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ObjetiveTo address the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and the evolutionary profile of immune compounds in breastmilk of positive mothers according to time and disease state.MethodsForty-five women with term pregnancies with confirmed non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (case group), and 96 SARS-CoV-2 negative women in identical conditions (control group) were approached, using consecutive sample. Weekly (1st to 5th week postpartum) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in nasopharyngeal swabs (cases) and breastmilk (cases and controls) were obtained. Concentration of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in breastmilk (cases and controls) were determined at 1st and 5th week post-partum.ResultsThirty-seven (study group) and 45 (control group) women were enrolled. Symptomatic infection occurred in 56.8% of women in the study group (48% fever, 48% anosmia, 43% cough). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not found in breastmilk samples. Concentrations of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α) chemokines (eotaxin, IP-10, MIP-1α, and RANTES) and growth factors (FGF, GM-CSF, IL7, and PDGF-BB) were higher in breastmilk of the study compared with the control group at 1st week postpartum. Immune compounds concentrations decreased on time, particularly in the control group milk samples. Time of nasopharyngeal swab to become negative influenced the immune compound concentration pattern. Severity of disease (symptomatic or asymptomatic infection) did not affect the immunological profile in breast milk.ConclusionsThis study confirms no viral RNA and a distinct immunological profile in breastmilk according to mother’s SARS-CoV-2 status. Additional studies should address whether these findings indicate efficient reaction against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be suitable to protect the recipient child.

[ES] La infección en el recién nacido puede adquirirse a través del canal del parto por colonización materna, como la infección neonatal precoz por Streptococcus agalactiae, o por adquisición a través de la placenta, líquido amniótico o productos del parto. Tras el parto, el recién nacido que precisa ingreso hospitalario puede adquirir infecciones nosocomiales durante su estancia y de forma excepcional, a través de la lactancia, por mastitis infecciosa o por incorrecta manipulación de la leche materna propia o donada de bancos de leche, lo que no obliga a suspender la lactancia en la mayoría de las ocasiones pero sí a establecer un tratamiento. Por los motivos expuestos es necesario establecer un correcto diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones perinatales, especialmente relevantes en el recién nacido pretérmino de bajo o muy bajo peso con una elevada mortalidad., [EN] The newborn may acquire infections during delivery due to maternal colonization of the birth canal, by microorganisms such as Streptococcus agalactiae that caused early neonatal infection, or acquisition through the placenta, amniotic fluid or birth products. After birth, the newborn that needs hospitalization can develop nosocomial infections during their care and exceptionally through lactation by infectious mastitis or incorrect handling of human milk, which does not require to stop breastfeeding in most cases. It is important and necessary to perform microbiological diagnosis for the correct treatment of perinatal infections, especially relevant in preterm infants with low or very low weight with high mortality rates.

This paper focuses upon the development of three new electronic architectures of inference engines as a part of a hardware expert system applied to very high-speed faults detection in industrial processes. The architecture of this expert system consists of an inference engine (a dedicated processor that is necessary due to the high-speed requirements and the repetitiveness of the operation), which uses a pattern-directed inference system; a fact base, which stores the status of the signals at each moment, and a static knowledge base, which contains the inference rules compiled from expert knowledge. A circuit for analyzing time is also presented. This allows time to be taken as another variable of the process and carries out a redundancy analysis simultaneously with the fault detection module.