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Forecasting academic performance of student has been a substantial research inquest in the Educational Data-Mining that utilizes Machine-learning (ML) procedures to probe the data of educational setups. Quantifying student academic performance is challenging because academic performance of students hinges on several factors. The in hand research work focuses on students’ grade and marks prediction utilizing supervised ML approaches. The data-set utilized in this research work has been obtained from the Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education (B.I.S.E) Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. There are 7 areas in BISEP i.e., Peshawar, FR-Peshawar, Charsadda, Khyber, Mohmand and Upper and Lower Chitral. This paper aims to examine the quality of education that is closely related to the aims of sustainability. The system has created an abundance of data which needs to be properly analyzed so that most useful information should be obtained for planning and future development. Grade and marks forecasting of students with their historical educational record is a renowned and valuable application in the EDM. It becomes an incredible information source that could be utilized in various ways to enhance the standard of education nationwide. Relevant research study reveals that numerous methods for academic performance forecasting are built to carryout improvements in administrative and teaching staff of academic organizations. In the put forwarded approach, the acquired data-set is pre-processed to purify the data quality, the labeled academic historical data of student (30 optimum attributes) is utilized to train regression model and DT-classifier. The regression will forecast marks, while grade will be forecasted by classification system, eventually analyzed the results obtained by the models. The results obtained show that machine learning technology is efficient and relevant for predicting students performance.

The early detection of a driver’s intention prior to the initiation of actual maneuvering is to offer effective means of assisting the driver in times of safety. Conventional approaches in predicting a driver’s intention include framing the motion parameters of the car and driver as well as the eye gaze sequence of the driver into the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for analysis. However, their power of describing driver behavior is not only limited but also their performance, indicated by the recognition rate relative to the amount of preceding time in early detection, is not satisfactory and needs further improvement. This paper presents an approach for early detection of a driver’s intention by modeling and analyzing driver behavior by using structural pattern recognition based on context-free and context-sensitive grammars. We specifically structured a sequence of the driver’s eye fixations as well as of the vehicle speed, steering angle and signaling into a sequence of symbolic vectors to form sentences representing a specific driver behavior. It turns out that the proposed approach resulted in an average of 70.5% and 80% recognition rates at the respective 2 and 1 second preceding time to the actual initiation of maneuvering behavior. This performance can be compared to 56.8% and 69% by the state-of-the-art conventional results.

Nanotechnology has opened a new era for scientists and engineers to build nanomaterials with diverse applications. Nowadays, nanotechnology plays a vital role in each and every sector due to its extraordinary physical and chemical properties. It deals with development and synthesis of variety of nanoparticles (NPs), which ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The major approaches used for the synthesis of NPs are top to bottom and bottom to up which mainly included physical, chemical and biological methodologies. This mini review highlights synthesis of NPs through various approaches specifically targeted biological route.

Multiple energy carriers can be coupled as an Integrated Energy System (IES) through interconnection technologies. Unexpected risks will be transferred with the growing coupling of energy systems, mainly stemming from the uncertainties in different energy sectors. It is imperative to coordinate the operation of different energy systems to improve energy efficiency and ensure energy security. With the close integration of different energy systems, it is necessary to couple these different energy markets to achieve the holistic energy supply economy. On the other hand, uncertainties in the energy systems will bring the financial risk for the operator of IES. A risk-averse stochastic market clearing model for the IES is proposed to study the operating strategy aiming at minimizing the operation cost. While the financial risk imposed by the wind power uncertainties is restricted to a predefined level. Simulations results are provided to verify that the proposed model can improve market efficiency and handle the trade-off between cost and risk.

Melanoma is considered a fatal type of skin cancer. However, it is sometimes hard to distinguish it from nevus due to their identical visual appearance and symptoms. The mortality rate because of this disease is higher than all other skin-related consolidated malignancies. The number of cases is growing among young people, but if it is diagnosed at an earlier stage, then the survival rates become very high. The cost and time required for the doctors to diagnose all patients for melanoma are very high. In this paper, we propose an intelligent system to detect and distinguish melanoma from nevus by using the state-of-the-art image processing techniques. At first, the Gaussian filter is used for removing noise from the skin lesion of the acquired images followed by the use of improved K-mean clustering to segment out the lesion. A distinctive hybrid superfeature vector is formed by the extraction of textural and color features from the lesion. Support vector machine (SVM) is utilized for the classification of skin cancer into melanoma and nevus. Our aim is to test the effectiveness of the proposed segmentation technique, extract the most suitable features, and compare the classification results with the other techniques present in the literature. The proposed methodology is tested on the DERMIS dataset having a total number of 397 skin cancer images: 146 are melanoma and 251 are nevus skin lesions. Our proposed methodology archives encouraging results having 96% accuracy.

Objective: To determine the frequency of bleeding with Tirofiban during percutaneous coronary intervention Methodology: In this case series (Descriptive) at Mayo Hospital, Cardiology Deptt. Lahore during the year 2018 and 2019, we enrolled a total of 385 cases of either gender with acute coronary syndrome(ACS) and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)were included. Preloading with aspirin 300 mg and clopidogrel 600 mg was done. Intravenous Tirofiban was given keeping in mind the current guidelines. Tirofiban was given as I/V bolus of 0.25 mcg/kg over 5 minutes during/before the start of PCI. It was followed by a continuous infusion of 0.125 mcg/kg/min for up to eighteen hours. Bleeding during and within 24 hours of percutaneous coronary intervention was noted according to BARC bleeding type Results: Mean age was 50.750± 5.63years. Male gender was dominant i.e. 85.7% as compare to 14.3% females. Bleeding was observed in 3.9% patients Conclusion: In acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing PCI, Tirofiban use was associated with bleeding. In the modern era of PCI, the judicious use of Tirofiban is safe. Keywords: Percutaneous coronary intervention, Tirofiban, Bleeding, Acute coronary syndrome

Abnormal behaviors of tumors pose a risk to human survival. Thus, the detection of cancers at their initial stage is beneficial for patients and lowers the mortality rate. However, this can be difficult due to various factors related to imaging modalities, such as complex background, low contrast, brightness issues, poorly defined borders and the shape of the affected area. Recently, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) models have been used to accurately diagnose tumors in different parts of the human body, especially breast, brain, lung, liver, skin and colon cancers. These cancers are diagnosed using various modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), colonoscopy, mammography, dermoscopy and histopathology. The aim of this review was to investigate existing approaches for the diagnosis of breast, brain, lung, liver, skin and colon tumors. The review focuses on decision-making systems, including handcrafted features and deep learning architectures for tumor detection.

Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) is getting attention of researchers and functional verification community due to its advance flexibility, reusability and reliability features for design verification of multifaceted embedded systems. This is the reason that different tool vendors like Mentor Graphics support UVM-based simulation for design verification. Similarly, researchers frequently explore / utilize UVM to enhance the verification capabilities for embedded systems. In this context, there is a strong need to summarize the latest advancements, tools and techniques for UVM standard. Therefore, this article performs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify 27 studies (i.e. 2017-2019) pertaining to UVM standard. Subsequently, 21 UVM-based frameworks and 9 tools are identified. Moreover, key benefits of UVM standard are investigated. Finally, a comparative analysis of UVM with OVM (Open Verification Methodology) is performed. It is concluded that UVM provides advanced phasing mechanism, reporting, callbacks, objections, sequence libraries and control over simulation as compared to OVM. Researchers and practitioners of domain can highly benefit from findings of this article.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the energy and computational capacity of the sensor nodes are limited and they are deployed in a hostile environment. An adversary can easily compromise a sensor node and injects false data into the network. This injection of false data drastically depletes the energy of the nodes designated on the route for forwarding the source data. Many filtering methods have been proposed to tackle the security issues but they also increase the communication cost by exchanging the control keying messages which consumes more energy with in the network. Fuzzy logic for TICK was proposed to reduce the communication cost and increase the energy efficiency of the en-route nodes by selecting the re-encrypting nodes efficiently and avoiding the exchange of control keying messages in the network. Membership functions in the fuzzy system need to be optimized in order to use the fuzzy inferencing more efficiently. We propose an optimized fuzzy membership functions method by using genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm determines the optimal membership functions which help in selecting the most favourite re-encrypting nodes in TICK based wireless sensor network. Simulation results show that the proposed method optimizes the membership functions and achieves better energy conservation at sensor nodes.

One of the important resources required for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications like machine translation, information retrieval and text mining, is annotated text corpora. Text corpora annotation process requires parts of speech (POS) tags to mark different parts of text with grammatical annotations in order to identify linguistic properties of a word, sentence or discourse. The process of marking text items is based on two main features 1) grammatical category and 2) context of text (word, sentence or discourse) i.e. relationship with adjacent and related text. Saraiki being one of oldest languages is still resource scarce language in recorded literature as well as in computational context. According to our study, at present, there is no tagset defined for Saraiki language. This work presents first hierarchical POS (MPOST) tag set for the Saraiki language which is designed to be used in morphological, syntactic and lexical annotations of Saraiki language corpora.

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a challenge network that can tolerate long delays during connections. It is different from traditional networks because traditional networks cannot meet the needs of disrupted and challenged networks. In this article, we will discuss the delay-tolerant network bundling protocol, which is located between the application layer and the transport layer. It is used as a communication system to meet the needs of the Internet. Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) has a coordinated, long-term and profitable surplus. Therefore, most systems use the “Transfer by Key” policy for data transfer, but the main problem with this strategy is to choose the best queue and the best commit time. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, social systems are used to delay the network. After a detailed discussion of social relationship, three routing strategies were proposed based on location, conference-based routing, and community-based approaches. We have chosen a routing strategy for three of these protocols to compare socially sensitive, ie popular routing protocols, routing protocols and spray waiting for prophets and routing protocols. These protocols are compared using a simulator based on discount rate, average latency, overload rate and hop count used. After comparison, we conclude that the spray and hold routing protocol is based on the best choice of transfer rate, overload rate and hop count.

Tracking drivers’ eyes and gazes is a topic of great interest in the research of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). It is especially a matter of serious discussion among the road safety researchers’ community, as visual distraction is considered among the major causes of road accidents. In this paper, techniques for eye and gaze tracking are first comprehensively reviewed while discussing their major categories. The advantages and limitations of each category are explained with respect to their requirements and practical uses. In another section of the paper, the applications of eyes and gaze tracking systems in ADAS are discussed. The process of acquisition of driver’s eyes and gaze data and the algorithms used to process this data are explained. It is explained how the data related to a driver’s eyes and gaze can be used in ADAS to reduce the losses associated with road accidents occurring due to visual distraction of the driver. A discussion on the required features of current and future eye and gaze trackers is also presented.

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks, including the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) mobile broadband networks. It has been widely reported in white papers and technical reports, published in the Telecom industry, that as 3GPP wireless broadband networks evolve to an all IP architecture to meet growing data access demands, control signaling also keeps growing alarmingly. When the intensity of these control signals goes beyond the network can handle, they turn in to signaling storms. This may in turn compromise smooth network operations and valuable customer satisfaction while bringing Telecom operators big financial losses. These signaling storms might bring a 3G/4G network to a standstill. Such incidents have already been reported by different network operators around the globe. Therefore the signaling storm problem poses a serious threat to the smooth operations of the modern day 3GPP mobile broadband networks. There are several factors for signaling storms including mobile broadband network architecture evolution, unprecedented increase in data demands, increased use of smart phones and chatty or polling nature of social network applications, to name some. This paper presents a survey of the causes, of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP mobile broadband networks and also discusses their possible solutions.

With the development of a hybrid system, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) system are using to provide the control technique in the hybrid power system. In distributed power generation systems, the DC networks have more importance to handle the problem related to the DC power flow control in DC networks. Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a FACTS device used to control power flow in multi-line and parallel transmission lines. In this paper, a new topology has been proposed to control DC power flow through an Interline DC Power flow controller (IDCPFC) with Solid State Transformer (SST). In the proposed method, the boost converter is used to achieve increased output voltage from the input voltage and its current is regulated through the duty cycle of the converter. The control algorithm of the proposed technique is smooth and easy to deploy. To justify the topology, simulation results of proposed topology are investigated in this paper through the Simulink.

World is moving to adopt the renewable energy sources to overcome the power issues with zero toxic emission. The key problem is to inject huge power to the grid, generating from renewable energy sources with traditional electrical equipment and grid infrastructure. Currently, work on DC networks is achieving great attention in distributed power generation system, which arise the problem related to the significance of DC power flow control in DC networks. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) are used to control of power flow in the multi-lines and parallel transmission lines. In this paper, a new topology for Interline DC Power Flow Controller (IDCPFC) based on the Zero Sequence Blocking Transformer (ZSBT) has been proposed and analyzed. In the proposed model, the buck converter works as a variable transformer and its current is regulated through the duty cycle of converter. In Comparison with pervious topologies the control algorithm is simple. To validate the topology, simulation results of proposed topology are investigated in this paper. Large-scale network has the characteristics of complex system, and its survivability is different from simple network. The current network survivability studies usually only aim for a specific network level or type, and seldom investigate survivability from a system perspective. In this paper, the concept of large-scale network survivability is defined from the perspective of complex system, the survivability association is analyzed based upon the correlation characteristics of complex system, and the structural model of large-scale network survivability association is established and its properties are analyzed. On the basis of survivability association properties, the survivability association function is defined based upon set pair analysis theory, which is utilized to characterize the survivability association degree among subsystems in large-scale network. Finally, the effectiveness of the model proposed in this paper is validated through case study.

The most prevailing feature that led to the massive success of current Wireless Mobile Tele-Communication systems, is mobility. Being able to communicate on the go, anywhere and anytime has revolutionized modern day communication. In recent times the focus has not been only on simply being reachable while on the move but at the same time to use a variety of rich media content services over a variety of available network technologies, termed as 4G networks. The telecommunication development from the very beginning took two different tracks. One was the Internet which provided a fixed means of communication delivering rich media content taking full advantage of its packet switched nature. The second track was that of the cellular systems taking advantage of their circuit switched nature providing mainly voice and short messaging services to wireless and mobile users. In time both these technologies made major advances following their own respective tracks and it became evident that the convergence of both these technologies would be of even greater value. The driving force for this convergence was that a great need was felt for the support of mobility in the Internet. But since the Internet was not designed keeping mobility in mind, it did not support mobility by design. On the other hand in cellular systems in addition to circuit switching, packet switching was needed for flexibility, to make better use of network resources, and to deliver rich media content to the user at cheaper prices.For non-mobile user’s, packet switched networks performed really well in providing the required Quality of Service (QoS). However such networks faced considerable problems to achieve similar QoS for mobile users. With no support for mobility in the Internet from scratch, new components and functionalities were needed to be incorporated into the Internet for mobility support. Examples of such functionality include location tracking, network discovery, packet re-routing to the current point of attachment of the Mobile Node (MN), accounting, authorization and authentication. Special mobility management protocols to provide the required new functionalities were needed. For this purpose the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed Mobile IP version 4 (MIPv4) and Mobile IP version 6 (MIPv6) to support mobility for a single IP host and Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol to support mobility for a whole network in motion. These protocols have the ability to maintain data connections for mobile IP enabled devices when they roam across different subnets or networks. When a mobile user moves across network boundaries, it has to perform handover to maintain its connections. When performing a handover a MN may not be able to send or receive data packets therefore the handover duration becomes a critical factor in guaranteeing real time applications (e.g. Voice over IP (VoIP)) their QoS.The purpose of this research work is to deal with handover issues in packets switched networks. A stepwise approach was followed during this study. Starting at layer-2 of the TCP/IP protocol stack and after identifying major problems at this layer for 802.11 networks, solutions were devised for seamless handovers by utilizing the Media Independent Information Service (MIIS) of the Media Independent Handover (MIH). After dealing with major handover issues at the MAC layer of 802.11 networks, the work moved one layer up in the TCP/IP protocol stack to layer three or the IP layer. The MIH framework which was originally proposed for vertical handovers is proposed to be utilized for improving the efficiency of horizontal handovers. Keeping the research work focused on horizontal handovers in 802.11 networks only, an Access Point (AP) selection scheme is proposed and an investigation was carried out regarding the implications of proposed solutions at the MAC layer, on MIPv6 handover delays.In the next step, the study is extended to vertical or heterogeneous handovers. This part proposes to break up a heterogeneous handover algorithm in a Wi-Fi/WiMAX integrated environment, into two parts. The handover algorithm parts are proposed to be executed separately from each other distributed among multiple network components, resulting in intelligent resource utilization and good scalability, without sacrificing handover efficiency.For proof of concept and the effectiveness of the proposed schemes simulations were performed in Network Simulator-2 (ns-2) for a scenario in which a MN moves linearly in the topology, performs handovers and makes use of MIH facilities for improved handovers.An important portion of this research also deals with the analysis of a variety of NEMO route optimization schemes proposed in the literature and their implications on handovers in NEMO networks. The goal of this part is to overview the handover signaling complexity of the various proposed NEMO route optimization schemes.

Network selection in 4G networks by nature is a multi-dimensional problem and many parameters need to be considered for handover decision making. Successful classical handover methods based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) are no longer applicable for heterogeneous handovers because different network standards use different RSS and cannot be compared directly to each other. Heterogeneity does not only exist in network architectures and in their respective Quality of Service (QoS) but also in user application needs and user contexts. Network selection in heterogeneous networks has been modeled as Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). In this paper we investigate how the task of network selection can be distributed across multiple network entities putting minimum possible burden on the Mobile Node (MN) which usually is the most restricted network component in terms of memory, processing power and battery life. This distribution increases the scalability of handover algorithm and will also allow the inclusion of more parameters for handover decision making. Considering more parameters for handovers will result in accurate, robust and general algorithms, capable of fulfilling a variety of user contextual, preferential and applications QoS needs. The Media Independent Handover (MIH) and its different services are used to retrieve and share information among MIH enabled nodes and for conformity among different network standards. Simulations are used to show the effectiveness of a simple handover algorithm based on Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) for network selection considering different types of user services and Service Level Agreement (SLA's). SAW belongs to the MADM classification of heterogeneous handovers and is chosen here due its simplicity and efficiency. The handover efficiency of the proposed distributed schemes is compared with an ”802.11 Preferred” scheme. Only handovers between Wi-Fi and WiMAX are considered. But the handover framework is general and can be extended to consider other wireless and mobile communication networks like 3G, CDMA etc.

Handover efficiency in wireless and mobile communication networks is an important factor in providing QoS guarantees for real time applications. The 802.11 standard requires a Mobile Node (MN) to scan all the possible channels (11 in the US) to discover available Access Points (AP's) during a handover. In a given 802.11 cell several channels are expected to be empty. Due to a full scan the MN ends up wasting precious time scanning empty channels. This results in a high handover delay. This handover delay can be simply reduced by making the MN aware of the channel configuration of its future Point of Attachment (PoA). In this paper we propose that when an MN concludes that a handover is imminent, it should inquire the Media Independent Information Server (MIIS) of the Media Independent Information Handover (MIH), for channel configuration information of the future access point rather than scan for this information by itself. The query for this information should contain the current GPS coordinates of the MN. The MIIS first locates the MN on a virtual map with the help of the GPS coordinates and then returns the precise channel configuration information of the future AP to the MN. The MN stores this information locally and uses it to scan just one channel or to skip the scanning completely and associate directly with an access point during a handover. We define a new parameter NET_CHANNEL_CONFIG which is passed in the query by the MN to the MIIS, so that the MIIS knows which information is being requested by the MN. We also define an MIH Information Element Container IE_CONTAINER_802.11_CHINFO which is used by the MIIS to return the requested channel configuration information of the PoA to the MN. The communication overhead for our scheme is just one message exchange with the MIIS as part of the handover preparation phase. Simulation results shows that our scheme Intelligent-Scan One, that scans just one channel, results in a 93% improvement over standard 802.11 scanning. Our second scheme Intelligent-Scan None avoids channel scanning completely and results in a 99% improvement over standard 802.11 scanning delays.

Mobility is an integral part of modern day wireless and mobile communication networks. Therefore handovers of Mobile Nodes (MN's) from one Point of Attachment (PoA) to another are inevitable. This makes the handover efficiency an important metric for analyzing network performance and user satisfaction level. From an efficient handover perspective, not only the handover delay needs to be acceptably short, but also an intelligent decision is required to select the best available Access Point (AP), so that the currently running applications of the MN are not adversely affected in terms of their Quality of Service (QoS). The traditional way of choosing the best available AP with respect to Received Signal Strength (RSS) may not always perform efficiently. Because it is not necessary that the best AP with respect to RSS is also the best with respect to QoS parameters as well, such as available bandwidth. In this article we present a novel PoA selection algorithm for 802.11 networks that takes into account the available bandwidth, cost of the connection and security level of the candidate AP, in addition to the distance between the MN and the surrounding AP's. We also propose ranking of AP's with respect to security in the form of a table. We devise a framework for implementing such an algorithm with the help of the Media Independent Information Server (MIIS), of the Media Independent Handover (MIH). Our simulation results shows that our scheme have superior performance when compared to a scheme which is purely based on the distance between the MN and the AP, for nonuniform traffic.

Handover efficiency in wireless packet switched networks is very crucial in providing QoS guarantees to real time applications. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a prevalent choice for mobility management in future generations networks. Although MIPv6 benefited from the design knowledge of its predecessor i.e. MIPv4 and is more efficient, it still suffers from high handover delays. The main reason for MIPv6 being slow is its dependence on information discovery procedures, which are required to be carried out during the critical phase of handover execution. Thus MIPv6 handover delays can be simply reduced to tolerable limits if the discovery procedures are replaced by proactive procedures performed before the handover execution phase. A simple method of equipping the MN with proactive information is the use of an Media Independent Information Server (MIIS). In this article we investigate the effects of an improved version of our proposed scanning scheme ”An intelligent Scan mechanism for 802.11 Networks” on MIPS handover delays. We used the Media Independent Information Server (MIIS) of the Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard to relay channel configuration information of the future access point to the MN to reduce layer-2 handover scanning latency to zero and investigate its effect on MIPv6 handover delays. We compare handover delays achieved using intelligent scanning strategies with handover delays achieved with 802.11 standard scanning, using simulations. Our results show that using intelligent scanning strategies called Intel-ScanNone and Intel-ScanOne results in 89% and 82% improvement of handover delays respectively.

Handover efficiency in wireless and mobile communication networks is an important factor in providing QoS guarantees for real time applications. The 802.11 standard requires a Mobile Node (MN) to scan all the possible channels (11 in the US) to discover available Access Points (AP’s) during a handover. In a given 802.11 cell several channels are expected to be empty. Due to a full scan the MN ends up wasting time scanning empty channels, which results in a high handover delay. This handover delay can be reduced by simple refining the scanning procedure to a limited set of channels, currently being used throughout the network or by the surrounding access points. In this paper we propose to use the Media Independent Information Server (MIIS) to inform the MN of the channel configuration information of the network or the surrounding AP’s. In our scheme the MN acquires channel configuration information from MIIS server and then uses that information to scan a limited set of channels being used by the surrounding access points or through out the network rather than scanning all possible channels resulting in reduced handover delay. We define a parameter NET_CHANNEL_CONFIG which is passed in the query by the MN to the MIIS, so that the MIIS knows which information is being requested by the MN. We also define an Information Element Container IE_CONTAINER_802.11_CHINFO which is used by MIIS to return the requested channel configuration information of the network to the MN. We call our scheme Intelligent Scan.

No one can deny the importance of mobility in modern communication networks and Internet is no exception. IETF has introduced the Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol to support a moving network. NEMO solves many problems of Mobile IP (MIP) to support a moving group of users, but introduces some problems of its own like suboptimal routing and multiple levels of encapsulation. These problems occur because the NEMO basic support protocol (NEMO BSP) does not support route optimization and because of nested mobile networks. Many solutions have been proposed in the literature to solve these problems. In this article we present a comprehensive survey of those solutions and will discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We also outline the effect of these solutions on handovers and a summary is provided in the form of a table at the end.

On a global basis, ticks transmit a greater variety of pathogenic microorganisms, protozoa, rickettsiae, spirochaets, and viruses than any other arthropods and are among the most important vectors of diseases affecting livestock, humans, and companion animals. Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) affect 80% of the world cattle population and are widely distributed throughout the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Ticks and tick-transmitted infections have coevolved with various wild animal hosts, which constitute the reservoir hosts for ticks and tick-borne pathogens of livestock, pets, and humans. In this region, the livestock sector is suffering from a number of disease problems caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Among the parasitological problems, the damage caused by TTBDs is considered very high, and the control of TTBDs has been given priority.