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Background The prevailing global work scenario and deteriorating health facilities in economies indulge the risk perspective in the labor market model. This is the reason that the risk factor is cautiously attributed to wages and labor market efficiencies specifically in developing and emerging economies. In this respect, Occupational Injuries of Workers (OIW) is considered essential to demonstrate the risk and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) setups given the constraints of the labor. Intuitively, the prime objective of this study is to make an assessment of the labor market considering the OIW through the indicators of industry division, employment status, occupational distribution, adopted treatment, gender and regionality. Methods The assessment strategy of the study has been categorized into trend analysis and Index Value Calculation (IVC) segments employing the data from 2001 to 2018. Results The pattern of the selected indicators of the OIW has been observed in the available data while the IVC estimations are considered through time and reference categories. The findings of both exercises revealed absolute and relative heterogeneities at both industry and occupational levels. Conclusion The consistency for gender and regional distribution of both assessments points out the need for effective policy initiatives. The study suggests separate analyses of industry and occupations for a better understanding of the OHS setups and up-gradation in Pakistan.

AI is playing a disruptive role in many industrial sectors and also in the banking industry. The purpose of this research study was to empirically test consumer willingness to use AI-powered financial investment robo-advisors. Analysis of data from 500 survey responses collected from m-banking users performed using Smart Pls showed that there was clear intention on the part of m-banking consumers in Pakistan to use AI-powered financial investment robo-advisors. The results reinforce the findings of earlier studies.

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals (HMs) poses a serious threat to global food safety, soil ecosystem and human health. The rapid industrialization, urbanization and extensive application of agrochemicals on arable land have led to paddy soil pollution worldwide. Rice plants easily accumulate toxic HMs from contaminated agricultural soils, which ultimately accumulated in grains and enters the food chain. Although, physical and chemical remediation techniques have been used for the treatment of HMs-contaminated soils, however, they also have many drawbacks, such as toxicity, capital investment and environmental-associated hazards. Recently, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have gained substantial attention owing to their promising environmental remediation applications. Numerous studies have revealed the use of ENMs for reclamation of toxic HMs from contaminated environment. This review mainly focuses on HMs toxicity in paddy soils along with potential health risks to humans. It also provides a critical outlook on the recent advances and future perspectives of nanoremediation strategies. Additionally, we will also propose the interacting mechanism of HMs-ENMs to counteract metal-associated phytotoxicities in rice plants to achieve global food security and environmental safety.

The rapid pace of industrialization and sectoral transformation have not only induced rapid economic progress yet also engaged policy think tanks to consider the safety performance due to the increasing rate of injuries. These increasing workplace hazards have affected occupational efficiencies as well as worker’s performance. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of occupation injuries of workers (OIW) is crucial to determine the safety performance of high and low-risk industries in Pakistan. This study aims to incorporate the OIW for the estimation of the safety performance of industries employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This non-parametric technique allows calculating relative efficiencies incorporating inputs and outputs (both desirable and undesirable). The findings of the SBM-DEA model and sensitivity analyses pointed out improvements in the farm sector and demanded more comprehensive analyses for the non-farm sectors.

Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, numerous studies have been attempting to determine biomarkers, which could rapidly and efficiently predict COVID-19 severity, however there is lack of consensus on a specific one. This retrospective cohort study is a comprehensive analysis of the initial symptoms, comorbidities and laboratory evaluation of patients, diagnosed with COVID-19 in Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, from 4th February to 12th March, 2020. Based on the data collected from 63 severely ill patients from the onset of symptoms till the full recovery or demise, we found not only age (average 70) but also blood indicators as significant risk factors associated with multiple organ failure. The blood indices of all patients showed hepatic, renal, cardiac and hematopoietic dysfunction with imbalanced coagulatory biomarkers. We noticed that the levels of LDH (85%, P

Recently, thin-film solar cells have received much attention due to low production cost. However, such cells suffer from low efficiency due to which they cannot be used for practical applications. To cater this problem, we have numerically investigated thin-film tandem solar cells comprising of double active layers made of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and crystalline silicon (c-Si) of different energy bandgaps. The tandem cell is found to absorb large amount of solar photons compared to a single a-Si and c-Si solar cells. To further improve the absorption efficiency, we efficiently utilized the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of plasmonic nanoparticles, which are deposited in the form of a square lattice in the top a-Si active layer. The absorption characteristics of the cell are enhanced and tuned by optimizing the material and size of the nanoparticles. Moreover, periodic disorders are incorporated, which allow mixing of plasmonic modes having different angular momenta, resulting in a super broadband light absorption from 300 to 1100 nm and yielding a short circuit current density of 33.917 mA/cm2 in the active layers. The proposed plasmonic tandem cell can be advantageous for most of the photovoltaic applications.

[Submitted in IEEE J-BHI]Retinopathy refers to any damage in the retina that causes visual impairments or even blindness. Identification of retinal lesions plays a vital role in accurately grading retinopathy and for its effective treatment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is the most popular non-invasive technique used for the retinal examination due to its ability to screen abnormalities in early stages. Many researchers have presented studies on OCT based retinal image analysis over the past. However, to our best knowledge, there is no framework yet available which can extract retinal lesions from multi-vendor OCT scans and utilize them for the intuitive grading of the human retina. To cater this lack, we propose a deep retinal analysis and grading framework (RAG-FW). RAG-FW is a hybrid convolutional framework which extracts retinal lesions such as intra-retinal fluid, sub-retinal fluid, hard exudates, drusen and chorioretinal abnormalities (including fibrotic scars and choroidal neovascular membranes) from multi-vendor OCT scans. Furthermore, it utilizes them for the lesion-influenced grading of retinopathy as per the clinical standards. RAG-FW has been trained using 113,261 retinal OCT scans from which 112,261 scans were used for training and 1,000 scans were used for the validation purposes. Furthermore, it has been rigorously tested on 43,613 scans from five highly complex publicly available datasets where it achieved the mean intersection-over-union score of 0.8055 for extracting the retinal lesions and the F1 score of 99.52% for correctly classifying the retinopathy cases. The source code of RAG-FW is available at http://biomisa.org/index.php/downloads/.

The corporate governance measures emphasize on presence of independence of the board of directors to bring objectivity and reducing the agency cost; whereas the institutions have the ability, skills and time to supervise the activities of the management and channelize it to better financial performance. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of independence of the board of directors on the financial performance of the firms. The independence was gauged by number of independent directors and non-executive directors, chairing of board committees by independent directors, institutional holding in the firm, and presence of institutional directors on the board. The financial performance of the firm is gauged using the return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). The corporate governance and financial performance data comprising of 75 firm years from 2014 to 2018 of the firms listed in the cement sector of the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) were selected. GLM regression was performed to study the relationship between the variables. The results suggest that the majority of independence on the board of directors do not affect the financial performance of the firm; the independence in the board committees negatively affects the financial performance, whereas the presence of institutional holding and director in the firm does not have any effect on the performance of the firm. The study will provide a basis for future studies to find the association that independence can bring objectivity, reduce agency cost, and affect the performance of the firm.

The recent increase in electricity prices and the usage of single-phase induction motors (SPIMs) provide a stimulus for a focused research on energy-efficient optimization of SPIM load such as air-conditioners and refrigerators. Variable speed control of SPIM provides a promising way forward to reduce its power consumption. However, during variable speed operation under the popular constant $V/f$ method, SPIM is required to operate at non-rated conditions. The operation of SPIM at non-rated conditions disturbs its symmetrical and balanced operation, thus degrading its efficiency. Moreover, soft-starting of SPIM at non-rated conditions is also challenging due to the resulting reduction in starting-torque. In this article, after a detailed analysis of SPIM energy-efficiency, an improved sensor-less optimal speed control strategy is developed to enable the symmetrical and balanced operation of SPIM at all the operating points over the entire speed-range to improve its performance. A novel algorithm, termed as the phase-shift algorithm, is also devised for efficient implementation of the proposed optimal speed control strategy. In addition, a unique framework for efficient soft-starting of SPIM at very low frequencies is also developed. The simulation-based results of the motor operated through the proposed phase-shift algorithm validate the energy-saving potential of the proposed control strategy.

Background Type I Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes severe gastric inflammation and is a predisposing factor for gastric carcinogenesis. However, its infection status in stepwise gastric disease progression in this gastric cancer prevalent area has not been evaluated; it is also not known its impact on commonly used epidemiological gastric cancer risk markers such as gastrin-17 (G-17) and pepsinogens (PGs) during clinical practice. Aim To explore the prevalence of type I and type II H. pylori infection status and their impact on G-17 and PG levels in clinical practice. Methods Thirty-five hundred and seventy-two hospital admitted patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were examined, and 523 patients were enrolled in this study. H. pylori infection was confirmed by both 13C-urea breath test and serological assay. Patients were divided into non-atrophic gastritis (NAG), non-atrophic gastritis with erosion (NAGE), chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), peptic ulcers (PU) and gastric cancer (GC) groups. Their serological G-17, PG I and PG II values and PG I/PG II ratio were also measured. Results A total H. pylori infection rate of 3572 examined patients was 75.9%, the infection rate of 523 enrolled patients was 76.9%, among which type I H. pylori infection accounted for 72.4% (291/402) and type II was 27.6%; 88.4% of GC patients were H. pylori positive, and 84.2% of them were type I infection, only 11.6% of GC patients were H. pylori negative. Infection rates of type I H. pylori in NAG, NAGE, CAG, PU and GC groups were 67.9%, 62.7%, 79.7%, 77.6% and 84.2%, respectively. H. pylori infection resulted in significantly higher G-17 and PG II values and decreased PG I/PG II ratio. Both types of H. pylori induced higher G-17 level, but type I strain infection resulted in an increased PG II level and decreased PG I/PG II ratio in NAG, NAGE and CAG groups over uninfected controls. Overall PG I levels showed no difference among all disease groups and in the presence or absence of H. pylori; in stratified analysis, its level was increased in GC and PU patients in H. pylori and type I H. pylori-positive groups. Conclusion Type I H. pylori infection is the major form of infection in this geographic region, and a very low percentage (11.6%) of GC patients are not infected by H. pylori. Both types of H. pylori induce an increase in G-17 level, while type I H. pylori is the major strain that affects PG I and PG IIs level and PG I/PG II ratio in stepwise chronic gastric disease. The data provide insights into H. pylori infection status and indicate the necessity and urgency for bacteria eradication and disease prevention in clinical practice.

STAT3 plays an important role in vascular remodeling, but there are no studies on its protein function and structure. In this study, the physical and chemical properties, hydrophilicity / hydrophobicity, transmembrane domain, phosphorylation site, glycosylation site, subcellular localization, signal peptide distribution and secondary and tertiary structure of STAT3 protein were predicted online by bioinformatics tools. The results showed that the number of amino acids of STAT3 was 771aa, the theoretical isoelectric point was 5.94, the instability index was 49.21, and the average coefficient of hydrophilicity was-0.389. It was found to be a hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane domain, 45 phosphorylation sites and 4 glycosylation sites. The protein is expressed in the nucleus, there is no signal peptide distribution in the whole sequence, and the protein structure is complex. The secondary structure is mainly composed of ?-helix, Extended strand, ?-turn and Random coil, accounting for 50.58%, 11.80%, 2.46% and 35.15%, respectively. The tertiary structure is mainly composed of ?-helix and Random coil. In summary, this study suggests that the amino acid sequence 75-190aa of STAT3 can be used to express antigens and prepare antibodies, and the sequence 737-754aa of STAT3 can be used to prepare peptide antigens This study provides a basis for further exploring the function of STAT3 protein, and lays a foundation for expression and purification of STAT3 protein, preparation of STAT3 antibody and screening of drug targets. This then provides powerful conditions for pathological detection of pulmonary vascular remodeling and gene drug therapy of ascites syndrome in broilers.

Sustainable smart city development experience various challenges, such as legislation and policies, funding, infrastructure, and technological aspects. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of sustainability concepts in smart cities' development. However, there is scarce research focusing on the challenges faced for the development of sustainable smart cities. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework that provides critical challenges faced by private and government organisations, and the respective solutions of the challenges for the development of sustainable smart cities. Pakistan has been chosen as a case study that yields a total of 17 respondents from the executive, managerial, and operational levels of private enterprises and government organisations involved in smart city development. This research is a preliminary step towards providing insights and significance of infusing sustainability in the development of smart cities. The proposed conceptual framework can act as a practise guideline for practitioners to prepare themselves for sustainable smart city development.

The demand for applications of intelligent computing for human life is increasing, as the load of work, tension and hectic routine always challenge individual life. It is really getting difficult to manage an adequate amount of time. Especially for planning balance diet, proper usage of drugs and medications, sufficient sleep time for an active mind, steadiness in exercise and others that eventually create imbalance to live healthy life. A very little focus is conducted on such important considerations. This, in order to support such important planning and decisions, we introduce a Sleep Well Live Fit (SWeLF) android based software computational tool that can assist to record our daily routine activities including the intake of meals, drugs and medications, working hours, physical exercise (via sensors) and others. The prime objective of this tool is to inform and suggest the number of calories consumed on the basis of his routine and about the amount of sleep essentially required for healthy life. In this paper, we examine the core features of the SWeLF tool to support the computing in a human life in comparison of existing methodologies. A detail experiment methodology is conducted to investigate the practicality, and demonstrated the usability of SWeLF tool in E-Health domain that eventually could help individuals to live fit.

Tandem configuration-containing perovskite and silicon solar cells are promising candidates for realizing a high power conversion efficiency of 30% at reasonable costs. Silicon solar cells with planar front surfaces used in tandem devices cause high optical losses, which significantly affects their efficiency. Moreover, some studies have explored the fabrication of perovskites on textured silicon cells. However, due to improper texturing, light trapping is not ideal in these devices, which reduces the efficiency. In this work, we optimized the pyramid height of textured silicon cells and efficiently characterized them to achieve enhanced light trapping. Two different kinds of perovskites, namely, Cs0.17FA0.6Pb(Br0.17I0.7)3 and Cs0.25FA0.6Pb(Br0.20I0.7)3 with wide bandgaps were conformally deposited on textured silicon cells, and the performance of these flat and fully textured tandem devices was numerically analyzed. The thickness of each layer in the tandem cell was optimized in a way to ensure a perfect current match between the top perovskite and bottom silicon subcells. The results indicated that the textured tandem configuration enhances light absorption over a broad spectral range due to the optimized pyramid height compared to flat surfaces. Eventually, the photovoltaic parameters of the proposed tandem cell were compared with the already existing structures, and our design supports large values of open circuit voltage (Voc) = 1.78 V, short circuit current density (Jsc) = 20.09 mA cm−2, fill factor (FF) = 79.01%, and efficiency (η) = 28.20% compared to other kinds of tandem solar cells.

Seeking high power conversion efficiency is always a striving pathway for many researchers to commercialize organic solar cells (OSCs). Thus, it is essential to achieve high conversion efficiency to make solar oriented devices as truly green energy resource. In this paper, we report novel tandem structures based on organic materials in which homo and hybrid schemes are utilized. The homo tandem structures involve the well-known organic materials such as P3HT: PCBM and PTB7: PCBM as top and bottom absorber layers, while the hybrid tandem structure is made by the combination of P3HT: PCBM and PTB7: PCBM, respectively. Due to different absorption coefficients, simulation results indicate that the hybrid tandem structure exhibit large values for current density Jsc = 22.60mA/cm2, open circuit voltage Voc = 0.85V, fill factor FF = 68.21%, and efficiency η = 13.96%, compared to homo tandem cell and proves to be more efficient and highly stable towards high temperatures, which indicates that the proposed structure is more suitable for practical applications.

The tidal power has the potential to play a vital role in a sustainable energy future. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the performance and fatigue life of tidal current turbine (TCT) using fluid structure interaction (FSI) modeling. The performance of TCT was predicted using Ansys CFX. The performance curve, pressure distribution on the blade, and velocity streamline were visualized for eight repetitive analyses at different tip speed ratio. The hydrodynamic load calculated from CFD analysis was transferred to FEA model for investigation of the structural response of TCT. Modal analysis was performed to examine the mode shapes and natural frequencies of TCT. The fatigue analysis were performed and number of cycles and safety factor at different equivalent alternating stresses were investigated. The results of the simulation confirm that the turbine has a maximum value of the coefficient of performance at λ = 5, the turbine operating frequency is not close to its natural frequency, and it is safe under the applied fatigue loads with a high factor of safety. Keywords: Tidal current turbine, Fluid–structure interaction, Fatigue performance, Computational Fluid Dynamic, Blade element

Heavy metals (HMs) contamination in agricultural soils is a major concern for global food safety and human health. Although, various in-situ and ex-situ remediation methods have been used for the treatment of HMs contaminated soils, however, they also have many drawbacks viz., capital investment, toxicity, and environmental health hazards. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a novel method to ameliorate the toxicity of HMs in agricultural soils. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in the environment and agriculture fields. Nanoremediation employs NPs that effectively reduce the contents of toxic HMs in the soil-plant system. Several studies have reported that the application of NPs in HMs-polluted soils, which reduced plant-available HMs concentration soils. However, the long-term efficiency of NPs immobilization is still unclear. Here, we provide details about the toxicity of HMs to environmental systems and potential applications NPs to alleviate the accumulation of HMs in agricultural soils. Finally, we present the mechanistic route of HMs-toxicity alleviation in plants by NPs application as well as their long-term efficiency and future prospects.

Anemia affects over 25% of the world's population with the heaviest burden borne by women and children. Genetic hemoglobin (Hb) variants, such as sickle cell disease, are among the major causes of anemia. Anemia and Hb variant are pathologically interrelated and have an overlapping geographical distribution. We present the first point-of-care (POC) platform to perform both anemia detection and Hb variant identification, using a single paper-based electrophoresis test. Feasibility of this new integrated diagnostic approach is demonstrated via testing individuals with anemia and/or sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin level determination is performed by an artificial neural network (ANN) based machine learning algorithm, which achieves a mean absolute error of 0.55 g dL−1 and a bias of −0.10 g dL−1 against the gold standard (95% limits of agreement: 1.5 g dL−1) from Bland–Altman analysis on the test set. Resultant anemia detection is achieved with 100% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity. With the same tests, subjects with sickle cell disease were identified with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Overall, the presented platform enabled, for the first time, integrated anemia detection and hemoglobin variant identification using a single point-of-care test.

Summary Objective To analyze the efficacy of a modified approach to thyroplasty type one using prolene mesh implant. Study Design Interventional study. Place and Duration of Study Combined Military Hospital Kharian, Pakistan, in Ent department, from July 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology Medialization thyroplasty with prolene mesh was performed on the patients satisfying the inclusion criteria. They were analyzed objectively as well as subjectively in terms of Mean Maximum phonation time, maximum word count, and visual analog score about the quality of voice. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Pre-operative and post-operative records were compared using paired sample t-test. Results A total of 39 patients underwent vocal cord medialization with prolene mesh implant. The Mean age for medialization was 41.09 + 13.37. 23 patients were females and 15 were males. 26 patients had unilateral and 13 patients had bilateral vocal dysfunction. 18 of them had vocal dysfunction due to thyroidectomy, eight had idiopathic causes and 13 had miscellaneous. The improvement in mean visual analog score was 2.87 postoperatively. Median maximum phonation time increased about five seconds postoperatively, seven seconds in males, and 4.5 seconds for females. The maximum word count increased from 11.33 preoperatively to 18.28 postoperatively. There were no major complications observed in our study. Conclusion These results were comparable to many other studies for vocal cord medialization with different implant materials. But prolene mesh implant offers an easily available yet cost-effective alternative with similar benefits. Level of Evidence III (Treatment benefits: Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study)

Objective: Depression is an disease that seriously endangers the physical and mental health of human body. However, in view of the limitation of existing antidepressants, it's urgent to find new antidepressants from natural products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Paecilomyces tenuipes, which is an important entomogenous fungus in China. Methods: This research was intent to investigate the antidepressant actions of P. tenuipes M98 extracts using a battery of behavioural models including tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST), 5-HTP-induced head twitch response and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice. Results: Fifteen days treatment with aqueous and ethanol extracts signifificantly decreased the duration of immobility in TST and FST, without signifificant changes in locomotor activity. Moreover, chronic application of extracts for 21 days signifificantly improved the depressive-like behaviours of CUMS mice, including reduced body weight and sucrose preference and lengthened immobility time in TST and FST. In addition, extracts produced a signifificant increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine, but not noradrenaline, levels in hypothalamus. These fifindings suggested that this action of P. tenuipes might be related to the regulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, which were further confirmed via 5-HTP induced head-twitch test. In addition, P. tenuipes M98 extracts also displayed anti-oxidative effffects. Conclusion: P. tenuipes M98 extracts present excellent antidepressant-like activities, which might be explained by regulation of neurotransmitters and alleviation of oxidative stress.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution begins, and policies are being formulated by economies as well as efforts are being made to meet the needs of the current times. Among other technologies which are part of Fourth Industrial Revolution, big open data is also the part of Pakistan’s digital policy framework. Scholarship is available to explore and examine the determinants of BOD diffusion and adoption, a little literature is available to understand big open data as policy innovation and its diffusion. Therefore, this study drew on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and its application to public policy innovation research to examine patterns of BOD policy innovation diffusion at government and public bodies’ level in Pakistan. These patterns are based on policy declaration timing by the governments, policy adoption timing, development of technological applications, and proactively released datasets statistics in public bodies. An Event History Analysis was carried out to examine BOD policy innovation diffusion patterns. Results showed that Federal government is the innovator for the policy innovation diffusion across different governments and subsequent public bodies. It was also found that efficacy ranking of public bodies is quite low in terms of developing BOD technological platforms and proactive release of datasets in large quantities. Therefore, government and policy-makers should focus on effective implementation of big open data policy innovation in Pakistan to equip with 21st century needs.

Improving the photon absorption in ultrathin-film solar cells with active layer thickness of a few micrometers is important for enhancing efficiency and reducing cost. We present a computational study of novel design consisting of ultrathin absorber layer made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) integrated with plasmonic square nanoring particles. The energy absorbed by GaAs layer is significantly enhanced with the help of plasmonic nanorings, resulting in substantial absorption enhancement of approximately 34% compared with bare active layer. For qualitative analysis, the short-circuit current density of thin-film cell is evaluated for AM 1.5 G solar illumination and is found to be 1.4 times higher compared with unpatterned solar cell structure. Furthermore, the structure is optimized by varying different parameters and materials of functional layers, yielding a photocurrent density of 30.185 mA/cm2, which is close to the Yablonovitch limit.

To predict diabetes mellitus model data mining (DM) based approaches on the dataset collected from the seven northwestern states of Nigeria. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources through questionnaires and verbal interviews from patients with diabetic mellitus and other chronic diseases. Some hospital data were also used from the records of patients involved in this work. The dataset comprises 281 instances with 8 attributes. R programming software (version 5.3.1) was used in the experiments. The DM techniques used in this research were binomial logistic regression, classification, confusion matrix and correlation coefficient. The data were partitioned into training and testing sets. Training data were used in building the model while testing data were used to validate the model. The algorithm for the best-fitted model converges with null deviance: 281.951, residual deviance: 16.476 and AIC: 30.476. The significance variables are AGE, GLU, DBP and KDYP with 0.025, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.025 P values, respectively. The predicted model accounted for the accuracy of ∼97.1%. The correlation analysis results revealed that diabetic patients are more likely to be hypertensive than patients with other chronic diseases considered in the research.

Information communication technologies increase the competitive intensity among organizations. The only way to get a sustainable competitive advantage is to focus on their resources, and capabilities to establish, and implement effective strategies to increase international marketing channel performance (IMCP). The target population of this study is the food industry in Pakistan, and the sample size is 400. Data has been collected through survey method based on an adapted questionnaire. Data has been analyzed through partial least square – structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. Results showed that validity and reliability of data, and organizational strategies (OS) focused on relationship strategies (RS) and marketing integration strategies (MIS) has positive and significant effect on IMCP. Whereas, technological capabilities (TC) has moderated and significant effect between OS and IMCP. Furthermore, social support (SS) has insignificant effect. This study has theoretical and practical significance. Because this study opens the new horizons in literature and provide guidelines to align their strategies with their capabilities to gain sustainable competitive advantage, which will improve their IMCP.

With the development of ‘Internet +’, a new business model the Sharing Economy is booming，which as a revolutionary power to overthrow the business modes of traditional industries. The development of sharing economy has unique advantages and urgent reality in China. Therefore, based on the current situation of sharing economy, this paper analyzes and contrasts the business models of Uber and the Didi by using Johnson and Christensen's ‘Four Elements’business model，concludes business model of sharing economy should have certain characteristics, such as advocated sharing concept, setting up the Internet platform, providing personalized service, establishing the trust mechanism, the supply and demand matching reshaped. Finally, this paper provides comprehensive suggestions for the better development of Chinese enterprises under the sharing economy: enterprises should know their own advantages, not blindly copying the world's leading enterprises, and make effort to build a new model with Chinese characteristics to sharing economy; create "Internet platform + cooperation partner + customers” model and seek cross-border collaboration; In-depth understanding and analysis the macro and micro-environment of international market, seeking cooperation with foreign domestic enterprise, to speed up enterprises to "go out".

The eminence of corporate governance (CG) was grasped after the major blunders incorporate strategies and distinct corporate scandals around the world during the global financial crises. Advanced countries have passed numerous laws such as “Say on Pay” or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to shield the shareholder’s wealth. However, evolving countries are still flourishing to gain recognition in corporate governance (CG) effectiveness. The intention of the study is to probe the link between the CG (board size, outside directors) and firm performance (Tobin’s Q). Leverage has been used as an interaction term in the current study. The data had been collected from 130 non-financial firms from the year 2012 to 2015 and Multiple Regression Techniques will be used as the instruments for data analysis. The results indicate that the board size and Tobin’s Q have a significant association and outside directors’ insignificant association with Tobin’s Q. The interaction effect of leverage found a significant connotation between board size, outside directors, and Tobin’s Q.

The technological transformation has led to the introduction of mini computers as wearable computers which facilitate users to use the Internet, different applications, messaging, and for calls all on one platform. The focus of these wearable computers in earlier studies has been on consumers and technical aspects, and their application has not been explored from an organizational perspective. This means that the recent introduction of wearable technology has great potential, which is untapped in the organizational context, especially for supply chain collaboration (SC). In this study, wearable technology is thought to offer huge potential for organizations in SC. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to empirically examine the role of wearable technology i.e. Smartwatch in enhancing collaboration among supply chain members with mediating roles of green training (GT) and emotional intelligence (EI). The population of this study is the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. Simple random sampling method has been used to collect data from 150 sample size. Data have been collected through offline and online survey method. Data have been analyzed through partial least square-structure equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The results of this study have empirically tested the established conceptual framework. Continuance intention to use smartwatch has a positive effect on SC. Furthermore, GT and EI have mediating roles between continuance intention to use smartwatch and SC. It is concluded that the continuance intention to use smartwatch will increase SC. GT and EI will strengthen the relationship between continuance intention to use smartwatch and SC. The use of wearable technology will motivate employees to communicate rapidly and to monitor their supply chain activities using web-based and other applications. This study has practical implications in organizations and theoretical contribution to literature.

Increasing supply chain performance (SCP) has always been a common phenomenon in the history of organizations. Recent technological advancements [including, radio frequency identification (RFID) in combination with big data predictive analytics (BDPA)] have been able to significantly leverage SCP. In this respect, there is an urgent need for acceptance of RFID technology as well as BDPA to be empirically investigated in order to better understand the enhancement of SCP. Therefore, this paper aims at establishing and empirically investigating the relationship between BDPA acceptance, RFID acceptance, and SCP, respectively. The population of this paper comprises the pharmaceutical logistics industry in China. The sample was obtained from employees through the use of a simple random sampling method. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire. SmartPLS 3.0 software was used for structural equation modeling analysis. Partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM), the value of path coefficient, was found to be 0.700. This showed a direct positive effect of BDPA acceptance on SCP. Moreover, RFID acceptance was also tested through the “variance accounted for” method of mediation. Results showed a partial mediation of 57% between BDPA and SCP. Theoretically, this paper fills the knowledge gap by finding relationships between BDPA and SCP via a mediation role of RFID technology. Practically, it would be beneficial for supply chain managers in the pharmaceutical industry to adopt and implement BDPA and RFID technology so as to enhance SCP.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of animosity on consumer’s willingness to buy foreign products. Animosity can be a vital force to decide whether to buy a foreign product or not. This research paper is about measuring and quantifying the animosity of people of china towards Japanese products in general. Additionally, it is quite evident from previous researches, that people of china have a special grudge against Japanese, after world war II. Previous studies in this regard were conducted in one or few cities of china, this research aimed to collect data from multiple cities, in order to generalize the concept. To discuss in detail, whether people from different parts of china consider this animosity against Japanese products or not. In addition, this study also highlighted a new construct i.e. perceived quality. What will happen if a Chinese consumer have to decide between animosity and better quality of Japanese product? To conduct this investigation, the study is undertaken in China where the Chinese consumers’ animosity towards the Japanese was examined. The data with a usable sample size of 435 were collected in the Chinese city of Nanjing. Findings of the study revealed that, people in china still have high level of animosity towards Japanese products. And even at times, products with high quality are being ignored because of its Japanese background. Most important and consistent to current literature, results showed that, consumer animosity as a higher order construct which is indicated by economic animosity and war animosity. Those parts of china where we found an extreme animosity, ethnocentrism couldn’t play a significant role to affect the other constructs in the animosity model. Animosity can be a result of any event or mishap, but will it stay the same after so many years? irrespective of the quality of product, this is what, this paper tends to highlight.

Ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) imaging is a widely used technique to analyze encapsulant discoloration, which is one of the prominent degradation modes in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Conventionally, UVF is done during nighttime or in a dark room, but performing UVF imaging during nighttime causes several inconveniences including safety due to snakes and other animals and inconvenient scheduling issues for the plant owners. Similarly, performing UVF imaging indoors requires dismounting the modules from the racks and moving them to the laboratory, which are labor-intensive and time-consuming tasks and could damage the module or may cause the energy loss due to partial/complete plant/array shutdown. Moreover, the manufacturer/installer warranty may be voided if the modules are removed from the racks. An outdoor UVF setup that can be used during the daylight can be a better alternative to the indoor or nighttime setup, provided it ensures there is no leakage of ambient light into the covered testing structure. We propose a unique, portable, and user-friendly outdoor UVF setup design that can tackle the issue of the ambient light leaking in, give uniform UV light, and provide enough room to accommodate the UV light source and camera to capture module images. We also classify the encapsulant discoloration into three classes depending on the discoloration intensity level. Furthermore, using the image processing technique, the percentage of browning was calculated in each cell/module.

In this systematic review, we anticipated in summarizing clinical features, histopathological hallmarks, and possible pathology behind the maculopapular skin eruptions occurring in Covid‐19 patients. A literature search was executed using MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases for articles published till 20 November 2020. All eligible articles including observational studies, case reports, and case series reporting the maculopapular skin lesion in Covid‐19 patients were included. Data were obtained for 354 Covid‐19 patients presenting with maculopapular lesions from 40 studies. The mean age of these patients was 53 years, and with 42% of them being male. These maculopapular lesions differed considerably in terms of distribution and appearance, ranging from diffuse erythematous maculopapular lesions to scattered erythematous macules coalescing into papules to maculopapular lesions in plaques. The mean duration of the lesion was 8 days. These lesions were frequently localized on trunks and extremities. Superficial perivascular dermatitis with lymphocytic infiltrate was a histopathological hallmark of these lesions. As these skin lesions may have a possible association with diagnosis, management, prognosis, and severity of the disease, all health practitioners need to be well acquainted with these Covid‐19 skin lesions. Also, in the middle of this worldwide pandemic, early identification of this eruption may help manage this infection's further spread.

Liver tumor segmentation is the most significant and challenging task due to high variation in size, location, depth of tumor and intimate boundaries of other organs around the liver. Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the liver differ in size and other parameters, including the number of layers in each CT scan. Thus, liver CT scans from different parameters make it a challenging task. Thus, we propose an efficient liver tumor segmentation method with Mask Region-Convolutional Neural Network (Mask-RCNN) with resnet 101 as the backboneto come upwith these challenges. The proposed method based on the Mask-RCNN approach effectively identifies tumor in liver through generating proposals about the tumor region. The proposed method converts CT volumes to normalized CT image slices in preprocessing step to get a cardinal outline of liver. Then normalized CT images are feed to resnet 101 for feature extraction. Then finally, Mask-RCNN is appliedto segment tumors in the liver. Our experiment dataset comprises 130 CT scans of different patients taken from different clinical sites, and it is freely available atLiTS challenge website. The proposed method is trained on converted CT image slices. Our proposed method hasimproved the segmentation rate by providing segmentation accuracy with average dice coefficient, JC, VOE and RVD of 0.95, 0.41, 0.12, and 0.15, respectively and lesser training time due to converted CT image slices instead of training on CT volumes.

Introduction Oil body (OB), a subcellular organelle that stores oil in plant seeds, is considered a new transdermal drug delivery system. With the increasing understanding of the OB and its main protein (oleosin), numerous studies have been conducted on OB as "carrier" for the expression of exogenous proteins. In our previous study, oil body fused with aFGF (OLAF) was obtained using a plant oil body expression system, that had been preliminarily proven to be effective in accelerating the healing of skin wounds. However, no dermal toxicological information on OLAF is available. Objective To ensure the dermal safety of OLAF, a series of tests (the acute dermal toxicity test, 21-day repeat dermal toxicity test, dermal irritation test and skin sensitization test) were conducted after optimizing the extraction protocol of OLAF. Materials and methods To improve the extraction rate of OLAF, response surface methodology (RSM) was first employed to optimize the extraction conditions. Then, Wistar rats were exposed to OLAF (400 mg·kg-1 body weight) in two different ways (6 hours/time for 24 hours and 1 time/day for 21 days) to evaluate the acute dermal toxicity and 21-day repeated dermal toxicity of OLAF. In the acute dermal toxicity test, clinical observations were conducted to evaluate the toxicity, behaviour, and health of the animals for 14 consecutive days. Similarly, the clinical signs, body weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, histopathological changes and other indicators were also detected during the 21 day administration. For the dermal irritation test, single and multiple doses of OLAF (125 mg·kg-1 body weight) were administered to albino rabbits for 14 days (1 time/day). The irritation reaction on the skin of each albino rabbit was recorded and scored. Meanwhile, skin sensitization to OLAF was conducted using guinea pigs for a period of 28 days. Results Suitable extraction conditions for OLAF (PBS concentration 0.01, pH of PBS 8.6, solid-liquid ratio 1:385 g·mL-1) were obtained using RSM. Under these conditions, the extraction rate and particle size of OLAF were 7.29% and 1290 nm, respectively. In the tests of acute dermal toxicity and 21-day repeated dermal toxicity, no mortality or significant differences were observed in terms of clinical signs, body weight, haematological parameters, biochemical parameters and anatomopathological analysis. With respect to the dermal irritation test and skin sensitization test, no differences in erythema, oedema or other abnormalities were observed between treatment and control groups on gross and histopathological examinations. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that OLAF does not cause obvious toxicity, skin sensitization or irritation in animals.

In the last few decades, various scientific and technological developments in the fermentation process have significantly contributed to the progress of the ethanol industry worldwide. These major contributions have expanded our view about fermentation in first- and second-generation ethanol production. Currently, advanced technologies are available to produce ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as sugarcane, sugar beet, corn, and other feedstocks. The LCB is composed of various 5- (e.g., arabinose and xylose) and 6- (e.g., glucose, galactose, and mannose) carbon sugars. The efficiency of ethanol processing needs to be enhanced further to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. Conventional genome modification techniques like mutation and selection are being extensively employed to over-produce ethanol through microbial fermentation. In addition to conventional techniques, this chapter evaluates the potential application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated genome engineering of potential microbes for enhanced ethanol efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 is a groundbreaking technology and has engineered microbial genomes for desirable traits in an efficient and advanced way. Genome alterations of various microbes including bacteria, fungi, algae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been accomplished through this technique for various applications. In this chapter, we summarized the major discoveries of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in microorganisms and deliberate how these discoveries can be utilized for the sustainability and enhancement of ethanol production.

The rapid development in the industrial sector has caused severe damage to the environment, which resulted in the occurrence of catastrophic disasters of high magnitude on earth. Moreover, the efforts for providing better early warnings and rescue operations during and after the disasters largely depend on communication protocol utilized for disaster management. Therefore, researchers are working to devise an efficient communication protocol for detection and communication of disasters. The communication protocol must comprise a methodology to transmit images of the disaster site effectively and facilitates communication between disaster site and disaster management centers. Presently, the disaster management is performed using terrestrial networks (using the Internet and mobile networks), space-ground networks (using satellites in different orbits), and air-ground networks (using Un-manned Aerial Vehicle and airships). Besides, the utilization of all devices in space, air, and ground can help to enhance the services for disaster management. In this work, Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) is proposed to be used for disaster management. Moreover, a framework is proposed for the realization of the enhanced services using Internet Protocol (IP) for the detection and communication of disasters. Also, a comparison with the presently deployed networks is provided for comparison of services provided for disaster management.

The satellite networks are used for technological enhancement in many fields including mobile communication (i.e. 5G technology). Similarly, the aviation industry is in process of adopting the satellite network for effective and efficient air traffic control for enhancing the safety of passengers and aircrafts. Recently, the space-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system is introduced for aviation industry as an advancement of existing radar-based surveillance. Moreover, this system has its limitations such as inefficient satellite network utilization, global adaptability, and many more; which advocates its ineffectiveness as an efficient surveillance system. The challenges faced by the aviation industry can be resolved by using heterogeneous networks such as the Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN). Therefore, in this work, challenges faced by aviation industry and lagging in current and under-development systems are discussed, besides, a framework based on SAGIN is proposed for air traffic control. Moreover, the Satellite Communication Protocol Specifications (SCPS) is proposed for air traffic control communication and the proposed framework is simulated.

The need to explore outer and deep space and make it more beneficial for mankind is emphasized in the space industry. But such exploration missions demand intensive attitude control even under a harsh and challenging environment. Due to these external interruptions, the actuators installed at the spacecraft may suffer degradation in its performance with time and may cause partial or complete mission failure. This paper presents a fixed-time robust, yet simple, passive fault-tolerant control for a class of rigid spacecraft with partial loss of actuator effectiveness, external disturbance, and inertial uncertainties. A quaternion presents the spacecraft's attitude dynamics. The error trajectories of angular velocity and attitude are made to converge rapidly to a smaller region around the equilibrium in a fixed time. The trajectories then asymptotically converge to equilibrium. Simulation results endorse the effectiveness of the presented robust fixed-time passive fault-tolerant controller.

The increase in the flow of information and high-speed communication has compelled researchers to use satellite networks for different applications. The satellite networks comprise different satellites in different orbits that require the data security algorithms for the providing security and privacy of consumers' information. The data security primarily consists of data confidentiality service, which is provided by data encryption algorithms. The data encryption algorithm for example AES algorithm is utilized in many applications, including the satellites. The challenges for AES algorithm utilization in satellite applications are high-speed computation, lightweight implementation, and catering the radiations in the space environment. In this work, optimizations are proposed for coping with the challenges in a data encryption algorithm for the space environment. Also, the high-throughput optimization for the AES algorithm is realized on FPGA, and it equated with previous work. Moreover, the recent security attacks, for instance the nonce misuse attack is challenging for the security of encryption algorithms. The high-throughput optimized encryption algorithm protects against the recent attacks by the modifications in the AES algorithm. Moreover, the security analysis is provided against the latest attacks for the validation of high-throughput optimizations.

Boxer's fracture is the fifth metacarpal neck fracture resulting from direct trauma to the clenched fist. Worldwide, this type of fracture is the most typical presentation to emergency departments. The management of fifth metacarpal fractures varies from one setting to another. Conservative management is the preferred option for closed, non-angulated, non-malrotated fractures while open fractures, significant angulation, rotational deformity, and intra-articular extension are recognised indications for surgical intervention. The scope of this article covers the results of a literature review examining the management strategies for such fractures.

Ganglioneuroblastoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma (GN) are the tumors that arise from the neural crest cells. Of these, GN has the most benign origin without metastatic potential. The most common sites of their origin are the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Although the imaging studies, including CT, are available to detect these tumors, the definitive diagnosis can only be made by histological examination. We present a case of a 40-year-old woman with a retroperitoneal GN causing longstanding, gradually increasing, uncontrolled abdominal pain due to its pressure effect on the pancreas, duodenum, and right kidney with the displacement of the inferior vena cava. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, and the mass was removed. Histopathology confirmed the benign nature of the mass (a GN). These tumors are rarely malignant and mostly asymptomatic. However, in our case, abdominal pain was affecting the patient's life. After a discussion with the patient, an elective surgical procedure was performed, and the patient was symptom-free postoperatively and able to resume her regular routine.

Objective This study aimed to test the hypothesis that levobupivacaine has anti-tumour effects on breast cancer cells Results Colony formation and transwell assay were used to determine breast cancer cells proliferation, whereas flow Cytometry (annexin V and PI staining) was used to investigate breast cancer cells apoptosis. The effects of levobupivacaine on cellular signalling and molecular response were studied with Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and western blot. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by cell viability, morphological changes showed cell shrinkage, rounding, and detachments from plates. The results of the western blot and qPCR indicated activation of Caspase-3 and inhibition of FOXO1. The results of the flow Cytometry confirmed that levobupivacaine inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot analysis showed increased p21 and decreased cyclin D. However, the qPCR and western blot analysis showed that levobupivacaine significantly increased Bax expression, accompanied by a significant decreased Bcl₂ expression and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. These findings suggested that levobupivacaine inhibits proliferation and promotes breast cancer cells apoptosis in vitro.

This study presents a comparative analysis of selected parameters of existing formal and informal Public Transport (PT) modes being operated on three different types of fuels. The performance of PT modes is analysed on fuel consumption, capacity, transportation cost, and emissions resulting from these modes. The required data were collected using route-check survey method and conducting a questionnaire-based survey from drivers and operators of these modes. Furthermore, the performance of proposed buses for an under-construction BRT corridor is also evaluated and compared with the existing PT modes. The comparative analysis of the existing PT modes in Karachi shows that CNG operated PT modes are economically more efficient, which caused the conversion of diesel engines of buses and minibuses to CNG fuelled-engines. The study, for the first time, evaluates and compares the performance of informal PT mode (chingchi) with other modes of PT. Results show that the PT modes with less capacity, such as chingchi, should be discouraged due to their comparatively lower performance on the selected parameters. This study can be used by the authorities to analyze the performance of existing modes and prioritize the PT modes for future planning.

Nearly 7% of the world’s population lives with a hemoglobin variant. Hemoglobins S, C, and E are the most common and significant hemoglobin variants worldwide. Sickle cell disease, caused by hemoglobin S, is highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and in tribal populations of Central India. Hemoglobin C is common in West Africa, and hemoglobin E is common in Southeast Asia. Screening for significant hemoglobin disorders is not currently feasible in many low-income countries with the high disease burden. Lack of early diagnosis leads to preventable high morbidity and mortality in children born with hemoglobin variants in low-resource settings. Here, we describe HemeChip, the first miniaturized, paper-based, microchip electrophoresis platform for identifying the most common hemoglobin variants easily and affordably at the point-of-care in low-resource settings. HemeChip test works with a drop of blood. HemeChip system guides the user step-by-step through the test procedure with animated on-screen instructions. Hemoglobin identification and quantification is automatically performed, and hemoglobin types and percentages are displayed in an easily understandable, objective way. We show the feasibility and high accuracy of HemeChip via testing 768 subjects by clinical sites in the United States, Central India, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. Validation studies include hemoglobin E testing in Bangkok, Thailand, and hemoglobin S testing in Chhattisgarh, India, and in Kano, Nigeria, where the sickle cell disease burden is the highest in the world. Tests were performed by local users, including healthcare workers and clinical laboratory personnel. Study design, methods, and results are presented according to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD). HemeChip correctly identified all subjects with hemoglobin S, C, and E variants with 100% sensitivity, and displayed an overall diagnostic accuracy of 98.4% in comparison to reference standard methods. HemeChip is a versatile, mass-producible microchip electrophoresis platform that addresses a major unmet need of decentralized hemoglobin analysis in resource-limited settings.

It has been observed that there is an increasing trend of implementing Lean Techniques as a whole in general and Kanban in particular in the software development process all across the globe to reap the proclaimed advantages of these techniques as documented in the available literature and verified by the Lean practitioners. The main goal of this paper is to highlight the present state of implementation and usage of Kanban techniques in the software development process, its obtained and to-be-obtained benefits, challenges that are being faced by the software development companies and the reason(s) of motivation that compels the organization to adopt Kanban technique. Furthermore, the solutions for challenges identified during the study will also be suggested. In order to achieve this, an empirical study has been conducted encompassing a survey followed by complementing thematic interview sessions with 241 employees of 67 software companies of Pakistan. The companies involved in the empirical study have reasonable years of experience in practicing Agile and Lean techniques. Generally, the obtained results depict that the usage of Kanban techniques is rather positive and appreciative; however, the challenges that are being faced in Kanban adoption are lack of specialized training and experience pertaining to its usage and a too conventional organizational culture.

The concept of augmented reality markerless tracking is introduced. This concept provides a flexible and practical framework and is especially relevant for video game augmented reality applications. Markerless AR has been comprised of the universal communal. Markerless augmented reality is the encounter proficiency that’s now prepared for the primary time. The perception of this report is that the handler’s aspect at the live appearance of the camera of their portable phone in three dimensional and the passage that they see that is the certainty is developed by assimilated three- dimensional virtual objects. Augmented reality games have the authority to outspread virtual gaming into real-world circumstances with real people, while improving the senses of the user. This paper designates the AR-zombie game established with the purpose of detected and unindustrialized mobile augmented reality submissions, precisely for gaming, using ground plane detection collaboration techniques. The objective of the AR zombie player is to kill zombies that are identified through the demonstration of the device. Instead of using indicators as a mean of tracking zombies, this game integrates a ground plane detection system, which will augment the user experience by improving the interface of performers with the real world. As the player travels around the environment, the game will show virtual zombies on the display if the detected ground plane is predictable as belonging to the class of the zombies. AR zombie was tested with users to evaluate the interaction with the real world and its types of tracks were evaluated concerning the presentation to confirm a better gaming familiarity.

In this advanced time, innovations have been indulged deeply and has brought draconian change in one’s lifestyle, adding with it the current era of technologies-network connectivity and Wi-Fi connections has raised an extensive platform which has risen to on-demand services like Ridesharing. Being inclined by the Ridesharing /Carpooling App-based services such as Easy Taxi, Metro Cab, etc. which superintends bookings by means of Request. Uber, one of the most leading competitors in the ridesharing business have grabbed a traction on the market and serving citizens effectively but the underlying contest is none of them workings contained by a distinct association. Therefore, we have portrayed the concept of ridesharing for an organization, an IOS Application version 12.3.1, XCode 9 as an IDE for the coding of the Application. For our endeavor contemplating the present database which will be administered across MySQL and Firebase for real-time that supports student/teachers to acquiesce their request and within moments unites you with the driver. Front-end devised on WordPress and Servers will be connected using PHP Web Servers. We are considering Algorithms of Careem, Uber for supervision of the ride’s charge and the perception of E-Wallet has also been gathered whose set of rules will be designed. We hope to lay such a groundwork to make better appreciate that how this alternative can diminish the proportion of transit systems and upcoming augmentations may start it on Android Application with more upgradations.