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Background The tomographic findings in COVID-19, its classification, a brief overview of the application of artificial intelligence, and the stages during the course of the disease in patients with moderate COVID-19 Main body Chest CT allows us to follow the course of COVID-19 in an objective way; each phase has characteristic imaging findings and, consequently, takes the corresponding measures. A search was made in the PubMed database with the keywords extracted from the DeCs and the combinations of these. Only articles published between December 2019 and June 2020 were included. The search was limited to the English language. Conclusions CT serves to monitor the course of the disease since it assesses the severity of lung involvement. The most frequent finding is bilateral ground glass opacities with a subpleural distribution. The progression occurs in two phases: one slow and one fast. At discharge, the patient may have ground glass opacities or areas that will later become fibrosis, leaving sequelae for life.

Objective: To compare the oral health profile of institutionalized elderly persons in Brazil and in Barcelona, Spain, by gender and country of residence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed of individuals aged 65 years and above (n=1,440), resident in the health region of Barcelona and in Brazil. Two surveys and exams relating to the oral health status of institutionalized elderly persons in Brazil (in 2008) and in Barcelona, Spain (in 2009) were carried out. Periodontal disease, tooth loss and dental caries were analyzed, considering age and cognitive ability. The sample was stratified by gender and country. Bivariate and multivariate Robust Poisson Regression models were used to obtain adjusted Prevalence Ratios (aPR), and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was employed. Results: In Barcelona, men and women had a higher prevalence of periodontal illness: Men - calculus (aPR:1.5; CI:1.08-2.19) and pocket (aPR:2.05; CI:1.43-2.93) results. Women - calculus (aPR:2.4; CI:1.77-3.24) and pocket (aPR:3.2; CI:2.29-4.53) results. In Barcelona there was a lower prevalence of edentulism (aPR:0.49; CI:0.37-0.65) and functional edentulism (aPR:0.49; CI:0.40-0.60) among men. The same results were found among women with a lower prevalence of edentulism (aPR:0.49; CI: 0.41-0.58) and functional edentulism (aPR:0.42; CI: 0.30-0.49). Conclusions: A poor state of oral health of men and women was observed in both countries, with the elderly from Barcelona having worse periodontal health and the elderly from Brazil having greater tooth loss. Resumo Objetivo: Comparar o perfil de saúde bucal de idosos institucionalizados no Brasil e em Barcelona, Espanha, segundo gênero e país de residência. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo do tipo cross-seccional, em indivíduos de 65 anos e mais (n=1.440), residentes na Região Sanitária de Barcelona, Espanha e no Brasil. Foram realizados dois levantamentos epidemiológicos para averiguar as condições de saúde bucal em idosos do Brasil (em 2008) e de Barcelona-ES (em 2009). Foram estudadas as seguintes condições com seus respectivos indicadores: doença periodontal (CPI), perda dentária (edentulismo e edentulismo funcional) e cárie dentária (CPO-D). A amostra foi estratificada pelo gênero e país dos idosos. Foram realizadas Regressão de Poisson Bivariada e Multivariada para a obtenção das Razões de Prevalência Ajustadas (RPa) com seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança com 95% de significância (IC95%). Resultados: Em Barcelona-ES, homens e mulheres tiveram uma alta prevalência de doença periodontal em relação aos idosos brasileiros: homens: cálculo (RPa:1,5; IC:1,08-2,19) e bolsa periodontal (RPa:2,05; IC:1,43-2,93). Mulheres: cálculo (RPa:2,4; IC:1,77-3,24) e bolsa periodontal (RPa:3,2; IC: 2,29-4,53). Em Barcelona-ES foi encontrada uma baixa prevalência de edentulismo (RPa:0,49; IC:0,37-0,65) e edentulismo funcional (RPa:0,49; IC: 0,40-0,60) entre os homens. Resultados semelhantes foram observados entre as mulheres, com uma baixa prevalência de edentulismo (RPa:0,49; CI:0,41-0,58) e edentulismo funcional (RPa:0,42; CI:0,30-0,49). Conclusões: Foi observada uma precária condição de saúde bucal entre homens e mulheres idosos em ambos os países, sendo que os idosos de Barcelona-ES tiveram uma pior condição periodontal e os idosos brasileiros tiveram uma maior perda dentária.

The study examines changes in the distribution and socioeconomic inequalities of dental care utilization among adults after the major healthcare reform in Chile, 2004–2009. We evaluated the proportion of people who visited the dentist at least once in the previous two years, and the mean number of visits. These outcome variables were stratified by sex, age (20–39, 40–59, 60–63, ≥64 years), educational level (primary, secondary, higher), type of health insurance (public, private, uninsured), and socioeconomic status (quintiles of an asset-index). We also used the concentration index (CIndex) to assess the extent of socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care, stratified by age and sex as a proxy for dental care needs. The use of dental care significantly increased between 2004 and 2009, especially in those with public health insurance, with lower educational level and lower socioeconomic status. The CIndex for the total population significantly decreased both for the proportion who used dental care, and also the mean number of visits. Findings suggest that the use of dental care increased and socioeconomic-related inequalities in the utilization of dental care declined after a Major Health Reform, which included universal coverage for some dental cares in Chile. However, efforts to ameliorate these inequalities require an approach that moves beyond a sole focus on rectifying health coverage.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse inequalities in the use of dental care services according to socioeconomic position (SEP) in individuals aged ≥50 years in European countries in 2006, to examine the association between the degree of public coverage of dental services and the extent of inequalities, and specifically to determine whether countries with higher public health coverage show lower inequalities. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 12 364 men and 14 692 women aged ≥50 years from 11 European countries. Data were extracted from the second wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 2006). The dependent variable was use of dental care services within the previous year, and the independent variables were education level as a measure of SEP, whether services were covered to some degree by the country's public health system, and chewing ability as a marker of individuals' need for dental services. Age-standardized prevalence of the use of dental care as a function of SEP was calculated, and age-adjusted indices of relative inequality (RII) were computed for each type of dental coverage, sex and chewing ability. RESULTS: Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care services were higher in countries where no public dental care cover was provided than in countries where there was some degree of public coverage. For example, men with chewing ability from countries with dental care coverage had a RII of 1.39 (95%CI: 1.29-1.51), while those from countries without coverage had a RII of 1.96 (95%CI: 1.72-2.23). Women without chewing ability from countries with dental care coverage had a RII of 2.15 (95%CI: 1.82-2.52), while those from countries without coverage had a RII of 3.02 (95%CI: 2.47-3.69). CONCLUSIONS: Dental systems relying on public coverage seem to show lower inequalities in their use, thus confirming the potential benefits of such systems. This study uses data from SHARE release 2.5.0, as of 24 May 2011. The SHARE data collection has been primarily funded by the European Commission through the 5th framework programme (project QLK6-CT-2001- 00360 in the thematic programme Quality of Life), through the 6th framework programme (projects SHARE-I3, RII-CT2006-062193, COMPARE, CIT5-CT-2005-028857 and SHARELIFE, CIT4-CT-2006-028812) and through the 7th framework programme (SHARE-PREP, 211909 and SHARE-LEAP, 227822). Additional funding from the U.S. National Institute on Aging (U01 AG09740-13S2, P01 AG005842, P01 AG08291, P30 AG12815, Y1-AG4553-01 and OGHA 04-064, IAG BSR06-11, R21 AG025169)

Background The relationship between industry funding and study results has been explored widely in medicine but not in dentistry. The authors aimed to assess the relationship between conflicts of interest (COIs) and study results. Methods The authors assessed all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published between July 2010 and June 2012 in the 10 dental journals with the highest impact factors in dentistry. The authors used three definitions of COI and explored their associations with positive study results. Results Depending on the definition of COI, the odds ratio for reporting positive results varied between 2.40 (95 percent confidence interval CI, 1.16–5.13) and 9.19 (95 percent CI, 1.71–170.64). The authors found no association between positive study results and journal of publication or area of practice. Conclusions RCTs in which authors have some type of COI are more likely to have results that support the intervention being assessed. Practical Implications When reviewing the results of RCTs, clinicians need to be aware of the association between reporting positive study results and the type of COI disclosure and be even more careful when critically appraising and applying their results.

Objectives: To describe the frequency of brushing teeth and cleaning of dentures, performed by caregivers, for institutionalized elderly people. Methods: A cross-sectional study in a sample of 196 caregivers of 31 health centers in Barcelona. The dependent variables were frequency of dental brushing and frequency of cleaning of dentures of the elderly by caregivers. The independent variables were characteristics of caregivers and institutions. We performed bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses. Robust Poisson regression models were fitted to determine factors associated with the dependent variables and to assess the strength of the association. Results: 83% of caregivers were women, 79% worked on more than one shift, 42% worked only out of necessity, 92% were trained to care for elderly persons, 67% were trained in oral hygiene care for the elderly, and 73% recognized the existence of institutional protocols on oral health among residents. The variables explaining the lower frequency of brushing teeth by caregivers for the elderly, adjusted for the workload, were: no training in the care of elderly persons (PRa 1.7 CI95%: 1.6-1.8), not fully agreeing with the importance of oral health care of the elderly (PRa 2.5 CI95%: 1.5-4.1) and not knowing of the existence of oral health protocols (PRa 1.8 CI95%: 1.2-2.6). The variables that explain the lower frequency of cleaning dentures, adjusted for the workload, were lack of training in elderly care (PRa 1.7 CI95%: 1.3-1.9) and not knowing of the existence of protocols (PRa 3.7 CI95%: 1.6-8.7). Conclusion: The majority of caregivers perform activities of oral health care for the elderly at least once per day. The frequency of this care depends mainly on whether caregivers are trained to perform these activities, the importance given to oral health, the workload of caregivers and the existence of institutional protocols on oral health of institutionalized elderly persons. Key words:Institutionalized elderly, caregivers, oral hygiene, long-term care, oral health.

Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the oral health status and the factors associated with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in people aged 65 and older institutionalized in Barcelona in 2009. Study Design: Cross sectional study in 194 elderly. The dependent variable was poor OHRQoL, according to the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). The independent variables were socio-demographic data, last dental visit, subjective and objective oral health status. Robust Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with OHRQoL as well as the strengths of association (Prevalence Ratios with respective confidence intervals at 95%). Results: According to GOHAI, 94 women (68.1%) and 36 men (64.3%) had poor OHRQoL. The average DMFT index (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth) was 22.8, with mean 10.2 remaining teeth. According to the Community Periodontal Index only 1.9% were healthy. 33.8% of the sample (35.5% of women and 30.4% of men) presented edentulism, 54.2% needed upper dental prostheses (51.1% of women and 60.7% of men) and 64.7% needed lower ones (61.6% of women and 71.4% of men). Only 7.2% had visited a dentist in the past year (8.8% of women and 3.6% of men). After fitting several multivariate adjusted robust Poisson regression models, poor OHRQoL was found to be associated to self-reporting problems with teeth or gums, self-reporting poor opinion about teeth/gums/denture and also associated to functional edentulism, needing upper denture, but not to socio-demographic factors or time since last dental visit. Conclusions: The study population has poor objective oral health. A high percentage has poor OHRQoL associated to subjective and objective oral health conditions. Dental care is required and these services should be included in the Spanish National Health System. Key words:Oral health, homes for the aged, elderly, self-assessment, quality of life, geriatric oral health assessment index (GOHAI).