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Maintenance of high voltage equipment is vital in order to detect an early partial discharge (PD) activity. PD based on IEC 60270 standard is defined as a localized electrical discharge that occurs between conductors and it only partially bridges the insulation. Nowadays, a commercial high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) has been used widely as a current transducer to detect and measure the PD current. However, commercial HFCT is very expensive in the market and quite heavy due to a large size. This paper presents a development of low-cost HFCT using ferrite core with a few benefits such as low cost, lightweight and also has a wide operating bandwidth which is suitable in detecting PD. Due to it is an iron-cored, it has also offered a higher sensitivity which makes the PD measurement more accurate. Two configurations of the developed HFCT with the different number of turns at the secondary side which are 7 turns and 12 turns were presented to analyze the higher sensitivity for PD detection. Based on the obtained results of PD measurement between two configurations of developed HFCT, the developed HFCT with the lower number of turn had more appropriate results as it provided higher sensitivity and wider bandwidth.

This paper investigates the characteristics of the ultra-high frequency (UHF) and Very High Frequency (VHF) emissions that associate with negative narrow bipolar events (NBEs) which occurred within reversal distance, drev of the base station. The UHF emissions were captured by using a parallel plates antenna with its center frequency at 0.97 GHz and 20 MHz bandwidth. There are thirteen samples whereby their VHF and FF signals were leaded by their corresponding UHF about (102.25 ± 125.48) ns and (692.13 ± 382.36) ns respectively. All the UHF were found to behave like continuous bursting while some of the VHF consisted of certain periods within its burst train whereby there was no any sign of pulse during that period.

Plasma is a state of ionized gaseous substance which becomes electrically conductive to the point that having long-range of electric and magnetic fields dominate the behaviour of the substance. In addition, plasma treatment is one of the methods that can be used to improve the dispersion of nanoparticle, nanocomposite bonding, as well as the compatibility surface between polymer matrices and nanoparticle. Plasma jet is a plasma system which has been widely used in many applications especially for modification and treatment purposes. Since this method is still at an early stage of study, the specific design of plasma jet system for the purpose of nanoparticle surface treatment is still not existed yet. Therefore, the most effective plasma jet system is required to be designed and simulated in this study by concerning the plasma generation factors such as applied voltage and operating frequency. The effectiveness mechanism of plasma treatment can be promise by considering the system of plasma used as well as the classification of plasma discharge generated within 3 to 7 kV AC applied voltage and 10 to 20 kHz operating frequency. This study proposes the design and analysis of plasma jet which have been designed to obtain the most effective and efficient surface treatment process on the nanoparticle. The optimum voltage and frequency of high voltage supply to generate plasma jet are determined through simulation via COMSOL Multiphysics® software by investigating the electron density, ion density, and electron temperature produced from numerical computational. This study also involved in the measurement of plasma jet system with characteristic of plasma discharge. The results show that the most effective electron density and ion density produced throughout the ionization of working gas lies in the scale of 1018 m-3 whereas the electron temperature produced lies between 1.00 to 2.00 eV in which producing an uniform and stable glow discharge.

Ozone gas can be dissolved into water or used in the gas phase for a variety of applications. The use of ozonized water in dentistry is gaining its place in everyday dental practice. Ozone has a high oxidation potential and is 1.5 times greater than chlorine when used as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. In this project, the ozonized water-based system for mouth cleansing was introduced to be able to effectively kill Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses and Parasites as well as to provide a comfortable condition to use by the patients before and after they get a treatment in a dentistry sector. The result of the study showed that the ozone-based mouth cleansing system with ORP value above 700 mV effectively killed the bacteria contained in the mouths of the patients.

Partial discharge (PD) that occurs in enclosed metal equipment such as air-insulated switchgear is unpredictable and causes the failure of an insulation system. This PD emits electromagnetic field and hence can be detected through a capacitive sensor mounted on the wall. Thus, it is suitable to detect and monitor internal PD activity in an enclosed metal equipment using Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) probe. Therefore, this study aims to implementing TEV probe which has been developed at a low cost to detect the partial discharge occurs in enclosed metal equipment. It involved the characterization of the parameter of the probe and also the measurement of TEV based on IEC TS 62478 standard. In addition, the spectral density and phase-resolved partial discharge pattern of the developed TEV probe were analyzed and compared with the commercial TEV. The time-resolved pattern of the partial discharge was also recorded to monitor the PD pulses in one full cycle. As a result, it was found the partial discharge was able to be detected through this developed TEV probe with acceptable PD patterns.

This paper study and investigates the characteristic and relationship between lightning occurrence and temperature due to global warming. The correlation between global warming and lightning occurrence are not much in-depth study in Malaysia. The conducted of this research have been done in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru, Malaysia for a period of year 2011 until year 2016 using data provided by Malaysian Meteorological Department and TNB Research. A statistical analysis between lightning occurrence and temperature have been done to show the correlational activities. It is found that there is positive correlation between temperature and lightning density in both cities. Findings of this project is useful to utility companies and electrical consultants in Malaysia in designing, and enhancing their lightning protection system for better improvement and will benefit the public in the sense of educating and understanding the importance of environmental preservation and conservation to help reduce the impact of global warming.

The growing number in human population leads to an increasing number of patients worldwide. Therefore, the facilities in the hospital needs to be improved to cater the higher number of operations that need to be conducted. The current method used to sterilize the surgical equipment is separated between heat sensitive equipment and non-heat sensitive equipment. Our vision is to develop a low temperature sterilizer machine that can be used to sterilize both heat sensitive and non-heat sensitive equipment in one sterilizer machine. Thus, it can save money and time to sterilize the medical equipment. In this work, the ozone-based surgical equipment sterilizer system was successfully developed and effectively killed the bacteria from used medical equipment.

Partial discharge (PD) detection in high voltage equipment is a vital solution for the identification of insulation degradation. It is a regular strategy of detecting the PD by acoustic emission using conventional methods like piezoelectric transducers (PZT) but this method has drawbacks such as low sensitivity and false alarms due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). In order to avoid these kinds of drawbacks, a thin polymer film based Single-mode fiber (SMF) – multimode fiber (MMF) – single-mode fiber (SMS) was fabricated and studied. The thin polymer film SMS sensor was tested with two types of light source; Broadband source (BBS) and Tunable laser source (TLS). The experiment has been carried out with air ultrasonic transmitter and high voltage source for creating PD to detect the acoustic signal generated. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) of both sensors was observed and measured. The PD signal detection was carried out in air medium and the phase-resolved partial discharge patterns were recorded and the performance was compared with the conventional measuring instrument. The acoustic signals have been detected by the sensor generated from the transmitter and surface discharge using BBS and TLS. Identification of the best light source for PD detection has been explained.

Study about characteristics of Very-High Frequency (VHF) and microwave radiation emitted by lightning discharge process focusing on the first return stroke and its subsidiary pulses from negative cloud-to-ground (-CG) flash is reported in this paper. The lightning measurement is conducted by using air-gap parallel plate antenna with a bandwidth of 20 MHz and resonant frequency around 1 GHz with remote sensing application. The recorded VHF and microwave radiation waveform are analyzed based on the reference waveform which is the Fast E-field Antenna (FA). The pulse duration of the subsidiary pulses is between 11.991 μs and 16.253 μs. The peak amplitude of VHF radiation impulse is between 59.14% and 75.34% larger than the peak amplitude of the microwave radiation impulses. The characteristics of the VHF and microwave waveforms of the first return stoke and its subsidiary pulses A, B and C are oscillating noise-like bursts. The highest peak amplitude of VHF and microwave radiation impulses is during the subsidiary pulse C.

The role of the grounding system in the safety of the power system and protection of personnel is obvious during an unexpected short circuit or lightning discharge at the substation. The aim of this work is to analyze the effects of several parameters: lightning impulse front time, soil resistivity and types of grid materials on the grounding system of the Substation. The ground potential rise (GPR), touch voltage and step voltage of a 50 m x 60 m grounding grid buried at a depth of 0.5 m were computed using CDEGS when injected by impulse with different front times. Results show that the shorter the front time of lightning impulse waveform, the higher the value of GPR, touch voltage and step voltage. Meanwhile, when the value of soil resistivity is increased, the value of GPR, touch voltage and step voltage is also increased. Lastly, different types of grid conductor materials give different values of GPR, touch voltage and step voltage. However, it can be said that the differences are too small to be of any significance.

Partial discharges (PD) occur in high voltage equipment are considered as major problem that required to be prevented to avoid any breakdown, damage and loss from happening. In addition, this pre-breakdown phenomenon can be detected using appropriate sensors such as acoustic emission sensor. In this study, acoustic emission sensor was chosen as the method to detect the PD in high voltage insulation. Low-cost piezoelectric transducer (PZT) with pre-amplifier and optical fiber sensor (OFS) were used as a sensing device to detect PD but OFS was expected to highlight its usage towards PD detection. Development of optical fiber sensor (OFS) based on Single Mode-Multi Mode-Single Mode (SMS) structure which implementing a Multimode Interference effects (MMI) was focused on. PD measurement test was conducted according to IEC 60270 and IEC TS 62478 standards. A coated SMS based OFS was fabricated and then was used in PD measurement test. Furthermore, after implementing the pre-amplified PZT sensor and coated OFS in PD measurement test, results were compared with a measuring impedance by analyzing the Phase Resolved Partial Discharge (PRPD) patterns. From the results, all sensors can detect PD as accurately as the MI but the usage of pre-amplifier on PZT has shown a great deal of advantage in removing noises and amplifying small signal, but the SMS coated OFS has shown similar ability in detecting the PD.

A lightning monitoring system is used to observe, collect and analyse lightning activities so that a preventive measure to protect power equipment from severe damage can be planned. An effective lightning monitoring system is crucial to ensure the reliability and sustainability of the electrical energy supply. Despite numerous published papers on this topic, there seem to be an absence of comprehensive review papers that evaluate monitoring technologies and their performances. Owing to the literature gap, this paper is written to summarise the working principles of the relevant sensors and the various methods of data transmission, storage and analysis, as well as the various ways of predicting the occurrence of lightning strikes. This knowledge will contribute to the development of a new online lightning detection system that will be more efficient, without reducing the effectiveness and sensitivity of the system, by utilizing the available technology for data transmission and analysis.

Sulphur hexafluoride (SFo) gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is widely used in electrical power supply system and therefore needs regular preventive maintenance. In this research work, a reliable and effective diagnostic technique was used to detect SFo byproducts caused by partial discharge (PD) occuring as a result of more that one defect, named as a hybrid defect. A 0.2-MPa presurrised coaxial chamber prototype similar to that used in GIS was used to simulate the decomposition of SFo when partially discharging at 48 kV. Two hybrid defects, namely a protrusion-floating particle and a void-floating, were used. The corresponding detected byproducts using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer are SO2, HF, SOF2, SO2F2, SO2F10, SiF4, CO, and C2F6 for the former, and C3F8 and C2F6 for the later. It was found that the by-product combination together with the by-product concentration can be correlated to the type of hybrid defect. Results also show that the protrusion-floating particle hybrid can be potentially more harmful than the void-floating hybrid.

Grounding system plays very important role in AC substation station for person and equipment safety. Proper design of grounding system is achievable by following IEEE Std-80 on safety in AC substation grounding but novice professionals find it not easy to use. The advantage of this paper presents evaluation of grounding system for AC substation by case studies presentation thus easing the understanding of IEEE Std-80 and its usage. This was carried out by using homegrown Sub-ground software with capability to identify the safety status of a grounding system design procedures. The grounding system is evaluated with six different cases. Different parameter is changed in each case to observe the result of the grounding system. The result shows that there are several important parameters in designing a grounding system. The parameters are grounding grid size, number of parallel rod, level of fault current, crush rock layer, cross sectional area of ground rod and level of soil resistivity. The tolerable and calculated step and touch voltage as well as the mesh voltage of the grounding system are presented in manner to tutor novice professionals on AC grounding system design. Last but not least the software developed in the laboratory useful for novice professionals training for AC substation grounding system.

Water is a basic human need in everyday life. However in some areas consumable clean water is still unattainable. There is an urgent need for water purification equipment. Several researches on water purification devices has been carried out with different methods. One of the methods amongst them is using the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactors. This method applies appropriate temperatures to make it safe for use. This paper discusses about the various methods used in water purification. The previous researchers discussed a lot about the parameters of the ozone producing capability. They also explained the characteristics and effects of voltage related to voltage sources. Furthermore, the factor of non-potable water is also used as a research material. Based on these previous researches, the researcher reviewed and investigated two of the types of electrodes used - The screw and helix type. They were examined in the same reactor tube length, thickness and tube material dimensions.

Lightning, which is also known as electrical charge separation in atmosphere, performs energetic discharge. By monitoring the atmospheric electric field (AEF), it helps to give precaution against the risk of lightning. The rotating electric field mill (REFM) is a sensor used in measuring AEF. REFM comprises of signal processing circuit (consists of amplification unit, filtering, conversion, and signal conditioning unit) for connection to data acquisition equipment in order to display, collect, and analyse the data. An investigation of different materials on REFM rotor and stator was performed to reveal their sensitivity and stability towards the high voltage atmosphere. The calibration results showed that aluminium sensor had been more suitable for AEF measurement compared to stainless steel sensor. The research purpose was to track the thundercloud development processes and movement. In addition, in order to investigate the characteristics of the signal from a thunderstorm cloud prior to cloud ground lightning discharges, the REFM was installed in UTM area. The data collected on-site revealed the characteristic signals of AEF in the atmosphere and the characteristics of the signal from a thunderstorm cloud prior to CG lightning discharges.

Malaysia has started the implementation of solarenergy harvesting in 1998. Located at equatorial region, Malaysia hasa large potential for solar energy. This paper examines the currentenergy consumption and demand in Malaysia. The potential of solarenergy harvesting in Malaysia is described together with the suitablephotovoltaic construction. It also explains the plans conducted byMalaysia involving solar energy that covers investments and alsoprojects involved such as Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic(MBIPV). Finally, this paper analyses the potential of having a gridconnectedPV system in a residential area. The positive and negativefindings in terms of cost and suitability of the system are explained

This paper presents the design and implementation of amobile embedded system using an Arduino microprocessor to monitorand record key operational indicators of a distribution transformer,such as transformer oil level, temperature and vibration of adistribution transformer in a substation. If there is any abnormalityor an emergency situation, the system sends SMS (Short MessageService) messages to designated mobile telephones containinginformation about the abnormality of the mentioned parameters.Providing early warning of the abnormality of the distributiontransformer can be accomplished by shutting down the entire unitwith the aid on-line monitoring system integrates with Global ServiceMobile (GSM) Modem. Furthermore, the design generally consiststand-alone single chip microcontroller, modem and sensor packageslocated on distribution transformer site. In general, the design isdeveloped for the user to easily recognize the distribution transformerthat is suffered by any high vibration and rise in temperatures andlocated in remote or suburban area which is rarely and hard to reachfor manual monitoring. The ultimate objective is to monitor thetransformer oil level and temperature of 24 hours, 7 days a weekcontinuously besides the current and voltage parameter whichincluded in basis monitoring system

Weather can be unpredictable as there are a lot of uncertainties in predicting thunderstorms. Most of our navigation systems, including those on air, land and water, as well as broadcasting systems, are directly affected by the weather on a daily basis. The inconsistent and unreliable nature of storms brings out the importance of research in atmospheric electric field data logging systems. This paper presents a study to develop a virtual instrument with the capability to analyse and store the magnitude (data) of atmospheric electric fields. The study was carried out using a LabVIEW virtual instrument and tested using data acquisition (DAQ) and a function generator. The developed virtual instrument consists of waveform chart, tabulated data, and histogram for real time observation. Moreover, it has feature to save and recall data for further analysis.

High repetition pulse/ high frequency generators are of great interest for scientific and technological applications, including high voltage devices. This paper addresses the design and development of a high repetition pulse generator using a PIC microcontroller (PIC 16F877A). The PIC microcontroller generates two PWM pulses to drive the IGBTs through the optocouplers, which can perform fast switching in high voltage devices with low switching losses. The voltage and current supplied by the optocouplers make it perfectly suitable for the driving operations of IGBTs. Experiments were carried out to test its efficiency, and the waveforms of high repetition pulse frequency were observed by oscilloscope. The results of its operation present that the system could be used in the frequency range 2kHz < f < 200kHz. The system was also simulated by a Matlab Simulink model, in which two types of transformer were introduced to predict its validity in real operation with high voltage devices. The simulated results of the designed pulse generator show that the ignition coil transformer is more suitable than other iron core transformers for a high voltage with high pulse frequency. The system could be easily integrated with other high voltage devices to produce high pulsed frequency high voltages.

Lightning is an environmental phenomena that cause many fatalities and property destructions in Malaysia since the country is located in the high isokeraunic area. To reduce the fatalities an alert system should be developed. The alert system can consist of several Rotating Electric Field Mill sensors which are installed in spread. Data from the sensors must be gathered in a data centre building for observation, analysis, and triggering an alert signal. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop a data transmission system by using a wireless method. The wireless data transmission system consists of a microcontroller, voltage divider, and GSM module. Hardware and software development is carried out to achieve the objective. Furthermore, to test the transmission system a function generator is connected to the analog digital converter input of the microcontroller. By varying the magnitude of the function generator output an observation on data transmission is carried out. It is found that the magnitude of receiving data which is displayed on the website is exactly the same with the sent data. In here in lab wireless data transmission system devices and a website to observe the transmitted data from Rotating Electric Field Mill sensors has been successfully developed.

Application of solar energy in Malaysia has been started in 1998. This country has a large potential of solar energy due to its location at equatorial region. The current energy consumption and demand in Malaysia is describes in this paper. The potential of solar energy in Malaysia is described together with the suitable photovoltaic construction. It also explains the plans conducted by Malaysia involving solar energy that covers investments and also projects involved such as Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV). Simulation of grid-connected photovoltaic system in this study is performed using HOMER software. Finally, the potential of having a grid-connected PV system in a residential area is analyzed. The positive and negative findings in terms of cost and suitability of the system are explained.

Tropical countries with extensive lightning activity, such as Malaysia, encounter numerous problems on their electrical transmission and distribution systems. Many overhead lines trip because of back flashover of lightning and shielding failures of the grounding system. To overcome the problem and improve transmission line performance, a detailed lightning study is required to analyse the corresponding lines and determine the best location for transmission line arrester (TLA) installation. We used TFlash to analyse a TLA installation on a 132-kV SSWW-BBST overhead transmission line system located in Selangor, Malaysia. Based on the results, the installation of the TLA at the optimum quantity and at appropriate towers have reduced the number of lines that trip.

A reliable electrical energy supply is a prerequisite for improving the standard economic and quality of life levels in a country. As is the case in many countries, Iraq is home to a collection of remote villages. Since it is uneconomical to connect these villages to the existing grid, the installation of stand- alone electrical power generators has become common practice. As a result, diesel stand-alone power generators see widespread use in these remote locales, which, whilst fit for their intended purpose, unfortunately suffer from several drawbacks, including instability in regards to everyday oil prices and a number of environmental issues. The implementation of a PV/FC hybrid power system could be one potential alternative to help solve these problems. Therefore, this paper will present PV/FC system control strategies alongside information relating to the performance of such system components, based on a case study that was conducted in Al-Gowair, Iraq. This study is especially important in terms of envisioning the future energy supply needs of Iraq. The HOMER simulation results showed that by using the proposed control strategies and suggested components of a PV/FC system, it was able to produce a satisfactory outcome.

Theory of high phase order conversion system i.e: six-phase transmission line has proved as an alternative to new line construction or voltage upgrading, the economic and technical viability of three to six phase conversion (termed high phase order conversion) of an existing double circuit line permitting about 73% more energy transmission without any change of the existing line tower, conductors and ROW area. Up to date there are many works done in this SPTL field reductions were only based on digital simulations and calculations. Tests on actual line settings and configuration which are needed during a study are challenges to researchers who have limited access to the lines. It will be more challenging especially reconfiguration exercises for HPO conversion of three phase to six phase system. This paper describes in the development of scaled down six phase transmission line (SPTL) model developed in the IVAT laboratory to serve the purpose of study of the steady state and transient behavior of high phase system.

For buildings, structures and facilities a Lightning Protection System (LPS) is very important. There are some components that affect the effectiveness of LPS. One of the components is the lightning air terminal. With reference to the facilities requiring lightning protection the position, the apparent height, and the angle of protection of lightning air terminals determines the collection volume (CV) of the protected area. The CV of direct strike lightning air terminals can change because of the facility is affected by natural disasters such as seismic tremor and flood. If such natural disasters do happen, there are possibilities that the facilities will not be fully protected from direct lightning strikes. The building and structure could be misalignment after the seismic tremor and flood related to earth movement. So for the safety of equipment and personnel, lightning protection system efficacy assurance is necessary. Therefore, there should be a technique and device to monitor the variation of collection volume afforded by every lightning air terminal on buildings and structures after the occurrence of a natural disaster. This paper presents a new technique as well as a new device to monitor the collection volume variation. A part of the device was obtained from a recycled moveable television antenna. This approach is not only practical, portable and cost effective but also incorporating the idea of environmental protection and recycling of used plastic materials.

Lightning activity correlates with the formation of thunderclouds which increase the atmospheric electric field (AEF) between the cloud and the earth. Observations of the development of the AEF will allow the prediction of lightning activities close to a particular location. In research and development, the data logger plays an important role to observe and collect data from AEF sensors. The data logger must be reliable and effective. High investment costs are involved in acquiring a data logger, and choosing a suitable data logger is not easy. Institut Voltan dan Arus Tinggi (IVAT) is develeloping AEF sensor. Along with that sensor development a data logger development is also required. In this paper, a mobile data logger is developed by using Arduino-Uno. This mobile data logger is equipped with a GPS module, which provides accurate positioning in the collection of data. Laboratory and field tests were carried out to observe the performance of the mobile data logger system. The results showed that the developed data logger works properly.

Rotating-vane electric field mill (REFM) sensor is one of the popular methods to measure atmospheric quasi-static electric field. Lightning incident occasion can be predicted by observing electric fields strength in atmosphere. In this paper an integration of REFM with an online wireless data monitoring system for long distance observation and data collection is presented. This method reduces the required man-hour to gather data from the REFM as well as system costs by removing the computer and data logger on-site. The development includes hardware and software design in order to improve efficiency the atmospheric electric field measurement system. The contribution of this work is the design of the electronic circuit which converts the ac signal from the REFM sensor to dc signal and then correlates the signal to the electric field strength in the vicinity. Subsequently the information is transmitted via a wireless data transmission system, using the Global System Mobile Communication (GSM) network. Using the proposed method, all the data from sensors can be observed and analysed immediately from any location.

Reliable and accurate measurement of ground resistance value (GRV) is of utmost important for an effective lightning protection system (LPS). However, common and conventional ground resistance measurement using DC current injection does not provide the true value of resistance when considering the natural characteristic of lightning current. When the LPS conducts naturally occurring lightning surges to ground, the ground resistance behaves like an impedance. Practically the impedance of the grounding system is much higher than the DC ground resistance. Because of this, measuring GRV using DC or fixed frequency current is not highly accurate. This is so because the impedance takes account of the surge high frequency response. This paper describes a new technique that can determine the true ground resistance value more accurately in a noisy environment using an R-L-C resonance circuit concept.

A reliable electrical energy supply is a prerequisitefor improving the standard economic and quality of life levels in acountry. As is the case in many countries, it is uneconomical toconnect these villages to the existing grid, the installation of standaloneelectrical power generators has become common practice. Asa result, diesel stand-alone power generators see widespread use inthese remote locales, which, whilst fit for their intended purpose,unfortunately suffer from several drawbacks, including instabilityin regards to everyday oil prices and a number of environmentalissues. The implementation of a PV/FC hybrid power system couldbe one potential alternative to help solve these problems. Therefore,this paper presents PV/FC system control strategies. This study isespecially important in terms of envisioning the future energysupply needs. By using HOMER the proposed control strategiesand suggested components of a PV/FC system would be able toproduce a satisfactory outcome.

Lightning locating system (LLS) is employed to detect lightning occurrences in single station or multi-station systems. There is a variety of lightning locating systems based on the detection of propagated electromagnetic signals of lightning discharge. A parallel plate antenna is used to receive the vertical components of the electric field. The antenna is connected to a buffer circuit by a coaxial cable. The buffer circuit acts as a filter, an over voltage protector, and an impedance matching. A Global Positioning System (GPS) is also installed to capture the time stamps of received signals in sub nano-second precision. Each station is made up of hardware and software implementations. The hardware component of each station consists of a parallel plate antenna which is selected because of its ability of detecting the vertical component of the lightning electric field in a wide range of frequencies. A Matlab program is written to solve the non-linear equations for the lightning locating system based on the detected arrival times using measuring stations. Several lightning measuring stations will be designed, constructed and installed. This study investigates the hardware design, testing and installation of the stations.

Multi-cell batteries play crucial role in satellite operation by ensuring power storage capability. However, due to their higher failure rates, battery management systems are used in satellite batteries to perform cell balancing, monitoring and protection to avoid over/under voltage. This ensures safe operation and prolongs battery life. The conventional methods use inadequate dissipative techniques causing excessive heating and power losses in the batteries. This paper proposes a scalable, modular and optimal design technique for battery balancing. This proposed design performs cell balancing using an intelligent passive cell balancing technique based on Texas Instruments BQ77PL900. The results have shown that the design is the economical yet effective solution for the given problem having low power consumption along with high reliability.

The high density of lightning occurrence in Malaysiahas caused problems to transmission and distribution electricalenergy. Normally, transmission overhead lines trip due to BackFlashover (BF) of lightning and shielding failures of earth wire.Therefore, a detailed lightning study is required to analyse thecorresponding lines and to determine the exact location ofTransmission Lightning Arrester (TLA). In this paper, a simulationof lightning study using TFlash software associated with theinstallation of (TLA) at 132 kV SSWW-BBST overhead linessystem located in Selangor, Malaysia is presented. By using theTFlash software the location of TLA has been determined