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In this paper, a novel architecture of zinc oxide (ZnO) buffer layered lead sulphide (PbS) colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cell is proposed. The proposed CQD solar cell is of the architecture of glass substrate: fluorine tin oxide (FTO)/ZnO/titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/PbS- tetra-butyl ammonium iodide (PbS-TBAI)/PbS-1, 2-ethanedithiol (PbS-EDT)/gold (Au) – contacts with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.28% and is modeled and investigated in solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS). Here FTO is the oxide layer (OL), TiO 2 is used as an electron transport layer (ETL), PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) layer treated with PbS-TBAI serve the purpose of generating electron-hole pairs whenever a solar cell is exposed to solar insolation and PbS CQDs layer treated with EDT is used to extract the holes. The impact of varying layer thicknesses on PCE, open-circuit voltage (V oc ), short circuit current density (J sc ) and fill factor (FF) is also discussed in the paper. The quantum efficiency (QE) of the proposed solar cell reveals that the proposed PbS- CQD solar can capture a wider range of incident light wavelengths across the broader range of solar spectrum depicting that this research effort can become a useful guide in the future fabrication of high efficient PbS CQD solar cells.

Entamoeba histolytica has diverse distribution and is a substantial risk in almost all the countries where barrier between human feces, food and water source are ordinary. There are at least 8 different amoebas that live in the human intestinal lumen however those are generally accepted as commensals except for E. histolytica . The parasite imposes a major threat to public health in most parts of world and has re-emerged in some previously dormant areas as it is categorized as second leading cause of death from parasitic disease worldwide. In most of E. histolytica infection, symptoms remain absent or very mild whereas most frequent clinical manifestation are colitis and liver abscess due to amoebic infection. Laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis is usually made on the basis of microscopical and serological methods Nitromidazole derivatives like metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole are considered as foundation stone of the treatment for amoebiasis. Lack of effective vaccination is one of the major hurdles for the control of amoebiasis that may prevent transmission of the parasite and or at least progression of the infected individuals into active invasive disease. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the epidemiology, disease pathology and treatment of this parasitic zoonotic disease.