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1. The FERMI free-electron lasers

Author

Allaria E., Badano L., Bassanese S., Capotondi F., Castronovo D., Cinquegrana P., Danailov M.B., D'Auria G., Demidovich A., De Monte R., De Ninno G., Di Mitri S., Diviacco B., Fawley W.M., Ferianis M., Ferrari E., Gaio G., Gauthier D., Giannessi L., Iazzourene F., Kurdi G., Mahne N., Nikolov I., Parmigiani F., Penco G., Raimondi L., Rebernik P., Rossi F., Roussel E., Scafuri C., Serpico C., Sigalotti P., Spezzani C., Svandrlik M., Svetina C., Trovo M., Veronese M., Zangrando D., Zangrando M., Giannessi, L., Allaria, E, Badano, L., Bassanese, S., Capotondi, Flavio, Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, Paolo, Danailov, M. B., D'Auria, G., Demidovich, A., De Monte, R., DE NINNO, Giovanni, DI MITRI, Simone, Diviacco, Bruno, Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, Eugenio, Gaio, G., Gauthier, D., Iazzourene, F., Kurdi, G., Mahne, N., Nikolov, I., Parmigiani, Fulvio, Penco, G., Raimondi, L., Rebernik, P., Rossi, F., Roussel, E., Scafuri, C., Serpico, Claudio, Sigalotti, P., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, Cristian, Trovò, Mauro, Veronese, M., Zangrando, D., and Zangrando, M.

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, 02 engineering and technology, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, free-electron laser, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, coherence Special issue on X-ray Free-Electron Laser, Instrumentation, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Physics, coherence Special issue on X-ray Free-Electron Lasers, lasers, free-electron lasers, business.industry, Wavelength range, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, laser, Extreme ultraviolet, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Coherence (physics), Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

FERMI is a seeded free-electron laser (FEL) facility located at the Elettra laboratory in Trieste, Italy, and is now in user operation with its first FEL line, FEL-1, covering the wavelength range between 100 and 20 nm. The second FEL line, FEL-2, a high-gain harmonic generation double-stage cascade covering the wavelength range 20–4 nm, has also completed commissioning and the first user call has been recently opened. An overview of the typical operating modes of the facility is presented.

Published
2015
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2. Coherent Soft X-Ray pulses from an Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation Free-Electron Laser

Author

Eugenio Ferrari, Marco Veronese, Ivan Cudin, C. Scafuri, Emiliano Principi, Roberto Sauro, Lorenzo Raimondi, Davide Vivoda, Mauro Trovò, Paolo Sigalotti, M. Zaccaria, M. Svandrlik, Mihai Pop, D. Zangrando, Paolo Cinquegrana, Flavio Capotondi, Giulio Gaio, Carlo Spezzani, Bruno Diviacco, Giuseppe Penco, G. Kurdi, Simone Spampinati, Amin Ghaith, W. M. Fawley, Claudio Masciovecchio, Marcello Coreno, Marco Cautero, L. Badano, David Garzella, Fatma Iazzourene, Nicola Mahne, Eléonore Roussel, Vanessa Grattoni, Giovanni De Ninno, L. Sturari, F. Giacuzzo, Laura Foglia, Niky Bruchon, Dao Xiang, Ivaylo Nikolov, T. Tanikawa, Marie Emmanuelle Couprie, Primož Rebernik Ribič, S. Grulja, Miltcho B. Danailov, Chao Feng, Luca Giannessi, D. Castronovo, Mario Ferianis, Enrico Allaria, Marco Zangrando, Alexander Demidovich, A. Abrami, M. Bossi, Najmeh Mirian, Paolo Miotti, Gregory Penn, Fabio Frassetto, Eduard Prat, Michele Manfredda, Marco Malvestuto, Luca Poletto, Marco Lonza, Erik Hemsing, Hans-Heinrich Braun, Simone Di Mitri, Sven Reiche, Rebernik Ribic, P., Abrami, A., Badano, L., Bossi, M., Braun, H. -H., Bruchon, N., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cautero, M., Cinquegrana, P., Coreno, M., Couprie, M. E., Cudin, I., Boyanov Danailov, M., De Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Feng, C., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Foglia, L., Frassetto, F., Gaio, G., Garzella, D., Ghaith, A., Giacuzzo, F., Giannessi, L., Grattoni, V., Grulja, S., Hemsing, E., Iazzourene, F., Kurdi, G., Lonza, M., Mahne, N., Malvestuto, M., Manfredda, M., Masciovecchio, C., Miotti, P., Mirian, N. S., Petrov Nikolov, I., Penco, G. M., Penn, G., Poletto, L., Pop, M., Prat, E., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Reiche, S., Roussel, E., Sauro, R., Scafuri, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Sturari, L., Svandrlik, M., Tanikawa, T., Trovo, M., Veronese, M., Vivoda, D., Xiang, D., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Allaria, E. M., Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
echo-enabled harmonic generation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Physics::Optics, free-electron laser, X-ray, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Mathematical Sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Relativistic electron beam, High harmonic generation, ddc:530, free-electron-laser, Physics, business.industry, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optoelectronics & Photonics, Atomic electron transition, Physical Sciences, Harmonic, Cathode ray, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Lasing threshold
Abstract

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), which amplify light emitted by a relativistic electron beam, are extending nonlinear optical techniques to shorter wavelengths, adding element specificity by exciting and probing electronic transitions from core levels. These techniques would benefit tremendously from having a stable FEL source, generating spectrally pure and wavelength-tunable pulses. We show that such requirements can be met by operating the FEL in the so-called echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) configuration. Here, two external conventional lasers are used to precisely tailor the longitudinal phase space of the electron beam before emission of X-rays. We demonstrate high-gain EEHG lasing producing stable, intense, nearly fully coherent pulses at wavelengths as short as 5.9 nm (~211 eV) at the FERMI FEL user facility. Low sensitivity to electron-beam imperfections and observation of stable, narrow-band, coherent emission down to 2.6 nm (~474 eV) make the technique a prime candidate for generating laser-like pulses in the X-ray spectral region, opening the door to multidimensional coherent spectroscopies at short wavelengths. Echo-enabled harmonic generation in a free-electron laser enables 45th harmonic pulses from a 264 nm wavelength seed, yielding 5.9 nm wavelength coherent output.

Published
2019
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3. Extreme ultraviolet resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at a seeded free-electron laser

Author

Roberto Borghes, A. Simoncig, Wilfried Wurth, Claudio Masciovecchio, J. Ratanapreechachai, Cristian Svetina, Federico Cilento, Filippo Glerean, Giulio Gaio, Marco Malvestuto, Yi-De Chuang, F. Hieke, G. Kourousias, Alexandra M. Kalashnikova, Lorenzo Raimondi, Roman V. Pisarev, Fulvio Parmigiani, I. V. Kozhevnikov, Martin Scarcia, Luca Giannessi, Antonio Caretta, Nicola Mahne, Marco Zangrando, R. Mincigrucci, Saša Bajt, Barbara Casarin, L. Sturari, Emiliano Principi, Giulia Manzoni, Milan Prica, Roberto Passuello, Martina Dell'Angela, Dell'Angela, Martina, Hieke, F., Malvestuto, Marco, Sturari, L., Bajt, S., Kozhevnikov, I. V., Ratanapreechachai, J., Caretta, Antonio, Casarin, Barbara, Glerean, Filippo, Kalashnikova, A. M., Pisarev, R. V., Chuang, Y. D., Manzoni, Giulia, Cilento, F., Mincigrucci, R., Simoncig, Alberto, Principi, E., Masciovecchio, C., Raimondi, L., Mahne, N., Svetina, C., Zangrando, M., Passuello, R., Gaio, G., Prica, Milan, Scarcia, M., Kourousias, G., Borghes, R., Giannessi, L., Wurth, W., and Parmigiani, Fulvio

Subjects
fel, Materials science, RIXS, FEL, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, X-ray spectroscopy, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Scattering, scattering, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Synchrotron, Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, Other Physical Sciences, Beamline, Extreme ultraviolet, ddc:000, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, rixs, 0210 nano-technology, business, Storage ring
Abstract

Scientific reports 6, 38796 (2016). doi:10.1038/srep38796, In the past few years, we have been witnessing an increased interest for studying materials properties under non-equilibrium conditions. Several well established spectroscopies for experiments in the energy domain have been successfully adapted to the time domain with sub-picosecond time resolution. Here we show the realization of high resolution resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) with a stable ultrashort X-ray source such as an externally seeded free electron laser (FEL). We have designed and constructed a RIXS experimental endstation that allowed us to successfully measure the d-d excitations in KCoF3 single crystals at the cobalt M$_{2,3}$-edge at FERMI FEL (Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy). The FEL-RIXS spectra show an excellent agreement with the ones obtained from the same samples at the MERIXS endstation of the MERLIN beamline at the Advanced Light Source storage ring (Berkeley, USA). We established experimental protocols for performing time resolved RIXS experiments at a FEL source to avoid X ray-induced sample damage, while retaining comparable acquisition time to the synchrotron based measurements. Finally, we measured and modelled the influence of the FEL mixed electromagnetic modes, also present in externally seeded FELs, and the beam transport with ~120 meV experimental resolution achieved in the presented RIXS setup., Published by Nature Publishing Group, London

Published
2016
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4. Determining the polarization state of an extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser beam using atomic circular dichroism

Author

R. Ivanov, Markus Ilchen, A. J. Rafipoor, Y. Ovcharenko, Oksana Plekan, Frank Stienkemeier, M. Devetta, Carlo Callegari, Andrey K. Kazansky, Miltcho B. Danailov, Alexander Demidovich, Marcello Coreno, Cesare Grazioli, K. Ueda, Tommaso Mazza, Kevin C. Prince, Cristian Svetina, Robert Richter, Paola Bolognesi, Nikolay M. Kabachnik, Lorenzo Avaldi, Patrick O'Keeffe, Paola Finetti, M. Di Fraia, Lorenzo Raimondi, John Costello, V. Lyamayev, Nicola Mahne, T. Möller, G. De Ninno, S. Düsterer, Michael Meyer, Mazza, T., Ilchen, M., Rafipoor, A. J., Callegari, C., Finetti, P., Plekan, O., Prince, K. C., Richter, R., Danailov, M. B., Demidovich, A., De Ninno, G., Grazioli, C., Ivanov, R., Mahne, N., Raimondi, L., Svetina, C., Avaldi, L., Bolognesi, P., Coreno, M., O'Keeffe, P., DI FRAIA, Michele, Devetta, M., Ovcharenko, Y., Möller, T. h., Lyamayev, V., Stienkemeier, F., Düsterer, S., Ueda, K., Costello, J. T., Kazansky, A. K., Kabachnik, N. M., and Meyer, M.

Subjects
electron, Photon, ultrafast phenomena, Physics::Optics, General Physics and Astronomy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, FERMI, law.invention, Optics, law, Physics, Wavefront, FEL, polarization, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Free-electron laser, General Chemistry, Laser, Polarization (waves), laser, circular dichroism, Extreme ultraviolet, Optoelectronics, business, Ultrashort pulse, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers are set to revolutionize many domains such as bio-photonics and materials science, in a manner similar to optical lasers over the past two decades. Although their number will grow steadily over the coming decade, their complete characterization remains an elusive goal. This represents a significant barrier to their wider adoption and hence to the full realization of their potential in modern photon sciences. Although a great deal of progress has been made on temporal characterization and wavefront measurements at ultrahigh extreme ultraviolet and X-ray intensities, only few, if any progress on accurately measuring other key parameters such as the state of polarization has emerged. Here we show that by combining ultra-short extreme ultraviolet free electron laser pulses from FERMI with near-infrared laser pulses, we can accurately measure the polarization state of a free electron laser beam in an elegant, non-invasive and straightforward manner using circular dichroism. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

Published
2014
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5. Two-colour pump–probe experiments with a twin-pulse-seed extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser

Author

Emanuele Pedersoli, Cristian Svetina, Simone Spampinati, Paolo Sigalotti, Roberto Borghes, Paolo Cinquegrana, C. Serpico, Lorenzo Raimondi, David Gauthier, Flavio Capotondi, P. Charalambous, G. Kurdi, L. Froehlich, R. Ivanov, Ivaylo Nikolov, Carlo Spezzani, Filippo Bencivenga, Nicola Mahne, Miltcho B. Danailov, Alexander Demidovich, Benoît Mahieu, Eugenio Ferrari, Giuseppe Penco, Bruno Diviacco, Luca Giannessi, G. De Ninno, Marco Zangrando, Mauro Trovò, Enrico Allaria, Alessandro Gessini, S. Di Mitri, D. Castronovo, W. M. Fawley, Maya Kiskinova, Claudio Masciovecchio, Daniele Fausti, Sincrotrone Trieste, NEST-INFM (INFM), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), School of Applied Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Techniques of Informatics and Microelectronics for integrated systems Architecture (TIMA), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Laboratoire d'optique appliquée (LOA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris), CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Techniques de l'Informatique et de la Microélectronique pour l'Architecture des systèmes intégrés (TIMA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Borghes, R., Capotondi, Flavio, Castronovo, D., Charalambous, P., Cinquegrana, Paolo, Danailov, M. B., DE NINNO, Giovanni, Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fausti, Daniele, Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, Eugenio, Froehlich, L., Gauthier, D., Gessini, A., Giannessi, L., Ivanov, R., Kiskinova, Maya, Kurdi, G., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Nikolov, I., Masciovecchio, C., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Raimondi, L., Serpico, Claudio, Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svetina, Cristian, Trovò, Mauro, and Zangrando, M.

Subjects
Diffraction, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], General Physics and Astronomy, Nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Physics and Astronomy (all), Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, High harmonic generation, 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Multidisciplinary, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, Chemistry (all), Free-electron laser, Time evolution, General Chemistry, Laser, 3. Good health, Pulse (physics), Extreme ultraviolet, State of matter, business
Abstract

Exploring the dynamics of matter driven to extreme non-equilibrium states by an intense ultrashort X-ray pulse is becoming reality, thanks to the advent of free-electron laser technology that allows development of different schemes for probing the response at variable time delay with a second pulse. Here we report the generation of two-colour extreme ultraviolet pulses of controlled wavelengths, intensity and timing by seeding of high-gain harmonic generation free-electron laser with multiple independent laser pulses. The potential of this new scheme is demonstrated by the time evolution of a titanium-grating diffraction pattern, tuning the two coherent pulses to the titanium M-resonance and varying their intensities. This reveals that an intense pulse induces abrupt pattern changes on a time scale shorter than hydrodynamic expansion and ablation. This result exemplifies the essential capabilities of the jitter-free multiple-colour free-electron laser pulse sequences to study evolving states of matter with element sensitivity., Free-electron lasers are a powerful new tool for studying properties and transient states of matter. Here, the authors use a novel seed scheme for generation of two XUV laser pulses of controlled wavelength and time separation that enables access to ultrafast phenomena with elemental sensitivity.

Published
2013
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6. Tunability experiments at the FERMI@Elettra free-electron laser

Author

Roberto Gunnella, Roberto Borghes, Erika Giangrisostomi, Enrico Allaria, Ivaylo Nikolov, Adriano Filipponi, M. Di Fraia, Claudio Masciovecchio, Luca Giannessi, Marco Zangrando, W. M. Fawley, Riccardo Cucini, M. Trovo, Filippo Bencivenga, S. Di Mitri, Flavio Capotondi, Giuseppe Penco, Carlo Spezzani, L. Froehlich, Francesco D'Amico, D. Castronovo, S. Di Fonzo, R. Ivanov, Benoît Mahieu, Cristian Svetina, Carlo Callegari, Miltcho B. Danailov, Alessandro Gessini, Marcello Coreno, Lorenzo Raimondi, G. De Ninno, Dario Giuressi, R. Sergo, A. Di Cicco, Daniele Cocco, Bruno Diviacco, Cesare Grazioli, Andrea Battistoni, Alexander Demidovich, Eugenio Ferrari, Emiliano Principi, Paolo Craievich, Paolo Cinquegrana, G. Passos, Nicola Mahne, Emanuele Pedersoli, Paolo Sigalotti, Allaria, E., Battistoni, Andrea, Bencivenga, F., Borghes, R., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cocco, D., Coreno, M., Craievich, P., Cucini, R., D'Amico, F., Danailov, M. B., Demidovich, A., De Ninno, G., Di Cicco, A., Di Fonzo, S., DI FRAIA, Michele, Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, Eugenio, Filipponi, A., Froehlich, L., Gessini, A., Giangrisostomi, Erika, Giannessi, L., Giuressi, D., Grazioli, Cesare, Gunnella, R., Ivanov, R., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Nikolov, I. P., Passos, G., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Sergo, R., Sigalotti, P., Spezzani, C., Svetina, Cristian, Trovò, M., and Zangrando, M.

Subjects
FEL, seeded, tunability, TIMEX, DIPROI, LDM, Fermi, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Thermopile, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Physics, business.industry, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Wavelength, Fourier transform, Absorption edge, symbols, RADIATION, 0210 nano-technology, business, Coherence (physics)
Abstract

FERMI@Elettra is a free electron-laser (FEL)-based user facility that, after two years of commissioning, started preliminary users' dedicated runs in 2011. At variance with other FEL user facilities, FERMI@Elettra has been designed to deliver improved spectral stability and longitudinal coherence. The adopted scheme, which uses an external laser to initiate the FEL process, has been demonstrated to be capable of generating FEL pulses close to the Fourier transform limit. We report on the first instance of FEL wavelength tuning, both in a narrow and in a large spectral range (fine- and coarse-tuning). We also report on two different experiments that have been performed exploiting such FEL tuning. We used fine-tuning to scan across the 1s–4p resonance in He atoms, at ≈23.74 eV (52.2 nm), detecting both UV–visible fluorescence (4p–2s, 400 nm) and EUV fluorescence (4p–1s, 52.2 nm). We used coarse-tuning to scan the M4,5 absorption edge of Ge (∼29.5 eV) in the wavelength region 30–60 nm, measured in transmission geometry with a thermopile positioned on the rear side of a Ge thin foil.

Published
2012
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7. Soft-X study of buried interfaces in stratified media

Author

Lorenzo Sponza, Adriano Verna, A. Giglia, Nicola Mahne, Stefano Nannarone, CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Università degli studi di Trieste, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), AA. VV., Chu J, Wang Z, Mahne, N., Giglia, A., Sponza, L., Verna, Adriano, and Nannarone, S.

Subjects
Materials science, Field (physics), business.industry, multilayer, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Standing wave, Wavelength, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Optics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Phenomenological model, Reflection (physics), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Specular reflection, buried interfaces, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Excitation
Abstract

International audience; The performance of multilayer optics depends on the quality of the buried interfaces between materials, whose intermixing strongly affects their behavior. We present an experimental method to determine, in a non destructively way, the amount of material intermixing at interfaces of multilayer structures. The reflection mechanism is related to the build up in the multilayer of a standing wave field, whose peaks and the valleys move as a function both of wavelength and of incidence angle. Exploiting this fact it is possible to modulate the electric field inside the multilayer in order to have different parts of the multilayer structure excited at a different extent and in particular the buried interfaces regions. The excitation is directly proportional to the intensity of the electric field and to the concentration of a given element in the sample. The excitation can be detected with different techniques, f.i. electron core level photoemission, fluorescence, luminescence, total electron yield. The flexibility of the experimental apparatus of the BEAR beamline (Elettra Trieste, Italy) allowed us to study some important classes of layered structures in the soft X-ray energy range, using the above mentioned techniques together with the determination of the Bragg conditions through the measurement of the specular reflectivity. We demonstrate the possibility of obtaining quantitative information on the width of the intermixing region, strongly related to the interface roughness, through the comparison with a phenomenological model of the intermixing and a numerical simulation of the standing field inside the multilayer.

Published
2011
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