungtofosforik asit tuzu (M =Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu) ultrasonik ışınlama altında nano ölçekte sentezlenmiştir. M-TPA katalizörlerinin metal dopingi ve morfolojilerinin neden olduğu yapı dönüşümünü tam olarak tanımak için XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, N2 adsorpsiyon-BET kombinasyonu ile karakterizasyon yapılmıştır. Bu analizler, nano M-TPA'nın kimyasal yapısının ve kristalliğinin değişmeden kaldığını, morfolojisinin metale göre farklı bir partikül boyutu bulunduğunu göstermektedir.

The poultry industry is mainly scared by affected by infections due to microorganisms which reduce the growth rate and cause economic losses. Currently, vaccines and antibiotics are utilised to combat these infectious microorganisms, but irresponsible use of antibiotics may pose health risks to consumers, and there is a need for drug-free alternatives. Nanotechnology could reduce such risks and can improve the wholesomeness of poultry meat. This review discusses the current status of nanotechnology as it relates to improving poultry health by using various nano-particles (NPs). Silver-NPs at a dose rate of 900 ppm have been used in poultry to improve their growth performance in terms of body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. NPs are thought to boost immunity in birds against numerous diseases. Gold-NPs improved the growth performance of poultry birds as well as detecting avian influenza virus with a detection limit of 2.2 pg/ml. Similarly, Copper-loaded chitosan-NPs supplementation at dose rate of 100 mg/kg feed improved growth performance, immunity, protein synthesis and caecal microbiota in broilers. Zinc oxide-NPs improved growth performance and showed anti-oxidative properties in broilers at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg. While, montmorillonite nano-composites at a level of 3 g/kg feed decreased the toxicity of aflatoxins in poultry birds. In conclusion, nanotechnology has the potential to reduce microbial load without resulting drug residues in poultry products, thus improving performance and immune status of poultry birds.

Purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common and most malignant disorder of the oral cavity. Standard cancer treatments have many complications for patients. Nausea, vomiting, and perturbation in blood cells are the most common side effects when using Doxorubicin (Dox) for the treatment of OSCC. Use of Doxorubicin-loaded nano-particles (n-Dox) give rise to increase its biological efficacy and the rapeutic effects. This study assessed the efficacy of the injectable form of the n-Doxon blood parameters and cardiac and liver enzymes compared to the commercial form of Dox in OSCC-induced by 4NQO in rats. Methods: 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxideas was used as a solution in drinking water for inducing OSCC during 14 weeks in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups of animals were categorized randomly: first (OSCC+Dox), second (OSCC+n-Dox), third (OSCC) and, last, healthy animals. Results: Using n-Dox had no harmful effect on the number of white and red blood cells. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in animals treated with n-Dox was less than the other groups. Hemoglobin and hematocrit in all treated groups did not differ and were similar to the healthy control. Hepatic and cardiac enzymes did not show any significant difference in any of the groups. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that significant decreases in haematological changes occurred, including leukopenia and anemia, in an animal model of OSCC induced by 4-NQO following use of n-Dox with compare to Dox. Use of n-Dox is better than of Dox for treatment of OSCC.

The spikes formation is one of the major drawbacks of the Electrochemical Machining (ECM) process. The generation of spikes directly affects its performance objectives namely Material Removal Rate (MRR) and average surface roughness (Ra). It is mainly formed due to the formation of a passive layer at the Inter Electrode Gap (IEG) which affects the uniformity of current density at the machining zone. Hence, the rationale of this research is to examine the impact of Copper metal Nano-particles suspended aqua Sodium Nitrate electrolyte on electrochemically machined High Carbon High Chromium (HCHcr) die tool steel. The selected primary machining factors namely flow-rate of electrolytes, voltage applied, and feed-rate of tool. The results of Fifty-four experiments were discussed and the process parameters were optimized by employing the Artificial Fish Swarm (AFS) algorithm. This work has concretely proven that the Copper metal Nano-particles has shown significant improvements in obtaining better MRR and Ra concurrently. The maximum MRR of 347.876 mm3/min was achieved using Copper metal Nano-particles suspended Sodium Nitrate aqua electrolyte at 0.54 mm/min, 18 V, and 12 lpm and the corresponding Ra is 1.6 micron which is 12% higher in MRR and 50% lower in Ra than that of plain electrolyte. The result of the confirmatory experiment revealed that the deviation of the result from the AFSA value was found to be 2.5%, hence the adopted strategy is so significant and consistent.

The electrical explosion wire (EEW) method was used to fabricate core- shell SiO2 /Ag/Au Nanoparticles (NPs). Also the laser ablation technique was used to improve the covering of the core shell of the particles. The effects of the experimental parameters such as the exploded current and laser energy on the synthesized core-shell (SiO2/Ag/Au) NPs was studied. The core-shell SiO2 /Ag/Au Nano-particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), The X-ray data expose the formation of prepared NPs. The surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) of fabricated Nano-particles was investigate by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The results show that the position of the SPR band of the NPs agrees with preceding research, which could be controlled by the variation of exploded current. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the SiO2 particles were decorated by silver and gold nanoparticle. All the results confirmed that the SiO2 Nano- particles were ornamented with silver and gold, then the ornament was become a full (Ag/Au alloy) shell covering these Nano-particles when laser technique was used to treat them.

This study examined the characteristics of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-enhanced GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated using colloidal silver nanoparticles (cAg NPs). cAg NPs were deposited on a p-GaN surface using a low-cost metal-assisted chemical etching (MAC-etch) method. MAC-etching can increase the light extraction efficiency (LEE) by producing a roughened p-GaN surface and LSPR produces high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) through an interaction of cAg NPs with the emitted light. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of the surface revealed an etched p-GaN surface with cAg NPs and a roughness of ∼ 40-45 nm. In the MAC-etch samples, XRD showed that the cAg NPs had (111) and (200) preferred orientations. In addition, the calculated grain size of the 60 min cAg NPs was 50% of the grain size of the 30 min sample. The optical characteristics of the samples were measured by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, and electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy. The MAC-etch samples showed a higher PL intensity than the normal-LEDs. The UV/Vis absorbance spectra showed that the cAg NPs on the p-GaN surface generated LSPR. The EL intensity of the MAC-etch sample for 30 min increased by approximately 25%. The results of this investigation herald the development of MAC-etching for the low-cost GaN-based LED applications that are commercially viable large-scale.

For many high voltage transmission lines, lightning is the first cause of outages. Different alternatives have been used to diminish these outages, like the use of counterpoise wires, installation of surge arresters, and the improvement of the grounding system using ground enhancers or chemical enhancers. In this paper, graphene nanoparticles were used to reformulate commercial ground enhancers. The results of this research end up in an improvement factor of up to 100 times the reduction in resistivity, when graphene nanoparticles are used. After lightning current impulse tests done on both types of samples, the performance of the un-reformulated ground enhancer samples shows a faster deterioration than the graphene reinforced ground enhancer samples. In order to establish a criterion to quantitatively rank the chemical ground enhancers ́ performance after the lightning impulse current tests, a neural network model was developed.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an interstitial lung disease, in which the exact pathologic mechanisms are not fully understood. Drug trials for the treatment of PF have shown disappointing results and controversial. Recently, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have received great attention for potential use in treatments, due to high bioactivity features and lower toxicity. This study evaluated the protective effect of SeNPs against pulmonary injury induced by bleomycin (single dose, 4 mg/kg, intratracheal) in male rats in early and late phases of the disease. The rats were treated with SeNPs by intraperitoneal injection (0.5 mg SeNP/kg) for five consecutive days in the early phase (a day after injection of bleomycin) and late phase (a week after injection of bleomycin). The results showed that injection of SeNPs in the early phase improved the degree of alveolitis and inflammation and lung structure damage. Also, led to significant decreases in density of transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) in the lung and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the serum and lung homogenates compared with bleomycin-administrated group. Notably, treatment with the SeNP during the late phase did not show any ameliorative effects. Thus, the data suggest that SeNP has a protective effect against bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury in rats in the early phase of the disease. This might mean that SeNPs may be a new therapeutic agent for the improvement of this disease in the early phases.