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Traffic accidents leave lifelong after-effects and if the victim is disabled, they produce a production loss due to the differential in income that will be lost. This average value is very divergent in European countries, although there is consensus on cost components and valuation methods. However, many countries have legally standardised financial compensation so that it is calculated objectively and equitably for all those affected. This paper sets out the procedure for standardising the lost production cost of incapacitated road accident victims. An actuarial methodology relating to known inputs (age and salary) is used to obtain economic compensation for lost productivity. General principles and hypotheses are provided, and cases that require particular valuation are located. The standard cost thus calculated allows a homogeneous, fair and equitable compensation for all those involved in similar circumstances.

The facultative lagoon hydrodynamics has been evaluated using computational fluid dynamics tools, however, little progress has been made in describing the transport of suspended solids within these systems, and their effects on fluid hydrodynamics. Traditionally, CFD models have been built using pure water. In this sense, the novelty in this study was to evaluate the influence of suspended solids transport on the hydrodynamics of an facultative lagoon. Two three-dimensional CFD models were developed, a single-phase model (pure water) and a two-phase model (water and suspended solids), for a conventional FL in Ginebra, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Model results were compared with experimental tracer studies, displaying different tracer dispersion characteristics. Differences in the fluid velocity field were identified when suspended solids were added to the simulation. The fluid velocities in the single-phase model were greater than the fluid velocities obtained in the two-phase model, (0.127 m·s−1 and 0.115 m·s−1, respectively). Additionally, the dispersion number of each model showed that the single-phase model (0.478) exhibited a better behavior of complete mixing reactor than the two-phase model (0.403). These results can be attributed to the effect of the drag and slip forces of the solids on the velocity of the fluid. In conclusion, the fluid of FL in these models is better represented as a two-phase fluid in which the particle–fluid interactions are represented by drag and slip forces.

This paper presents our analysis of a complete financial data set on the population of Spanish deposit institutions for the last credit cycle. This information is combined with details about the characteristics of the corporate governance of the banks. Our results show that in a context of rapid credit growth (2002–2007), only financial institutions managed with political criteria have eventually experienced serious solvency problems (2008–2017) and have finally had to be bailed out with public resources. These results are particularly relevant for the establishment of appropriate prudential policies in countries where a government-owned banking system still exists.

To detect potentially curable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), clinical practice guidelines recommend semiannual surveillance US of the liver in adult patients at risk for developing this malignancy, such as those with cirrhosis and some patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. However, cirrhosis and a large body habitus, both of which are increasingly prevalent in the United States and the rest of the world, may impair US visualization of liver lesions and reduce the sensitivity of surveillance with this modality. The low sensitivity of US for detection of early-stage HCC contributes to delayed diagnosis and increased mortality. Abbreviated MRI, a shortened MRI protocol tailored for early-stage detection of HCC, has been proposed as an alternative surveillance option that provides high sensitivity and specificity. Abbreviated MRI protocols include fewer sequences than a complete multiphase MRI examination and are specifically designed to identify small potentially curable HCCs that may be missed at US. Three abbreviated MRI strategies have been studied: (a) nonenhanced, (b) dynamic contrast material–enhanced, and (c) hepatobiliary phase contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI. Retrospective studies have shown that simulated abbreviated MRI provides high sensitivity and specificity for early-stage HCC, mostly in nonsurveillance cohorts. If it is supported by scientific evidence in surveillance populations, adoption of abbreviated MRI could advance clinical practice by increasing early detection of HCC, allowing effective treatment and potentially prolonging life in the growing number of individuals with this cancer. Online supplemental material is available for this article. (©)RSNA, 2020

Lipoproteins are specialized particles involved in the transport and distribution of hydrophobic lipids, as cholesterol and triglycerides, throughout the body. The lipoproteins exhibit a basic spherical shape as complexes of lipids and proteins, and these latter are known as apolipoproteins. Initially, the proteins associated with lipoproteins were recognized as integral or peripheral proteins that only maintain the dynamics and metabolism of lipoproteins. However, there exist many studies on different lipoproteins evidencing that the quantity and type of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-associated proteins are diverse and could be associated with different lipoprotein function outcomes. Here, we summarized recent processes in the determination of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-associated proteins profiles through a proteomic approach, analyzing the major methods available and are used to achieve this. We also discuss the relevance of these lipoproteomic analyses on the human disease outcomes.

Phase Entropy (PhEn) was recently introduced for evaluating the nonlinear features of physiological time series. PhEn has been demonstrated to be a robust approach in comparison to other entropy-based methods to achieve this goal. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the nonlinear features of raw electrohysterogram (EHG) time series collected from women at the third trimester of pregnancy (TT) and later during term active parturition (P) by PhEn. We collected 10-min longitudinal transabdominal recordings of 24 low-risk pregnant women at TT (from 35 to 38 weeks of pregnancy) and P (&gt, 39 weeks of pregnancy). We computed the second-order difference plots (SODPs) for the TT and P stages, and we evaluated the PhEn by modifying the k value, a coarse-graining parameter. Our results pointed out that PhEn in TT is characterized by a higher likelihood of manifesting nonlinear dynamics compared to the P condition. However, both conditions maintain percentages of nonlinear series higher than 66%. We conclude that the nonlinear features appear to be retained for both stages of pregnancy despite the uterine and cervical reorganization process that occurs in the transition from the third trimester to parturition.

IntroductionThe fetal cardio-electrohysterographic coupling (FCEC) is defined as the influence of the uterine electrical activity on fetal heart rate. FCEC has been mainly evaluated by visual analysis of cardiotocographic data during labor; however, this physiological phenomenon is poorly explored during the antenatal period. Here we propose an approach known as Bivariate Phase-Rectified Signal Averaging analysis (BPRSA) to assess such FCEC in the late third trimester of low-risk pregnancies. We hypothesized that BPRSA is a more reliable measure of FCEC than visual analysis and conventional measures such as cross-correlation, coherence, and cross-sample entropy. Additionally, by using BPRSA it is possible to detect FCEC even from the third trimester of pregnancy.Material and methodsHealthy pregnant women in the last third trimester of pregnancy (36.6 ± 1.8 gestational weeks) without any clinical manifestation of labor were enrolled in the Maternal and Childhood Research Center (CIMIGen), Mexico City (n = 37). Ten minutes of maternal electrohysterogram (EHG) and fetal heart rate (FHR) data were collected by a transabdominal non-invasive device. The FCEC was quantified by the coefficient of coherence, the maximum normalized cross-correlation, and the cross-sample entropy obtained either from the EHG and FHR raw signals or from the corresponding BPRSA graphs.ResultsWe found that by using BPRSA, the FCEC was detected in 92% cases (34/37) compared to 48% cases (18/37) using the coefficient of coherence between the EHG and FHR raw signals. Also, BPRSA indicated FCEC in 82% cases (30/37) compared to 30% cases (11/37) using the maximum normalized cross-correlation. By comparing the analyses, the BPRSA evidenced higher FCEC in comparison to the coupling estimated from the raw EHG and FHR signals.ConclusionsOur results support the consideration that in the third trimester of pregnancy, the fetal heart rate is also influenced by uterine activity despite the emerging manifestation of this activity before labor. To quantify FCEC, the BPRSA can be applied to FHR and EHG transabdominal signals acquired in the third trimester of pregnancy.

There is a growing interest in investigating maternal-fetal cardiac coupling (MFCC) to identify the physiological processes involved in fetal development and well-being during pregnancy. No evidence of MFCC has been reported during active labor, a critical stage at the end of pregnancy for the mother-child binomial. Therefore, this exploratory study compares the short-term MFCC between nonlaboring and laboring women by applying nonlinear joint symbolic dynamics (JSD). Forty-four pairs of maternal-fetal RR interbeat intervals series were longitudinally analyzed during the third trimester of pregnancy (TT, 36.5 ±1.7 weeks of gestation) and later at active parturition at term (P, 39.4 ±1.2 weeks gestation), corresponding to low-risk pregnant women (N=22). For each pair of maternal-fetal interbeat intervals series at TT and P, a word distribution density matrix was calculated to assess general and partial coupling behavior. The JSD approach revealed changes in the MFCC, permitting the identification of differences between the TT and P conditions (p Our results show short-term MFCC increments at P, probably influenced by the effects of the intense uterine contractile activity and other interactions on both fetal and maternal heart rhythm fluctuations. We conjecture that JSD analysis of maternal and fetal heart rate during labor may be appropriate for monitoring physiological mechanisms involved in the mother-child binomial.

Background Recent findings concerning oxytocin indicate its anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and parasympathetic modulating properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of systemically applied oxytocin on the cardiorespiratory activity in a rodent model of moderate endotoxemia. Methods Telemetrically recorded electrocardiogram (ECGs) from animals which received lipopolysaccharide (LPS); oxytocin (Ox); lipopolysaccharide + oxytocin (LPS + Ox), or vehicle (V) were analyzed using the ECG-derived respiration (EDR) technique to estimate the respiratory rate. The mean R–R interval and the spectral parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), such as the natural logarithm of the high frequency (lnHF) and low frequency (lnLF) components were also estimated up to 24 h after treatment. Results The endotoxemic animals (LPS) showed an elevated respiratory rate as well as a reduced mean R–R interval, lnHF and lnLF components compared to controls (V) from +5 to +12 h after the treatment. The administration of oxytocin significantly attenuated the hyperventilation produced by the LPS-induced endotoxemia (LPS + Ox) and restored the values of the mean R–R interval and such spectral parameters at different time points. Conclusions Our results support the existence of a link among the respiratory, cardiovascular, and immune systems in which oxytocin seems to act as a potential cardioprotective peptide by favoring cardiac cholinergic autonomic coupling. As a result, oxytocin diminished animal’s endotoxemic tachypnea and restored the cardiorespiratory interactions, which was indicated by the spectral components of HRV.

Labor is regarded as increased myometrial activity with a regular contractility pattern. At this final stage of pregnancy, myometrial quiescence is lost, accompanied by altered immune homeostasis. It is well known that the interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines modulates immunological responses mainly in epithelial cells, including the endometrium. To investigate their inflammatory profile during labor, we performed a longitudinal study in a group of healthy pregnant women (n = 20) with uncomplicated pregnancies in the third trimester of pregnancy and during active labor. Blood was sampled from pregnant women in the third trimester (gestational age 32-38 weeks, mean 36 ± 2 weeks) and during active labor (39-41 weeks of gestation, mean 40 ± 1 weeks). Serum levels of several cytokines were measured using multiplex immunoassays for both stages, indicating that the concentrations of IL-10, IL-20, IL-22, IL-28A, and interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly decreased during active labor in comparison with third-trimester levels (p < 0.05). Our analysis did not find significant correlations between IL-10, IL-20, IL-22, IL-28A, and IFN-γ levels and gestational age. However, our data suggest that the systemic downregulation of several members of the IL-10 family of cytokines plays an important role in the activation of myometrial smooth cells associated with uterine contractions during active labor. Downregulation of this IL-10 family of cytokines seems to coincide with the well-reported functional progesterone withdrawal during labor. Likewise, lower plasma IFN-γ concentrations may indicate a role for IFN-γ in active labor.

Besides the well-known roles of oxytocin on birth, maternal bonding, and lactation, recent evidence shows that this hypothalamic hormone possesses cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and parasympathetic neuromodulation properties. In this study, we explore the heart rate fluctuations (HRF) in an endotoxemic rodent model that was accompanied by the administration of exogenous oxytocin. The assessment of HRF has been widely used as an indirect measure of the cardiac autonomic function. In this context, adult male Dark Agouti rats were equipped with a telemetric transmitter to continuously and remotely measure the electrocardiogram, temperature, and locomotion. In a between-subjects experimental design, rats received the following peripheral treatment: saline solution as a vehicle (V); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); oxytocin (Ox); lipopolysaccharide + oxytocin (LPS+Ox). Linear and non-linear parameters of HRF were estimated starting 3h before to 24h after treatments. Our results showed that exogenous oxytocin does not modify by itself the HRF of oxytocin-treated rats in comparison to vehicle-treated rats. However, in animals undergoing endotoxemia it: a) provokes a less anticorrelated pattern in HRF, b) decreased mean heart rate, c) moderated the magnitude and duration of the LPS-induced hyperthermia, and d) increased locomotion, up to 6h after the LPS injection. The less anticorrelated pattern in the HRF and decreased mean heart rate may reflect a cardiac pacemaker coupling with cholinergic influences mediated by oxytocin during LPS-induced endotoxemia. Finally, the anti-lethargic and long-term temperature moderating effects of the administration of oxytocin during endotoxemia could be a consequence of the systemic anti-inflammatory properties of oxytocin.

The reasons for the strong rise in the securitization phenomenon up until the start of the “subprime crisis” need to be analysed. According to many authors, they mainly stem from its offering the possibility of generating fixed yield securities with the highest rating and a low risk premium, thanks to the issues being structured in differentiated bond series, so that certain series absorb most of the risk, thus facilitating the safer or “senior” tranches having a higher rating. Accordingly, this paper reviews the literature on the factors underlying the generation of differentiated tranches in this type of issues and regarding the determining factors ofthe yield offered by securitization issues. It concludes thatthe search for more complete markets, along with the reducing of problems associated to the moral hazard, are the main reasons for the multi-tranche structuring. And given the strong influence of the number of tranches on the yield offered by the issues, the paper likewise concludes that the multitranche structures has been an efficient tool to place securitization issues with more competitive yields. El fuerte desarrollo experimentado por la titulización hasta la “crisis subprime” y su empleo en la actualidad, requiere analizar sus causas. Y estas residen en la posibilidad de generar títulos de renta fija con la máxima calificación y una baja prima de riesgo, gracias a la estructuración de las emisiones en series diferenciadas de bonos, de forma que ciertas series absorben la mayoría del riesgo, facilitando que los tramos más seguros tengan una alta calificación. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre los factores subyacentes a la generación de tramos y sobre los factores explicativos de la rentabilidad ofrecida por los bonos de titulización. Se concluye que la búsqueda de mercados más completos y la reducción de problemas asociados al riesgo moral, son los motivos principales para la estructuración multitramo. Dada la fuerte influencia del número de tramos sobre la rentabilidad ofrecida por las emisiones, se concluye que las estructuras multitramo han sido una herramienta eficaz para la colocación de bonos con rentabilidades muy competitivas.

Fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) is an essential source of information to monitor fetal well-being during pregnancy. This study aimed to apply a nonlinear approach, known as symbolic dynamics (SD), for comparing human fHRV in the third trimester of pregnancy during active fetal state (TT) and active labor at term (P). We performed a longitudinal, prospective, descriptive, and comparative study composed of 42 longitudinal recordings of 5-minutes of fetal heartbeat interval series. Recordings were collected from 21 low-risk, healthy, pregnant women attending the Maternal and Child Research Center (CIMIGen), Mexico City. We calculated relevant linear parameters of fHRV between TT and P stages, such as the percentage of differences between adjacent RR intervals >5 ms (PRR5, related to vagal modulations) and other SD parameters such as the percentage of no variations between three successive symbols (%0V, reflects sympathetic modulations) and the probability of low variability with a threshold of 4 ms (POLVAR4, associated with a low variability). We identified statistical differences for PRR5 between TT and P (37.13% [28.47–47.60%] vs. 28.84% [19.36–36.76%], p = 0.03), respectively. Also, for 0V% (65.66% [59.01–71.80%] vs. 71.14% [65.94–75.87%], p = 0.03) and for POLVAR4 values (0.06 [0.04–0.11] vs. 0.15 [0.09–0.24], p = 0.002), respectively. Our results indicate that during parturition, the short-term fetal fHRV is decreased, showing a decreased vagal modulations and higher adrenergic response of the heart. These autonomic modifications may result from the fetal response to the stressful inflammatory challenge of labor. We thus confirmed that the analysis of the SD applied to fHRV time series could be a potential clinical biomarker to differentiate the fetal autonomic cardiac condition at different stages of pregnancy., Heliyon, 6 (3)

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been recognised as a non-invasive method for assessing cardiac autonomic regulation. Aiming to characterize HRV changes at labour in women, we studied 10 minute ECG recordings from young mothers ( n = 30) at the third trimester of pregnancy (P) or during augmentation of labour (L) ( n = 30). Data of the L group were collected when no-contractions (L-NC) or the contractile activity (L-C) was manifested. Accordingly, the inter-beat interval (IBI) time series were processed to estimate relevant parameters of HRV such as the mean IBI ( IBI ¯ ), the mean heart rate HR ¯ , the root mean square of successive differences ( RMSSD ) in IBIs, the natural logarithm of high-frequency component ( LnHF ), the short-term scaling parameters from detrended fluctuation and magnitude and sign analyses such as ( α 1 , α 1(MAG) , α 1(SIGN) ), and the sample entropy ( SampEn ). We found statistical differences ( p RMSSD among P and L-NC/L-C groups (25 ± 13 vs. 36 ± 14/34 ± 16 ms) and for LnHF between P and L-NC (5.37 ± 1.15 vs. 6.05 ± 0.86 ms 2 ). Likewise, we identified statistical differences ( p α 1(SIGN ) among P and L-NC/L-C groups (0.19 ± 0.20 vs. 0.32 ± 0.17/0.39 ± 0.13). By contrast, L-NC and L-C groups showed statistical differences ( p α 1(MAG) (0.67 ± 0.12 vs. 0.79 ± 0.12), and SampEn (1.62 ± 0.26 vs. 1.20 ± 0.44). These results suggest that during labour, despite preserving a concomitant non-linear influence, the maternal short-term cardiac autonomic regulation becomes weakly anticorrelated (as indicated by α 1(SIGN) ); furthermore, an increased vagally mediated activity is observed (as indicated by RMSSD and LnHF ), which may reflect a cholinergic pathway activation owing to the use of oxytocin or the anti-inflammatory cholinergic response triggered during labour.

The present study aimed to compare linear and symbolic dynamics (SD) indices for detecting the autonomic cardiac changes produced by endotoxemia in freely-moving rats. In this context, we analyzed ECG-derived R-R time series in freely moving Dark Agouti rats, which received lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n = 9), or vehicle (V, n = 7). Five minutes R-R time series were assessed every hour up to +12 h and + 24 h post-LPS injection. We found that SD indices showed significant differences at +7 h between V vs. LPS groups and at +9 h between basal levels of LPS (−3 h) and post-LPS injection (pre-LPS vs. post-LPS). In general, SD seems more appropriate than linear indices to evaluate the autonomic changes of endotoxemic rats. Overall, the symbolic parameters detected decreased R-R variability and complexity, which indicate a modification of the autonomic regulation during LPS-induced endotoxemia. This modification is probably related to a reduced activity of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway at the long term.

It has been previously showed that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on several experimental inflammation models. However, the effects and mechanism of FBP on Zymosan-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice had not been tested. In this study, our aim was to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of FBP on Zymosan-induced ALI. We found that in vivo treatment with FBP (500 mg/kg i.p.) markedly decreased the nitric oxide (NO) levels in the lungs and significantly reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cell and neutrophil counts and protein exudation after Zymosan challenge. Furthermore, FBP inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities in RAW macrophages. Meanwhile, FBP did not inhibit the cyclooxigenase 2, interleukin-6, and nuclear factor kappa B transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that FBP shows anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting lung edema, NO, and iNOS activities.

[EN] Debt issue credit ratings can lead to conflicts of interest as the issuer itself is entrusted with contracting and compensating the rating agency. Into the bargain, the credit rating agency may be involved in designing the issues that the same agency subsequently rates. Credit rating agencies thus could have incentives to rate issues advantageously. Given the economic importance of this issue, in this paper we have proposed to analyze this phenomenon, known as rating shopping in academic literature, for Spanish market securitization issues for the period of time comprehensive from January 1993 to December 2011. In sum 3,665 published ratings are been analysed, for an issued nominal amount of 791,090 million Euros. The results show an association between the credit rating agency contracted and the mean rating awarded. Significant differences are observed in the ratings associated to the contracting manager (or special purpose vehicle SPV- manager firm), to the number of ratings or to the type of collateral. Furthermore, a pattern compatible with rating shopping was observed for some types of collateral: abnormally high market shares associated with certain agencies awarding unusually generous ratings. However, this phenomenon is not seen to be widespread on the rating market associated to Spanish securitization issues. [ES] Las calificaciones crediticias de las emisiones de deuda pueden plantear un conflicto de intereses al ser el propio emisor el encargado de contratar y retribuir a la agencia de calificación, y a que ésta puede participar en el diseño de las emisiones que posteriormente califica. Así, se pueden generar incentivos para que las agencias de calificación otorguen calificaciones ventajosas a las emisiones. En este trabajo, analizamos este fenómeno, conocido en la literatura académica como compra de calificaciones crediticias o arbitraje de ratings, para el conjunto de las emisiones de titulización realizadas en el mercado español en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 2011. En términos acumulados se han analizado 3.665 calificaciones de crédito o ratings, asociados a un volumen nominal emitido de bonos de titulización de 791.090 millones de euros. Los resultados evidencian una asociación entre la agencia otorgante y el rating medio otorgado, observándose diferencias significativas en los ratings asociados a la sociedad gestora contratante, al número de ratings o al colateral de respaldo. Además, para algún tipo de colateral se observa un patrón compatible con el rating shopping: cuotas de mercado anormalmente elevadas asociadas a ciertas agencias otorgantes de ratings anormalmente generosos. No obstante, este fenómeno no se observa de forma generalizada en el mercado de ratings asociado a las emisiones de titulización españolas. This research has been funded by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) through research projects UFI 11/51 and NUPV 12/01

Argentina in the sixties and seventies, had experience for developing and for using sounding rockets and payloads to perform scientific space experiments. Besides they have several bases in Antarctica with adequate premises and installations, also duly equipped aircrafts and trained crews to flight to the white continent. In February 1965, scientists and technical people from the “Instituto de Investigacion Aeronautica y Espacial” (I.I.A.E.) with the cooperation of the Air Force and the Tucuman University, conducted the “Matienzo Operation” to measure X radiation and temperature in the upper atmosphere, using the Gamma Centauro rocket and also using big balloons. The people involved in the experience, the launcher, other material and equipment flew from the south tip of Argentina to the Matienzo base in Antarctica, in a C-47 aircraft equipped with skies an additional jet engine Marbore 2-C. Other experience was performed in 1975 in the “Marambio” Antartic Base, using the two stages solid propellent sounding rocket Castor, developed in Argentina. The payload was developed in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute of Germany. It consist of a special mixture including a shape charge to form a ionized cloud producing a jet of electrons travelling from Marambio base to the conjugate point in the Northern hemisphere. The cloud was observed by several ground stations in Argentina and also by a NASA aircraft with TV cameras, flying at East of New York. The objective of this experience was to study the electric and magnetic fields in altitude, the neutral points, the temperature and electrons profile. The objectives of both experiments were accomplished satisfactorily.

This technical paper aims at presenting the design, development and testing activities of the prototype of the TTI Low Profile Ku-Band Transmit/Receive Terminal ODU for satellite mobile communications. The paper also highlights the lessons learnt from these activities performed at prototype level, in order to improve and optimize some design aspects. In particular, some improvements implemented on the terminal, and related to the ease of manufacturing, assembling and testing are presented. These aspects are of primary importance when serial manufacturing is considered

Objetivo: Analizar las manifestaciones clínicas del hiperparatiroidismo en el área de maxilofacial en el HECMNR. Material y métodos: Diseño: Descriptivo, y observacional del 1 enero de 1999 a junio de 2004 en el Departamento de Cirugía Maxilofacial. Se revisaron 18 expedientes clínicos y los criterios de inclusión fueron: granuloma central de células gigantes como diagnóstico clínico inicial, pacientes derechohabientes del IMSS, con expediente clínico completo. De éstos se excluyeron 7 por expediente clínico incompleto. Del expediente se analizó: la edad, sexo, localización anatómica, tratamiento quirúrgico, exámenes de laboratorio y gabinete, reporte histopatológico definitivo. Análisis estadístico: Descriptiva. Resultados: Se registraron 11 casos con diagnóstico clínico de granuloma central, sólo 2 (18.18%) presentaron hiperparatiroidismo, una mujer de 52 y un hombre de 62 años. Las lesiones se ubicaron en el cuerpo mandibular en ambos casos, la etiología se relacionó con adenoma paratiroideo. Fue necesario realizar paratiroidectomía parcial, solamente un caso continúa en control clínico radiográfico con disminución del tamaño del tumor. Conclusiones: En las lesiones asociadas a hueso diagnosticadas clínicamente al inicio, como granulomas centrales de células gigantes en la región maxilofacial, se debe descartar hiperparatiroidismo primario, secundario o terciario. El tratamiento es la paratiroidectomía.

This review summarizes different catalytic options for the production of syngas and hydrogen starting from simple hydrogen-containing molecules. Particular attention is given to new direct catalytic alternatives in natural gas conversion. Improvements in syngas technology are discussed, including partial oxidation, autothermal reforming, combined reforming and carbon dioxide reforming, and the energy efficiencies of direct and indirect methane conversion are compared. Processes, issues and practical difficulties are discussed with academic and applied efforts presented in parallel. It is emphasized that most of the ongoing research related to the direct processes is at the exploratory stage while technology utilizing indirect approach has advanced to semi-works and initial commercialization plants. The new emerging processes based on partial oxidation features are unique for syngas generation. Further enhancement of such processes plus improvements in other second generation technologies and advances in direct processes are anticipated to provide additional, new attractive paths to the chemical conversion of natural gas. Similarly, on board generation of hydrogen-rich gaseous fuels either for spark ignition engines or for coupled-fuel-cells electric engines is discussed within the scope of both partial oxidation and catalytic decomposition of methanol. A concept based in the thermochemical water splitting, which provides a renewable portable fuel from water in the form of H2, is also presented. Above all, as the chemistry involved in most of these catalytic alternatives takes place under extreme conditions, highly stable catalysts and engineering concepts are being developed.