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South Korea is a resource-dependent country that relies on the import of most metal resources. Therefore, we should save resources through recycling. In particular, the recycle rate of non-ferrous metals is very low. This is due to the limitations of the recycling technology currently in use. To overcome these limitations, non-ferrous metal recycling studies using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy are underway. In this paper, we will discuss an automatic metal classification system that receives metal information from a laser-induced breakdown spectrum and classifies a metal scrap by material. Currently, sorting systems use non-contact pneumatic systems. Compared to the contact method, the system is durable and is controlled at high-speed. This is because the system does not directly contact the metal scrap. Therefore, we will study how to effectively use the flow rate by modeling the pneumatic system.

During the steel production process, nearly twice as many input materials are used as compared to finished products. This creates a large amount of post-production waste, including slag, dust, and sludge. New iron production technologies enable the reuse and recycling of metallurgical waste. This paper presents an investigation on the reduction of selected iron-bearing waste materials in a laboratory rotary furnace. Iron-bearing waste materials in the form of dust, scale, and sludge were obtained from several Polish metallurgical plants as research material. A chemical analysis made it possible to select samples with sufficiently high iron content for testing. The assumed iron content limit in waste materials was 40 wt.% Fe. A sieve analysis of the samples used in the subsequent stages of the research was also performed. The tests carried out with the use of a CO as a reducer, at a temperature of 1000 °C, allowed to obtain high levels of metallization of the samples for scale 91.6%, dust 66.9%, and sludge 97.3%. These results indicate that in the case of sludge and scale, the degree of metallization meets the requirements for charge materials used in both blast furnace (BF) and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes, while in the case of reduced dust, this material can be used as enriched charge in the blast furnace process. Reduction studies were also carried out using a gas mixture of CO and H2 (50 vol.% CO + 50 vol.% H2). The introduction of hydrogen as a reducing agent in reduction processes meets the urgent need of reducing CO2 emissions. The obtained results confirm the great importance and influence of the selection of the right amount of reducer on the achievement of a high degree of metallization and that these materials can be a valuable source of metallic charge for blast furnace and steelmaking processes. At an earlier stage of the established research program, experiments of the iron oxides reduction from iron-bearing waste materials in a stationary layer in a Tammann furnace were also conducted.

It is well understood that waste or scrap is a by-product of daily activities and social behavior. Waste could originate from various sectors and encompasses various components that renders it quite attractive to valorize and develop various valuable products out of. Waste could originate from industrial sectors that render it hard to classify, such as the case in end-of-life tires or industrial scrap. Both of which contain a hefty proportion of metallic fractions that make them quite attractive to reuse. To put things into a better perspective, the Oxford English Dictionary defines scrap as “odds and ends, leavings; waste material.” For hundreds of years, waste materials were viewed as undesired substances that must be disposed of after their primary use. Recycling in modern societies has received great attention since it provides the means for generating value from scrap materials. This chapter aims to provide a critical insight on the challenge of sustainable development that has been started from the last century, dedicated to develop cost-effectiveness processes for metallic-based recycles. It will also discuss the current technologies employed for metal recovery and recycling from waste to high purity metallic feedstock production, that can be used in both traditional and high-tech applications. Here we will focus on the recycling of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) metals and their alloys, originating from various sectors. Moreover, a detailed discussion on the new applications of the recycled metals in different sectors will be provided. This chapter will also present research insights and case studies of metal recycling and their advanced applications. This chapter provides a Birdseye view of possible integrated waste management holistic approaches that can render such metallic waste of high end value to the chain of waste management.

Metal recycling as a path way to sustainable development of Nigeria solid minerals deposits has been reviewed. This paper brings to bear the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030), classification of solid mineral deposits in Nigeria, potential contribution of the solid mineral sector to the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), lifetime (lifecycle) management of a mineral resource, sustaining mineral resource through metal recycling (use of secondary materials) with some of its accompanying benefits, economics of metal recycling and the need for environmental impact assessment when sitting a recycling plant. The review has revealed the following; Metal recycling could oil the nation’s wheel of realising some of the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), every state in Nigeria has at least one solid mineral deposit, one tonne of steel made from recycled steel translates to saving 1,115kg of iron ore, 625kg of coal and 53kg of limestone, recycling results in reduction of about 200 million tonnes yearly of CO 2 emissions, recycling also results in 76%, 40% and 86% reduction in water pollution, water usage and air pollution respectively and energy savings derivable from recycling 39% aluminum, 31% copper, 74% lead, 42% steel and 20% zinc are 95%, 85%, 60%, 62-74% and 60% respectively. Therefore, metal recycling provides one of the viable tools for sustaining the nation’s solid mineral deposits especially the metallic ores for the benefit of generations yet to be born.

Most waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or E-waste) is recycle in the informal sector, even though—many more sophisticated recycling technologies are available. Mechanical recycling, usually the first step, can achieve maximum metal extraction, however has direct or indirect health effects, higher capital costs, and results in the loss of numerous secondary metal resources. The second most commonly used approach is the chemical method, which is much faster than the biological one, but chemical hydrometallurgy is metal-specific and also causes secondary pollution. The third approach—microbial metal recovery—is an eco-friendly and promising technology for WEEE processing. This comprehensive review evaluates and provides details of recent trends and developments in various technologies, including: physical, chemical and biological methods for the recycling and recovery of secondary resource materials, such as valuable metals. Although no single approach by itself is adequate, and as it cannot achieve ecofriendly high extraction rates of metals from WEEE, it is possible to develop a combined process, such as the initial use of mechanical treatment followed by leaching with either easily biodegradable reagents or organic acids produced by microbes—this would be more ecofriendly and economically feasible. Therefore, this article highlights specific gaps in the available technology for solving the e-waste issue, and recommends a hybrid strategy as the best available approach.

Metals are a finite resource, and the retrieval of metals from the earth is labor intensive, expensive, and often an environmentally destructive process. One method of limiting this cost is to recycle metals, already retrieved from the earth, and in use at the end of their life-cycle such as wiring, vehicle parts, construction I-beams, etc. As it becomes more difficult to find ore deposits that are economically feasible to extract from the earth, recycling is increasing in its importance in order to maintain the level of technological development that humans currently enjoy. Recycling, however, is not without its problems and complications, only some of these problems can be solved by recent technological advances in metallurgy. There is still a lot more work to be done before recycling can become a truly efficient process. Therefore, one can safely presume that both economic and environmental pressure will increase the amount of research scientists dedicate to recycling. Thus, a basic understandi...

Daur ulang logam merupakan cara efektif untuk menanggulangi melimpahnya limbah logam seperti kaleng minuman, besi bekas, dan logam-logam lainnya. Keterampilan daur ulang logam diperlukan oleh masyarakat sekitar, khususnya para pemuda untuk dapat mengurangi jumlah limbah yang terdapat di lingkungan Karang Joang serta mengembangkan industri kreatif yang baru dan inovatif, namun masyarakat Karang Joang belum memiliki keterampilan dan belum pernah mendapatkan pelatihan tentang daur ulang logam. Oleh karena itu, dalam kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang dilaksanakan oleh Program Studi Teknik Material dan Metalurgi diberikan pelatihan daur ulang logam (aluminium) bagi masyarakat Karang Joang. Pelatihan daur ulang logam diselenggarakan di Kampus Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur yang merupakan daerah sekitar kampus ITK. Pelatihan diikuti oleh 15 pemuda-pemuda Karang Joang. Pelatihan dilaksanakan dengan metode penyampaian materi serta pelatihan dan diskusi. Hasil pelatihan yang dianalisis secara kualitatif (berdasarkan observasi dan hasil diskusi) menunjukkan bahwa semua peserta mendapat pengetahuan dan keterampilan baru yaitu daur ulang logam (aluminium).

Manufacturing firms are facing growing internal and external pressures to adopt manufacturing and supply chain strategies that fulfil the expectations of various stakeholders in value chain. Literature highlights that despite positive relationship between firm performance and sustainable development strategies, manufacturing industry, particularly small and medium enterprises (SMEs), are slow to adopt sustainable practices. Researchers highlight that the inability to identify and prioritize critical factors for strategy formulation and implementation is the main reason that inhibits SMEs to accrue the sustainability-related benefits. This article presents a combination of strength, weakness, opportunities and threats analysis and analytic hierarchy process for identifying and prioritizing critical sustainable manufacturing and supply chain factors by an Indian metal recycling medium-size firm. After assigning priority rankings to the shortlisted strategies, company was able to select and deploy highly successful strategy for improving sustainable business performance.

Recycling forms the heart of the Circular Economy (CE) system. Ultimately all products will have to be recycled at their End-of-Life (EoL). Maximizing the recovery of materials and also especially strategic elements from EoL products requires a deep understanding of the fundamental limits and the dynamics of the evolving system, thus an adaptive processing and metallurgical infrastructure is critical to recover all metals and materials. Paramount is the quantification of the “mineralogy”, the complex and interlinked composition of products, to trace and quantify specifically all the losses of materials, metals, alloys, etc. due to thermodynamic and other non-linear interactions. We named this product centric recycling. The recycling potential and performance must be quantified and demonstrated for products, collection systems, waste separation and recovery technologies, and material supply. Emphasis is also placed on informing the consumer through iRE i.e. informing Resource Efficiency in an easy-to-understand way. System Integrated Metal Processing (SIMP) using big-data, multi-sensors, simulation models, metallurgy, etc. links all stakeholders through Circular Economy Engineering (CEE), an important enabler to maximize Resource Efficiency and thus iRE.

Sealed radioactive sources are encountered in a wide variety of settings-from household smoke detectors and instrument check sources through fixed industrial gauges, industrial radiography, and well logging sources, to irradiators and medical teletherapy devices. In general, the higher the level of activity in the sealed source, the stricter the regulatory control that is applied to its use, control, and ultimate disposition. Lower levels of attention and oversight can and do lead to sources ending up in the wrong place--as orphan sources in uncontrolled storage, disposed in a sanitary landfill, melted down in metal recycling operations and incorporated into consumer products, or handled by an unsuspecting member of the public. There is a range of issues that contribute to the problem of improper disposal of sealed sources and, in particular, to disused source disposal. Generally licensed sources and devices are particularly at risk of being disposed incorrectly. Higher activity generally licensed sources, although required to be registered with the (NRC) or an Agreement State, receive limited regulatory oversight and are not tracked on a national scale. Users frequently do not consider the full life-cycle costs when procuring sources or devices and discover that they cannot afford and/or are unwilling to pay the associated costs to package, transport and dispose of their sources properly. The NRC requirements for decommissioning funding plans and financial assurance are not adequate to cover sealed source transport and disposal costs fully. While there are regulatory limits for storage of disused sources, enforcement is limited, and there are only limited financial incentives in a small number of states for owners to dispose of the sources. In some cases, the lack of availability of approved Type B shipping casks presents an additional barrier to sealed source disposal. The report of the Disused Sources Working Group does an excellent job of framing these issues (www.disusedsources.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/DSWG-Report-March-2014.pdf). This article reviews both the issues and the report's recommendations, which are designed to improve sealed source control and encourage proper disposal of disused sources.

Large amounts of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been produced due to continuous technological innovation and the improvement of living standards. Based on the rich metal compositions, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are considered as the most valuable component among WEEE. The recycling of metals from WPCBs with inappropriate methods or in informal sectors has been a profitable business, which, however, wastes resources and is harmful to environment and human health. Proper methods that are eco-friendly to recover metals from WPCBs are therefore urgent and essential for both industries and policy makers. In this article, the technology details of metal recycling processes are reviewed based on past research efforts to provide a complete image of the current status. The advantages and problems of several conventional methods are summarized and compared according to cost, environmental impact, and recovery efficiency. Possible approaches for improving mechanical treatment and bioleaching methods, are accordingly analyzed. Novel hybrid processes, such as chelation technology & bioleaching process, green adsorption & chemical leaching process, etc., are put forward to open up possibilities of multi-technology coupling processes for metal recycling from WPCBs.

Urban mining has been promoted globally in order to recover secondary resources. In this paper, a bibliometric and visual analysis on urban mining related research articles collected from the Web of Science (WOS) database between 1993 and 2018 was conducted. The results show that in total 277 publications were published in 108 journals. Waste management, Journal of Cleaner Production, and Resources Conservation & Recycling were the top three most productive journals. 501 authors published their urban mining related papers and the top three most productive authors are Krook J, Hogland W, and Fellner J. Based on co-citation cluster analysis, the intellectual bases and research hot topics on urban mining were analyzed. The co-citation network was divided into 7 clusters, including enhanced landfill mining, metal recycling, e-waste, urban mining, landfill mining, metal stocks, and GIS. Finally, keywords burst detection was conducted to track the hot topics and research trend. The hot topics have switched from recycling, metal stock, and life cycle assessment to waste electrical and electronic equipment. This study provides a research landscape and future research directions of urban mining research so that future researchers can identify their research topics and partners.

As the global economy grows, demand for metal continues to increase. Unfortunately, metal resources are in limited supply [...]

At least four workers at a metal recycling facility were hospitalized and one died after exposure to chlorine gas when it was accidentally released from an intact, closed-valved cylinder being processed for scrap metal. This unintentional chlorine gas release marks at least the third such incident at a metal recycling facility in the United States since 2010. We describe the fatal case of the worker whose clinical course was consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following exposure to high concentrations of chlorine gas. This case report emphasizes the potential risk of chlorine gas exposure to metal recycling workers by accepting and processing intact, closed-valved containers. The metal recycling industry should take steps to increase awareness of this established risk to prevent future chlorine gas releases. Additionally, public health practitioners and clinicians should be aware that metal recycling workers are at risk for chlorine gas exposure.

Decommissioning and dismantlement of nuclear power plants (NPP) present the final phase of a nuclear power plant lifetime and are an essential part of an efective nuclear safety culture. While some countries are implementing nuclear exit strategies and others are building new nuclear power plants or prolonging their lifetimes, the decommissioning of facilities is imminent. This paper gives a short overview on decommissioning and dismantling strategies and techniques as an introduction to the applicability of radioactive metal waste recycling and reuse. General estimations suggest that the majority of the waste mass resulting from decommissioning and dismantling is radiologically unrestricted material i.e. exempt waste. The remaining one-third is the radioactive material with different levels of radioactivity. To present radioactive metal scrap recycling in practice, this paper addresses estimations on metal waste amounts resulting from decommissioning, the use of melting as a possible recycling method (with regard to secondary waste generated) and aspects of environmental and health impacts. Additionally, the best practice example of the decommissioning process in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) with NPP technology is given to provide context for the possible future decommissioning of NPP Krško. After consideration of the available data on decommissioning waste management, the conclusion is that while the decision on decommissioning strategies and technologies is not straightforward but unique to each country, current experiences give important context to the complexity and potential of decommissioning and provide a basis for future actions., Razgradnja i demontaža nuklearnih elektrana predstavljaju završnu fazu životnoga vijeka nuklearnih postrojenja te su sastavni dio djelotvorne kulture nuklearne sigurnosti. Dok neke zemlje provode izlazne nuklearne strategije, a druge planiraju izgradnju novih postrojenja ili produljuju životni vijek postojećima, razgradnja postrojenja neizbježna je. U radu se daje kratak pregled strategija i tehnika razgradnje i demontaže kao uvod u mogućnosti recikliranja i ponovne upotrebe radioaktivnoga metalnog otpada. Opće procjene upućuju na to da je većina otpada koji proizlazi iz razgradnje i demontaže radiološki materijal izuzet iz nadzora. Preostala je trećina radioaktivni materijal s različitim rasponom radioaktivnosti. Kako bi se recikliranje radioaktivnoga otpadnog metala prezentiralo u praksi, članak daje osvrt na procjenu količine otpadnoga metala koji proizlazi iz procesa razgradnje, korištenje topljenja kao moguće metode recikliranja (uključujući i sekundarni otpad) i aspekte utjecaja na okoliš i zdravlje. Također, dan je i primjer procesa razgradnje u tipu nuklearnoga postrojenja s vodenim reaktorom pod pritiskom, kao primjer konteksta buduće razgradnje Nuklearne elektrane Krško (NEK). Nakon razmatranja dostupnih podataka o gospodarenju otpadom nastalim razgradnjom i demontažom zaključak je da iako odluka o strategiji i tehnologiji razgradnje nije jednostavna, već jedinstvena za svaku zemlju, trenutačna iskustva daju važan uvid u kontekst složenosti i potencijala razgradnje te pružaju osnovu za buduće radnje.