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Neurodegeneration is a prevalent and one of the emerging reasons for morbidity, mortality, and cognitive impairment in aging. Dementia is one of such conditions of neurodegeneration, partially manageable, irreversible, and worsens over time. This review is focused on biological and psychosocial risk factors associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, highlighting the value of cognitive decline. We further emphasized on current therapeutic strategies from pharmacological and non-pharmacological perspectives focusing on their effects on cognitive impairment, protein aggregation, tau pathology, and improving the quality of life. Deeper mechanistic insights into the multifactorial neurodegeneration could offer the design and development of promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Persons working in the mortuaries face numerous hazards and if proper precautions are not observed such persons can fall sick by the infectious agents. A review has been carried out to find out the various agents responsible for causing infection in the mortuaries. Practices in the mortuaries that can cause harm to the workers have also been reviewed. The various methods that can reduce or eliminate the chances of such infections and precautions to reduce the hazards in postmortem examination have also been reviewed.

Various aspects of task execution load balancing of Internet of Things (IoTs) networks can be optimised using intelligent algorithms provided by software-defined networking (SDN). These load balancing aspects include makespan, energy consumption, and execution cost. While past studies have evaluated load balancing from one or two aspects, none has explored the possibility of simultaneously optimising all aspects, namely, reliability, energy, cost, and execution time. For the purposes of load balancing, implementing multi-objective optimisation (MOO) based on meta-heuristic searching algorithms requires assurances that the solution space will be thoroughly explored. Optimising load balancing provides not only decision makers with optimised solutions but a rich set of candidate solutions to choose from. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to propose a joint mathematical formulation to solve load balancing challenges in cloud computing and (2) to propose two multi-objective particle swarm optimisation (MP) models, distance angle multi-objective particle swarm optimization (DAMP) and angle multi-objective particle swarm optimization (AMP). Unlike existing models that only use crowding distance as a criterion for solution selection, our MP models probabilistically combine both crowding distance and crowding angle. More specifically, we only selected solutions that had more than a 0.5 probability of higher crowding distance and higher angular distribution. In addition, binary variants of the approaches were generated based on transfer function, and they were denoted by binary DAMP (BDAMP) and binary AMP (BAMP). After using MOO mathematical functions to compare our models, BDAMP and BAMP, with state of the standard models, BMP, BDMP and BPSO, they were tested using the proposed load balancing model. Both tests proved that our DAMP and AMP models were far superior to the state of the art standard models, MP, crowding distance multi-objective particle swarm optimisation (DMP), and PSO. Therefore, this study enables the incorporation of meta-heuristic in the management layer of cloud networks.

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death and affects millions of lives every year. In addition to non-infectious carcinogens, infectious agents contribute significantly to increased incidence of several cancers. Several therapeutic techniques have been used for the treatment of such cancers. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged to advance the diagnosis, imaging, and therapeutics of various cancer types. Nanomaterials have multiple advantages over other materials due to their small size and high surface area, which allow retention and controlled drug release to improve the anti-cancer property. Most cancer therapies have been known to damage healthy cells due to poor specificity, which can be avoided by using nanosized particles. Nanomaterials can be combined with various types of biomaterials to make it less toxic and improve its biocompatibility. Based on these properties, several nanomaterials have been developed which possess excellent anti-cancer efficacy potential and improved diagnosis. This review presents the latest update on novel nanomaterials used to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic of pathogen-associated and non-pathogenic cancers. We further highlighted mechanistic insights into their mode of action, improved features, and limitations.

Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) is caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive single-stranded RNA virus having a large genome ~30 kb. SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic and highly contagious, causing severe pneumonia-like symptoms. The efficacy of the different potential drug and drug candidates against COVID-19 has been investigated which are under various stages of clinical trials. The drugs effective against SARS, and Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), have been proposed to have a high potential for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we selected plant-based materials implicated in the prevention and therapy of COVID-19. The vaccine has shown impressive results in producing antibodies against SARS-CoV2 and has been evaluated for safety, tolerance, and preliminary immunogenicity. Similarly, DNA/RNA-based therapy shown high clinical significance. The plant produces secondary metabolites in response to viral infection to protect them. Many nanomaterials produced by carbohydrates and lipids been exploited for their in-vitro and in-vivo delivery of antiviral therapeutics. Different classes of secondary metabolites have a different mechanism to counter virus attacks. While some natural medicines in the form of vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other nutrients help to enhance immunity, such measures should not replace social distancing, quarantining special care to protect from COVID-19. The standards of reporting were in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.

Defects in the apoptosis mechanism stimulate cancer cell growth and survival. B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is an anti-apoptotic molecule that plays a central role in apoptosis. Bcl-2 is the founding constituent of the Bcl-2 protein family of apoptosis controllers, the primary apoptosis regulators linked with cancer. Bcl-2 has been identified as being over-expressed in several cancers. Bcl-2 is induced by protein kinases and several signaling molecules which stimulate cancer development. Identifying the important function played by Bcl-2 in cancer progression and development, and treatment made it a target related to therapy for multiple cancers. Among the various strategies that have been proposed to block Bcl-2, BH3-mimetics have appeared as a novel group of compounds thanks to their favorable effects on many cancers within several clinical settings. Because of the fundamental function of Bcl-2 in the regulation of apoptosis, the Bcl-2 protein is a potent target for the development of novel anti-tumor treatments. Bcl-2 inhibitors have been used against several cancers and provide a pre-clinical platform for testing novel therapeutic drugs. Clinical trials of multiple investigational agents targeting Bcl-2 are ongoing. This review discusses the role of Bcl-2 in cancer development; it could be exploited as a potential target for developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat various types of cancers. We further highlight the therapeutic activity of Bcl-2 inhibitors and their implications for the therapeutic management of cancer.

Change information of the earth’s surface is becoming more and more important in monitoring the local, regional and global resources and environment. In this paper, two algorithms maximum likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been applied for a change detection at the Baher Al-Najaf from 2016 to 2020 and using two satellite imagery Landsat and sentinel. The accuracy assessment of these algorithms was based on the confusion matrix such as overall accuracy, and the kappa index were calculated for each created map. It was found (ANN) classifier is the better than (ML) classifier. As well as two different experiments were conducted to analyze the network depth and optimization of ANN classifier, and the results showed that the proposed classifier achieves higher overall accuracy and kappa index with pansharpening image. Finally, this study proved (ANN) classifier ability to extract useful high-level features in the classification process.

The cross printed dipoles antenna is the best solution to generate wide band circular polarization, in this design prepared cross rectangular printed dipoles (antenna1) then added four inner quadrants parasitic (antenna2) with perfect arrangement and excellent dimensions. The quadrants, (inner parasitic) rotate sequentially round the crossed dipole, are used to persuade new resonance and increase the activity bandwidth, additional improving the AR bandwidth. The results show that the antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 88.38% (4.66-12.04 GHz) for |S11| < −10 dB and a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 55.80% (5.75-10.2 GHz). The proposed antenna would be utilized in C-band applications and for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The structures modelled and analysed by the Ansoft’s HFSS simulation software.

Article 14 Paragraph (1) letter d of Law Number 12 Year 1995 concerning Corrections. The right to health services and the right to adequate clothing are often neglected and have not been fully implemented properly. The purpose of this research is to find out and explain the fulfilment of the rights to health and clothing of female convicts at the Sigli Class IIB Correctional Facility for Women. This research method is an empirical juridical method by using a descriptive analysis approach. The results of the study showed that the fulfilment of the rights to health and clothing has not been implemented optimally pursuant to what is mandated by law, and Article 14 Paragraph (2) of Government Regulation Number 32 Year 1999 concerning Terms and Procedures for the Implementation of the Rights of Correctional Inmates. To ensure optimal health services, at least one doctor must be provided. However, in this case it is not yet available at the Sigli Class IIB Correctional Facility for Women. One of the efforts made by the correctional facility is to collaborate with the local government to check the health of correctional inmates at least 1 (one) time in 1 (one) month and it is recorded in a health card. As for clothing need, it has been given partly to female convicts, but has not been given in full due to the lack of budget given to the Sigli Correctional Facility for Women. The responsibility of the state is to finance the fulfilment of the rights that have been regulated in the law, for example in the provision of health and clothing rights in a Correctional Facility, the facility shall have at least a doctor, nurses, clinics and medicines sufficient to support health facility in the Correctional Facility or Detention Center.

Poor hygiene performance and insufficient sanitary conditions assume real parts in the expanded weight of communicable diseases inside developing nations. Lack of resources such as hand washing materials, water and sanitation facilities may be essential factors why students do not wash their hands, also struggling of affordable toothpaste and absence of awareness regarding oral hygiene may be affected by improper cleaning teeth and tongue. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of personal and oral hygiene among undergraduate university students in Sulaimani city /Iraq and evaluated the degree to which appropriate information of hygiene was related with individual hygiene character. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 1055 undergraduate students who were met via trained staff. Data comprised of cleanliness and hand washing practices, learning about sanitation, individual cleanliness qualities, nearness of gastrointestinal parasitic disease, oral and dental diseases including dental decay and bad breathes. University students with satisfactory information of legitimate personal and oral hygiene probably had clean clothes 68.8% (P value < 0.05), clean hair 72% (0.0001 P value), fingernail trimmed 139% (P value> 0.05), clean teeth 59.4% (P value

Background Virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) express a series of virulence factors which cause severe infections such as skin and soft tissue infections which can be life-threatening. Additionally, extensive antibiotic resistance among nosocomial pathogens has left limited choices for their eradication. Our objective was investigation of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants of S. aureus from skin infections. Materials and methods Two-hundred non-duplicate S. aureus isolates were collected from skin infections. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was evaluated using disc diffusion and methicillin resistance was confirmed. Biofilm formation was assessed by microtiter tissue plate assay. Determinants of virulence factors including hlA-α, tsst-1, pvl, PSM's, eta and etb genes and also the mupirocin resistance mup A gene and class I integron were detected by PCR. MLST was performed for isolates containing the pvl gene. Results The age range of patients included 12–76 years (mean ± SD = 56.34 ± 5.43). MRSA (70/200) were isolated significantly higher among ages>50 years (p Conclusion Virulence factors of S. aureus from skin infections contributed in severity of infection and biofilm formation. MDR phenotype was more common among older patients with history of hospitalization and prior antibiotic consumption. Mupirocin resistance has emerged among MDR and MRSA isolates. Hence suitable control strategies must be performed to inhibit the spread of these strains in healthcare and community settings.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the seventh most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide that kills more than 300,000 people every year. Prognosis of PC is very poor with a five-year survival rate about 5%. The most common and highly observed type of PC is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is preceded by the progression of precursor lesions such as Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN), Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm (IPMN) and Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN). PanIN is the most common among these premalignant lesions. Genes orchestrating the origin and differentiation of cells during organogenesis have the tendency to produce tumor cells in response to activating or inactivating mutations. Based on the following premise, we discuss the role of transcription factors (TFs) of pancreas development and cell fate differentiation in PC. Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (PDX1), Pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (PTF1A), Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (NR5A2), Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF1A) and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1B) play vital role in the development and differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells. Mutated KRAS induces abnormalities in the regular function of these TFs which in turn cause abnormal cell growth and proliferation that leads to cancer. Thus, these TFs are highly susceptible for the origin of PC. Therefore, we propose that these TFs can be treated as therapeutic targets for the development of anticancer drugs.

In the present developed world, all of us are flooded with electromagnetic radiations (EMR) emanating from generation and transmission of electricity, domestic appliances and industrial equipments, to telecommunications and broadcasting. We have been exposed to EMR for last many decades; however their recent steady increase from artificial sources has been reported as millions of antennas and satellites irradiate the global population round the clock, year round. Needless to say, these are so integral to modern life that interaction with them on a daily basis is seemingly inevitable; hence, the EMR exposure load has increased to a point where their health effects are becoming a major concern. Delicate and sensitive electrical system of human body is affected by consistent penetration of electromagnetic frequencies causing DNA breakages and chromosomal aberrations. Technological innovations came with Pandora's Box of hazardous consequences including neurodegenerative disorders, hearing disabilities, diabetes, congenital abnormalities, infertility, cardiovascular diseases and cancer to name few, all on a sharp rise. Electromagnetic non-ionizing radiations pose considerable health threat with prolonged exposure. Mobile phones are usually held near to the brain and manifest progressive structural or functional alterations in neurons leading to neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal death. This has provoked awareness among both the general public and scientific community and international bodies acknowledge that further systematic research is needed. The aim of the present review was to have an insight in whether and how cumulative electro-magnetic field exposure is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders.

Background Tandem Heart (TH) is a percutaneously inserted ventricular assist device, this unique device connects an extracorporeal axial flow pump to a catheter that crosses the atrial septum and aspirates blood from the left atrium which is returned to the femoral artery. TH is used as a bridge to transplantation or to another surgically inserted device. Fever was noted in patients after TH insertion. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the fever after TH insertion is associated with an infection. Methods A retrospective review in a 680-bed tertiary care hospital from 2013 to 2016. Patients with TH were included. Data were collected on demographics, clinical presentation, onset and duration of fever, type of infections when present, and outcome. Student t-test was used for analysis. Results TH was inserted in 52 patients; males 41 (79%), mean age 56 years (range 25–80) Indication for TH was an acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure in 37/52 (71%) and cardiogenic shock with acute cardiomyopathy in 15/52 (29%). Mean duration of TH 9.4 days (Range: 1–29). Comorbidities were DM 19 (37%), hypertension 23 (44%), chronic kidney disease (CKD) 13 (25%), smoking 10 (19%). Fever within 72 hours of TH insertion was noted in 23/52(44%), of these 6/23(26%) had a documented infection. Pneumonia in 3, Clostridium difficile colitis 1, candida line infection 1 and 1 patient had both pneumonia and Enterobacter bacteremia. The fever lasted an average of 127 hours in patients with a documented infection vs. 45 hours in patients without a documented infection. (P = 0.08). The duration of TH in patients with infection was 14 days (range: 6–22 days) and in patients without infection was 8 days (range: 1–29 days) (P = 0.07). Mortality was noted in 5/6 (83%) patients with infection and in 5/17 patients (29%) without infection (P = 0.28). No clear etiology was found in patients with fever without a documented infection. Conclusion In our patients with TH, fever was a prominent clinical feature; however infection was seen in only a quarter of patients after TH insertion. Fever duration was significantly longer in patients with a documented infection and their device was present for a longer duration. The mortality was higher in patients with fever and infection. The reason for fever without a documented infection remains obscure and requires further investigation. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

We have examined the effect of stearylamine (SA) in liposomes on the viability ofPlasmodium falciparumin culture by studying the inhibition of incorporation of [3H]-hypoxanthine in the nucleic acid of parasites. Stearylamine in liposomes significantly inhibits the growth of the parasites depending on the phospholipids composition. The maximum inhibition was observed when SA was delivered through Soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC) liposomes. The chain length of alkyl group and density of SA in liposomes play a significant role in inhibiting the growth of the parasites. Incorporation of either cholesterol or Distearylphosphatidylethanolamine−Methoxy-Polyethylene glycol-2000 (DSPE-mPEG-2000) in Soya phosphatidylcholine-stearylamine (SPC-SA) liposomes improves the efficacy. Intraerythrocytic entry of intact SPC-SA liposomes into infected erythrocytes was visualized using fluorescent microscopy. No hemolysis was observed in uninfected erythrocytes, and slight hemolysis was noted in infected erythrocytes at high concentrations of SPC-SA liposomes. Overall, our data suggested SA in SPC-liposomes might have potential application in malaria chemotherapy.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the retrieval outcome of the separated endodontic instrument by endodontic board residents. Materials and Methods: Records of 450 endodontic cases with separated endodontic instruments treated by endodontic Saudi board residents were randomly selected. The evaluation was based on the tooth type, type of fractured instrument, incidence and anatomical location in the root canal and if the instrument was retrieved, bypassed, or left. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS.22. Results: A total of 84 (19%) separated instruments were identified. Thirty-four cases (7.55%) with separated instruments out of the total evaluated cases were done by residents. The incidence between hand stainless steel and nickel-titanium instruments was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The separated instruments were found more in the mandibular molars, i.e., 44 (52.4%). They were observed more in the buccal canal of the maxillary premolars and mesiobuccal canals of mandibular and maxillary molars. Fifty-seven (67.9%) of the separated fragments were located in the apical third of the root. Thirty-six (34.3%) were retrieved, 20 (19.0%) were bypassed, and 34 (32.4%) were left while 15 (14.3%) were managed by surgery. The ultrasonic device was more active in removing the separated instruments. Conclusions: Regardless of little experience of the endodontic residents, they were successfully managed to remove or bypass most of the separated instruments. Ultrasonic device was very helpful in removing the separated instrument.

With the increased number of new diseases that are appearing in the world, such as swine flu [influenza A(H1N1)], and the increased awareness of the importance of sharing medical ideas, information, experience, knowledge, and research results, there is an urgent demand for a collaboration framework. Such a framework depends on deploying, discovering, and using digital content. This inevitably leads to the generation of large amounts of digital content from different healthcare users, which requires massive resources to process, store, and retrieve them. Moreover, the digital content currently suffers from a lack of credibility, which is vital in healthcare applications. Thus, this chapter discusses briefly how grid computing can boost Web 2.0 communities. In addition, the chapter discusses a proposed scenario for offering a way of measuring the credibility of the published digital content.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that comprise low end devices (power, battery, cost, and life) are becoming increasingly important because they are poised to render a broad range of military and other commercial applications such as in Personal Area Networks (PANs). Amongst the various tiers of network connectivity, it is the IP-based Internet access that has truly enabled the ubiquity of these PANs. As many exciting applications emerge, that benefit from such IP connectivity, their burgeoning role necessitates provisioning of these applications beyond their local vicinity---entailing mobility. In order to keep network connectivity intact especially while the sensor nodes move, definition and provision of a mobility scheme for such low end devices is a crucial problem. In this paper we have analyzed various mobility scenarios for the low end devices, specifically the IEE802.15.4 devices. We have objectively analyzed the scalability of the system using the throughput and delay measures for benchmarking their performance under the influence of mobility. The several numerical results for various mobility scenarios substantially support the efficacy of our scheme.

In dynamic key management systems, while frequent control messaging may be necessary for robustness of security, it is detrimental to energy resources of wireless sensor networks. The problem is further exacerbated for sleep enabled sensor networks as a) malicious nodes penetrate into a network by spoofing the IDs of legitimate nodes that are in sleeping state b) it is possible for legitimate sensor nodes to be entirely compromised. In this paper, the above mentioned aspects of keying are addressed as tierce to optimize communication. First a secure key generation mechanism is presented that aims at optimizing communication. Second, a sleep schedule cognizant protocol is presented to prevent ID spoofing of sleeping nodes. Third, a post attack mechanism is proposed to prevent the compromised nodes to join the network. Our threesome solution not only saves energy by minimizing the communication overhead in establishing keys among sensor nodes but also provides high but secure connectivity for sleep state nodes.

Background: The Infant's undernutrition is a significant health problem in Yemen. We aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among infants attending maternal and child health centers in Sana'a city. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 Yemeni infants aged less than 1 year attended to MCHC in Sana'a city from March to May 2012. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to selected study participants. Data on demographic characteristics of infants and anthropometric measurements were collected using a structured questionnaire as a face to face interview. Data were analyzed using both WHO Anthro and SPSS software program. WHO Anthro was used to calculate the Z-score needed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among infants. The final clear dataset are imported to SPSS. Results: The mean age of infants was 4.3±3 months. 47.5% were boys and 52.5% were girls. The prevalence of wasting 11.8% is classified as “high”, the prevalence of stunting 40% is classified as “very high”, and the prevalence of underweight 20.3% is classified as “medium”. A statistical significant difference was not found by sex regarding wasting, stunting and underweight while statistical significant difference was found by age (χ2-test, P