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Exogenous protease has formed part of several commercial enzyme admixtures for the past 15–20 years but has become available as a mono-component enzyme only in the last 5–10 years (Cowieson and Adeola, 2005; Fru-Nji et al., 2011). As part of an enzyme admixture (often also containing various carbohydrases and/or phytase) it is difficult to separate the contributions of the component parts and the efficacy of each has implicit rather than explicit value. However, the effectiveness of mono-component enzymes can be readily assessed under different production and nutritional circumstances and their complementarity with alternative enzymes is readily rendered transparent. The motivation for the use of exogenous protease in non-ruminant nutrition is typically the reduction of feed cost at constant animal performance. This objective is usually achieved via displacement of expensive protein/amino acid sources in the diet through the assignment of a nutrient matrix on the enzyme in least cost formulation. Recently attention has moved from this classical approach to protease application to so-called ‘extra-proteinaceous’ effects including environmental benefits, litter management, enteric resilience, uniformity and microbial stability. Whilst these ‘secondary’ effects may not be the principal motivator for the use of proteases in animal production they are increasingly visible and require explanation. Furthermore, these responses, if understood, allow positive translation to production metrics such as reduced FCR and improved weight gain. It is the purpose of this review to briefly summarise the current state of the art in mono-component exogenous protease use in non-ruminants and to suggest mechanisms whereby the ‘extra-proteinaceous’ effects may be explained. Finally, key diet/animal factors that may promote beneficial effects of exogenous protease on live performance will be discussed.

Summary. MonoFIX-VF, a monocomponent factor IX concentrate, has replaced the use of Prothrombinex-HT as the treatment of choice for patients with factor IX deficiency in Australia. The haemostatic effect of MonoFIX-VF, administered by continuous infusion, was assessed in four subjects being treated for 10 bleeding episodes including five surgical procedures. MonoFIX-VF was found to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with haemophilia B.

Powder characteristics of toner play an important role in the image quality and the durability of toner in the electrophotographic non-magnetic mono-component development process. The influence of particle additives on the ghost images is investigated by using large and amall size additives. The fluidity of toner without the small size additive is so low that short supply of the toner to the supply roller causes ghost images. The toner without the large size additive has slightly lower durability but excellent fluidity. The slightly lower fluidity of the toner with both large and amall additives reduces the toner mass-to-area ratio on the development roller by the printing history right before, while the toner does not bring about ghost images. It is concluded that the use of two kinds of particle additives, large and small sizes, and the optimization of the amount of additives prevent the ghost images.

The authors focus on the effects of contaminants on the uniformity of the toner layers resulting from the direct observation of the toner flow and metering phenomena. The authors have improved earlier observation methods to observe directly and analyze the toner transportation and toner behavior in the layer thickness control area. Using the improved method, they have experimented with the various kinds of toner transportations and layer thickness control systems. They concentrated on disruption of toner layers by contaminant infiltration and found that static toner and friction force against the toner on the developing sleeve are most important in preventing a contaminant from entering the metering area. Based on these results, they found a highly stable layer-forming method, called the contact blade method. which minimizes the effects of infiltration by contaminants. >

In this paper, we will give a survey on adaptive Fourier decompositions (AFDs) in one- and multi-dimensions. Theoretical formulations of three different types of AFDs in one-dimension, viz., Core AFD, Cyclic AFD in conjunction with best rational approximation and Unwending AFD are provided.

Lettre a l'editeur: l'insuline, per se, n'est pas antigenique mais c'est la pro-insuline contenue dans les preparations d'insuline non monocomposee qui pre-sensibilise les lymphocytes de ces patients diabetiques