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Although the understanding of the mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of bone is continuously improving, as yet it's far from complete. So, this paper represents an experimental study about the effect of static and dynamic loads under different parameters on intact bone and human hip joints. The same test will be applied on the human hip joints after insertion of the artificial femur component in the bone. A special test-rig was designed in order to fix both natural and artificial implant and expose them to a state of loading similar in magnitude and direction to that encountered in the human-being.A comparison between the stress-strain distribution of the intact and artificially implanted bones were conducted by using strain gauges. The results showed that the stresses were reversed after insertion of the artificial femoral component and the stresses were maximum at the near of the tip of the prothesis. Also, the absence of the collar-calcar causes a severe reduction of the stresses which may be due to important metabolic changes.

Skin wounds are the most prevalent daily affections intruding fishes in an aquaculture facility. Such skin affections are considered to be the most common portals of entry for disease agents affecting fishes. This persistent phenomenon necessitates a comprehensive search for an efficient healing therapy to combat the ongoing dermal damage and its pathological consequences. In the current study, the core hypothesis has been vigorously tested through the experimental application of hemodialysate (Solcoseryl®) solution in several exposure methods including bath, intraperitoneal (I.P.), intramuscular (I.M.), and local infiltration routes. All tested routes were capable of inducing different degrees of healing in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The core hypothesis of the current research has been experimentally accomplished through assessing the resultant healing degrees based on both gross as well as tissue alteration dynamics among total of 5 experimental groups. Each group consisted of 10 fishes/aquarium. The swift tissue healing of the induced wounds in Nile tilapia were completely achieved 4 days post I.M. injection of the Solcoseryl® solution (10 μl/50 g fish as a single dose) with an excellent healing grade (+++++). However, bath treatment (1 ml/Lwater as a single dose) and local infiltration (10 μl/50 g fish as a single dose) have proved to be second on the race (complete healing was achieved 6 days post treatment with very good grade (+++)). This study demonstrates the clinical value of fish models in establishment of new approach for combating prevalent invasive skin affections in aquaculture.

Globalization of the trade in agricultural commodities has contributed signii¬cantly to the discussion about potential hazards involved and has increased in particular the awareness of mycotoxins. Safety awareness in food and feed production has also risen due to the simple fact that methods for testing residues and undesirable substances have become noticeably more sophisticated and more available at all points of the supply chain. Mycotoxins comprise of a family of fungal toxins, many of which have been implicated as chemical progenitors of toxicity in man and animals. There are four classes of mycotoxins of major concern namely aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxins, and fumonisins. Formation of mycotoxins varied betweenspecies as well as within a given species. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological methods to counteract the mycotoxin problem have been reported, but large-scale, practical, and cost-effective methods for detoxifying mycotoxin-containing feedstuffs are currently not available. Detoxii¬cation strategies for the contaminated foods and feeds should be done to reduce or eliminate the adverse actions of mycotoxin to improve food safety and prevent economic losses. The most recent approach to the problem has been the addition to the animal's diet of nonnutritive sorbents that sequester mycotoxins, reduce their gastrointestinal absorption and avoiding their toxic effects on livestock and toxin carryover into animal products. This review comments on the potential hazards of several mycotoxins together with prevention strategy for fungal and mycotoxin contamination. Key words: Mycotoxins, detoxification, aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxins, prevention.

Fish, pathogen and environment are three counterparts who are sharing the same circle of life. To keep fish up to their optimal health, environment should be competently improved and pathogen count/virulence should be seized. Using of bioactive immunostimulants to achieve these objectives is the hypothesis under assessment. Thus, the present study was performed to evaluate the use of shrimp shells derived chitosan as an immunostimulant as well as preventive regime against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of Nile tilapia and to assess its antibacterial/aquatic bio-remediating effects. Results achieved by feeding 1% chitosan as preventive/therapeutic regimes have revealed a remarkably enhanced several innate immunological parameters (e.g., Phagocytic activity/index, NBT, Lysozyme activity and ACH50), increased resistance against A. hydrophila and strikingly improved water quality compared to the 0.5 and 2% chitosan containing diets. Conclusively, experimental results suggest the commercial usage of chitosan as an efficient immunostimulant and bio-remediating agent in aquaculture.

Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare), the dermotropic Gram negative yellow pigmented bacteria was isolated from different sites of skin ulcerations in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) collected from an earthen pond located at an aquaculture station in Sharkiya Province, Lower Egypt during an acute episode of mass kills during the early summer of 2009. An acute infection with F. columnare was behind the emergent event of mass mortalities among both populations. Many of the Nile tilapias exhibited typical signs of hole - in- the head like lesions from which F. columnare together with the myxosporean spore, Myxobolus tilapiae (M. tilapiae) were retrieved. Most of the cohabitating infected Nile catfishes exhibited severe form of saddle back like ulcer. The identities of the retrieved isolates were confirmed using morphological, biochemical and molecular tools. The research lead us to conclude that the two diverse etiological agents (F. columnare and M. tilapiae) under the triggering effect of the abrupt change in the water quality measures (abrupt rise in the water temperature, ammonia, pH, sharp decrease in dissolved oxygen) have synergized together to induce the above mentioned pathology with the consequent reemergence of fish mass mortalities.