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Free tissue transfer has become the gold standard for reconstruction within the head and neck. However, there are still many instances where pedicled locoregional flaps are the optimal reconstructive option. When myofascial tissue is needed, several options have been described throughout the literature. Various trapezius flaps have been used, although these have variable vascular anatomy and significant donor site morbidity. The pectoralis major myofascial flap has become a mainstay in head and neck reconstruction for its ease of harvest and reliability but suffers from similar issues with donor site morbidity. The pedicled latissimus dorsi flap (PLDF) is another reliable option that has been used for multiple different ablative sites within the head and neck. The thin, pliable structure of the latissimus dorsi makes it a viable option for many defects, and recent reports also support its feasibility for use in an interdisciplinary two-team approach. Furthermore, the donor site morbidity of the PLDF is minimal compared to other similar myofascial options. In this article, we describe the surgical considerations and operative techniques for PLDF transfer along with a review of its associated donor site morbidity.

Background Complex ventral incisional hernia repair represents a challenging clinical condition in which biologically derived graft reinforcement is often utilized, but little long-term data inform that decision. Urinary bladder matrix (UBM) has shown effectiveness in diverse clinical settings as durable reinforcement graft material, but it has not been studied over a long term in ventral incisional hernia repair. This study evaluates the clinical, radiographic, and histological outcome of complex incisional hernia repair using UBM reinforcement with 12–70 months of follow-up. Methods A single-arm, retrospective observational study of all ventral incisional hernia repairs utilizing UBM reinforcement over a 6-year time frame by a single surgeon was performed. Patients were assessed in long-term follow-up clinically and with the Carolina Comfort Scale. A subset of patients was assessed with abdominal wall ultrasound or CT scan. Three patients had abdominal wall fascial biopsies years after the incisional hernia repair with UBM graft, and the histology is analyzed. Results 64 patients underwent repair of complex incisional hernias with UBM graft reinforcement by a single surgeon. 42 patients had concomitant procedures including large or small bowel resection, excision of infected mesh, evacuation of abscess or hematoma, cholecystectomy, or panniculectomy with abdominoplasty. 16 patients had ostomies at the time of repair. Median follow-up time is 36 months, with a range of 12–70 months. Nine patients (14%) have required surgical repair of a recurrent hernia, and a tenth patient has a recurrence that is managed non-surgically, for a total recurrence rate of 15.6% over the entire time frame. Median time to recurrence was 32 months, and a Kaplan–Meier freedom from recurrence curve is depicted. 28 patients have undergone ultrasound or CT assessments of the abdominal wall which demonstrate radiographic fascial integrity 12–70 months after repair. Three patients have been re-explored for unrelated reasons in the years following ventral incisional hernia repair with UBM, and full thickness fascial biopsies demonstrate a robust remodeling response histologically similar to native myofascial tissue. No patients have developed graft infection, fistulization to the graft, or required graft explantation. Carolina Comfort Scale assessment of 45 patients 3 years after the repair averaged 16 out of a possible 115. Conclusion In 64 patients undergoing complex ventral incisional hernia repair with UBM reinforcement, all have experienced successful resolution of complex clinical conditions and 15.6% of these repairs have recurred at a median follow-up of 3 years. Three full-thickness biopsies of the repaired fascia years later shed light on a promising remodeling response which may signal strength and durability comparable to native fascia.

The temporalis muscle transposition is a reliable, one-stage reanimation technique for longstanding facial paralysis. In the variation described by Rubin, the muscle is released from the temporal bone and folded over the zygomatic arch towards the modiolus. This results in unsightly temporal hollowing and zygomatic bulging. We present a modification of this technique, which preserves the temporal fat pad in its anatomical location as well as conceals temporal hollowing and prevents zygomatic bulging.The data of 23 patients treated with this modification were analysed. May classification was used for evaluation of mouth reanimation. Experts and patients scored visibility of the contour deformity on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) (score 0 = poor/100 = best). 3D images of the face were used to measure temporal hollowing and zygomatic bulging. 3D images were compared to those of controls with a similar gender and age distribution.After a median follow-up of 5.7 years, all patients achieved symmetry at rest. Eleven patients achieved symmetry while smiling with closed lips (May classification "Good"). A median (interquartile range [IQR]) VAS score of 19 (6; 41) was given by experts and 25 (5; 59) by patients themselves. 3D volumes of zygomatic bulging differed from those of control subjects, although all volume differences were small (medianOn the basis of our results, we conclude that our modified Rubin temporalis transposition technique provides an elegant way to conceal bulging over the zygomatic arch and prevents temporal hollowing, without the need for fascial extensions to reach the modiolus. (C) 2018 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A maioria dos retalhos utilizados na reconstrução dos grandes defeitos pós-tratamento cirúrgico isolado ou associado à radioterapia no câncer da cabeça e pescoço levou os autores a estudar a viabilidade do RMF em 14 pacientes, atendidos no Serviço de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital Celso Pierro, PUCCAMP, Campinas. Todos eram portadores de lesões epidermóides avançadas no estádio IV, localizadas na boca (dez), hipofaringe (dois), laringe (um) e pescoço (um). Através do teste exato de Fisher (p< 0,05), aferiu-se a existência ou não da relação da viabilidade do RMF com a idade, estado nutricional, tratamento prévio. Nestes 14 pacientes, foram empregados 16 retalhos, 13 deles viáveis (81,2%) e três (18,8%) com necrose total, não havendo associação entre a viabilidade e a necrose e a idade (p=1,0). Quanto à relação com o tratamento prévio com quimioterapia (três casos) e radioterapia (dois casos), estes não foram significantes (p=0,547). The great incidence of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and neck, justifies the extensive resections that are carried out by the authors at the Head and Neck Service of Hospital Celso Pierro PUCCAMP - São Paulo. Major pectoralis myofascial flap were used to manage 14 patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth (ten cases), pharynx (two cases); larynx (one case) and neck (one case). There was no complications in 81.2% and in 18.8% total necrosis of the flap was observed. We conclude that viability, age and necrosis or fibrosis were not associated with the success of this procedure (p=1.0), and previous treatment (chemoradiotheraphy and or radiotherapy alone) had no significant relation with flap viability (p=0.547).