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The aim of the article is to point out the advantages of simulation software, and the possibilities in solving process optimization, whether it is production processes or non-production processes. The essence of the entire improvement process is a thorough analysis and definition of the examined business processes and their parts in the entire volume. After identifying bottlenecks, it is optimal to set optimization criteria and goals. When using simulation software in the process, it is necessary to thoroughly redistribute and edit the data files for the needs of their application in the given software. This activity often represents a more demanding part of the process than the actual processing of simulation models and the subsequent testing of options for improving real processes in the digital environment.

Background Custom-made 3D-printed glenoid implants for reverse shoulder arthroplasty are a modern treatment option for severe glenoid bone deficiencies. The potential advantages of not only achieving primary stability, but also being able to realize the preoperative plan in terms of implantation accuracy at the same time, has not yet been sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the implantation precision of custom-made glenoid implants. Methods 12 consecutive patients with severe glenoid bone defects were treated between May 2019 and August 2020 using a custom-made glenoid implant (ProMade) (LimaCorporate, San Daniele, Italy) with reverse shoulder arthroplasty at a single hospital. All patients were eligible for inclusion and could be enrolled in this institutional review board approved study. The immediate postoperative CT-evaluated position of the glenoid implant was compared with the preoperative computer-based plan, upon which the manufacturing process was based. As a result of this comparison deviation measurements in six degrees of freedom (inclination, version, mediolateral offset, anteroposterior offset, superoinferior offset and roll rotation) emerged. Results The absolute average (mean value ± standard deviation) implantation deviation related to the plan were 1.6° ± 5.4° for version, 1.9° ± 4.1° for inclination, 0.3mm ± 3.3mm for mediolateral offset, 0.1mm ± 1.9mm for anteroposterior offset, 0.0mm ± 2.4mm for superoinferior offset and 1.0° ± 6.3° for roll rotation. The augment volume averaged 9.0cm³ ± 2.6 cm³. All custom-made glenoid implants were implanted with a subjectively sufficient primary stability. Conclusion This study gives an indication, that custom-made 3D-printed glenoid implants can be implanted with statistically high accuracy. In order to evaluate the clinical benefit and radiographic stability, a longer follow-up investigation is needed.

Problem definition: Process innovation is commonly claimed to be a major source of competitive advantage for firms. Despite this perceived influence, it has received substantially less attention than product innovation, and much uncertainty remains about its true association with firm performance. We investigate the relationship between a pharmaceutical firm’s portfolio of manufacturing process innovations and its economic performance. Academic/practical relevance: We uniquely conduct a multidimensional evaluation of a firm’s portfolio of manufacturing process innovations at the product level. This allows a quantitative evaluation of both the relative benefit of the different dimensions of a portfolio as well as the potential complementarities between these in different technological landscapes. Methodology: Through a collaboration with expert patent attorneys, we develop a unique longitudinal data set that combines secondary data and evaluations of a firm’s portfolio of process patents along two key dimensions: novelty and scope. We conduct econometric analyses for a large-scale sample of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) whose product patents have expired and for which process innovation is thus the main source of competitive advantage. Results: We find a positive association between the presence of manufacturing process innovation and firm performance. However, although portfolio’s scope appears to always be beneficial to performance, the effect of novelty alone depends on the ruggedness of the technological landscape: negative in smoother landscapes and positive in more rugged landscapes. Results further suggest that novelty and scope of a portfolio of process innovations are complementary across technological landscapes. Managerial implications: Our results provide important practical insights that can inform the organization and execution of the research and development process across high-technology industries. In particular, although process innovations can be economically beneficial, investing in high-novelty process innovations without a corresponding high scope could jeopardize payoffs, especially in technological landscapes that are relatively smooth.

Aspirations among human beings for living a long life with joy and comfort are escalating the demand for advanced technologies. Humans having any physical disorders wish to live a healthier life through the artificial organ transplant-ship. Here it is noteworthy that the replaced organ should behave like the original one otherwise it may affect the other organs too. It is an exaggeration to say that the usage of the computational approach in getting the solutions for real-life problems is not new. Still, the contribution of the utility of computational approaches in Bio-systems is not at par. The reason is one can’t provide multiple inputs especially in the physical systems in the industry. This leads to creating gaps in the inputs to the tools about detailed knowledge of the bio-systems. The present study reports barriers associated with the utility of the additive manufacturing process for developing the products of Bio-systems.

The increasing demand for energy in recent decades due to rapid industrial and population growth has resulted in a heavy dependence on non-renewable energy which leads to environmental problems. Solar energy has emerged as a promising candidate for renewable energy because its sources are unlimited and do not produce pollutants that damage the environment. Among the different kind of solar cells, CZTS(e) solar cells have the advantage of reaching the Shockley–Queisser limit (SQL) of 30.9% with low production costs, non-toxicity, and abundance of constituent elements. However, the current performance of CZTS(e) solar cells is still below the commercial performance standard of at least 20%. This review comprehensively addresses the limiting factors that prevent CZTS(e) solar cells from achieving commercial grade performance. The phenomenon behind the problem will be independently highlighted and explained how it affects performance. Then, various solving methods specific to each problem that have been carried out during the manufacturing process will be discussed. At the end of this review article, a comprehensive summary and view of the possible future prospects for the manufacture of high-efficiency CZTS(e) solar cells are provided.

Composites have become the go-to material of the aerospace industry during the past decades and a significant uptake in composite materials for aerospace applications was evident in recent years. Both expert academics and industry practitioners believe, to meet the future demand, the level of automation in the aerospace composite manufacturing process chains must be improved. The main focus of automation in composites so far has been given to automate siloed operations but limited attention has been paid to end-to-end integration of the process chains leading to inefficiencies, rising operational costs, and low productivity. This paper intends to compare and contrast the level of automation (LOA) in different aerospace composite manufacturing process chains to identify where the LOA triumphs and lacks. For this purpose, core-process and sub-process tasks involved in commonly used manufacturing process chains (i.e. Filament Winding, Automated Tape Layup, Automated Fiber Placement, Resin Transfer Molding, and Pultrusion) are identified by conducting a detailed literature review and verified by the experts. Then, the process chains are mapped and visualized to understand the workflow. Later, these tasks are evaluated based on an established LOA taxonomy developed for manufacturing processes. The study reveals that even the popular ‘automated’ processes are developed in silos and do not show consistent higher LOA throughout their process chain. While core-process tasks show intermediate LOA (Level 5–6), most non-value-added activities show poor LOA (Level 1–4). Most importantly, none of the tasks involved in the existing composite manufacturing process chains have reached a higher LOA (Level 7). The paper reveals that focusing on sub-process tasks, and tasks that lack automation should be the next step towards achieving fully automated composite manufacturing and presents a two-pronged approach to realize Industry 4.0.

In recent years, the way of competition has changed in terms of garment manufacturing. Quality and scale competition gradually turn into speed competition. Garment manufacturers need to shorten the production cycle to win development opportunities. This paper takes a garment manufacturing factory as the research object, and innovatively uses the MOST method and Em-Plant simulation to improve the efficiency of its production line. According to each activity, operation time and worker assignment of the garment manufacturing process, the corresponding simulation model based on Em-Plant software is created to reveal the current problems existing in the manufacturing process. By analyzing these results, the bottlenecks in the process are found out. Applying theoretical knowledge such as production line balancing, lean production, motion study and time analysis, the improvement two plans are put forward, and the corresponding simulation results are given subsequently. Finally, a relatively better improvement plan is determined, which can better achieve the goal of balancing production line, improving efficiency, and reducing cost.

FPGA-based Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) have emerged as a viable alternative to permanent key storage by turning effects of inaccuracies during the manufacturing process of a chip into a unique, FPGA-intrinsic secret. However, many fixed PUF designs may suffer from unsatisfactory statistical properties in terms of uniqueness, uniformity, and robustness. Moreover, a PUF signature may alter over time due to aging or changing operating conditions, rendering a PUF insecure in the worst case. As a remedy, we propose CHOICE , a novel class of FPGA-based PUF designs with tunable uniqueness and reliability characteristics. By the use of addressable shift registers available on an FPGA, we show that a wide configuration space for adjusting a device-specific PUF response is obtained without any sacrifice of randomness. In particular, we demonstrate the concept of address-tunable propagation delays, whereby we are able to increase or decrease the probability of obtaining “ 1 ”s in the PUF response. Experimental evaluations on a group of six 28 nm Xilinx Artix-7 FPGAs show that CHOICE PUFs provide a large range of configurations to allow a fine-tuning to an average uniqueness between 49% and 51%, while simultaneously achieving bit error rates below 1.5%, thus outperforming state-of-the-art PUF designs. Moreover, with only a single FPGA slice per PUF bit, CHOICE is one of the smallest PUF designs currently available for FPGAs. It is well-known that signal propagation delays are affected by temperature, as the operating temperature impacts the internal currents of transistors that ultimately make up the circuit. We therefore comprehensively investigate how temperature variations affect the PUF response and demonstrate how the tunability of CHOICE enables us to determine configurations that show a high robustness to such variations. As a case study, we present a cryptographic key generation scheme based on CHOICE PUF responses as device-intrinsic secret and investigate the design objectives resource costs, performance, and temperature robustness to show the practicability of our approach.

Despite the many positive aspects of carbon fiber arising from its light-weighting potential, high cost and related environmental impact may inhibit even wider usage of the material in future. The ...

Additive manufacturing (AM) produces a complex shaped product from its data, layer by layer, with high precision and much less material wastage. As compared to the conventional manufacturing process, there are many positive environmental advantages of additive manufacturing technologies. Most importantly, there is less waste of raw material and the use of new and smart materials. It appears to concentrate on the output of a component on lesser material waste, energy usage, and machine emissions. There is a need to study the environmental sustainability of additive manufacturing technologies and their applications. As more businesses aim to strengthen their eco-footprint, sustainability in AM is gaining momentum. Visionary leaders of the industry are continually challenging their employees to find new ways to reduce waste, improving their workforce's manufacturing environment, and find innovative ways to use new materials to become more sustainable. The growth in value-added components, goods, and services has resulted from these initiatives. This paper discusses the significant benefit of additive manufacturing to create a sustainable production system. Finally, the paper identifies twelve major applications of AM for sustainability. Although additive manufacturing and technological dominance are being established with crucial industries, their sustainability advantages are visible in the current manufacturing scenario. The main goal is to identify the environmental benefits of additive manufacturing technologies over conventional manufacturing. Industries can now decide on suitable technologies to meet environmental goals.

In this design, the product we want to make is a die for the M 20 ring because the die we designed is helpful for student learning (practicum) at the Mechanical Technology Laboratory. The ring manufacturing process is carried out using one blanking compound dies. The blanking and piercing processes are carried out in one operation, thus saving time and money. This dies planning includes the process of designing dimensions and other supporting tools using the SolidWorks 2017 application. This design aims to produce blanking compound dies designs on press machines for the M20 ring manufacturing process with little or no defects and estimate the cost of making blanking compound dies. The method of analysis using Solidworks 2017 software includes displacement, von misses stress, safety factor. The results obtained from the 2017 SolidWorks analysis are to estimate the wear life of the punch and die to anticipate product failures. The material used in this ring is SAPH440 as defined in JIS 3113, starting from 2 mm to 14 mm. At the same time, the one we use for the M20 ring has a thickness of 2 mm. Based on the dies design calculations and data analysis that has been carried out, it is concluded that the use of blanking compound dies can reduce product defects due to dimensional accuracy in the dies and accelerate the production process of ring making.

As new technologies have been changing the production scenario, sustainable production practices stand out as possible solutions to harmonise industrial activities and biodiversity conservation for...

Large-stroke high-speed positioning stages play a significant role in microelectronic packaging manufacturing. Considering the problem of Z-axis bonding position error caused by inaccurate positioning, diverse chip pad sizes, and other interfering factors, this study proposes a rapid high-precision compensating method with a micromotion compensator to reduce the positioning error in the Z-axis direction. In the study, the micromotion compensator with a unique piezoelectric-spring structure is designed and implemented on the stage working end. Based on the static force analysis and energy storage/dissipation analysis, the exact extension and retraction amount of the compensator is determined in relation to the spring preload force. From the frequency response analysis, the micromotion compensator can achieve a high-frequency performance with appropriate spring stiffness. Thus, the compensator can loyally react to the positioning error and rapidly output the exact compensating amount for the Z-axis operation. Based on the working principle and characteristics of the compensator, the compensating system is implemented. The experimental results show that the compensator can achieve nanometer precision positioning for the motion stage. The proposed Z-axis working-end compensator is particularly useful in the real-time chip bonding manufacturing process for rapid and accurate positioning.

Background Ames test is used worldwide for detecting the bacterial mutagenicity of chemicals. In silico analyses of bacterial mutagenicity have recently gained acceptance by regulatory agencies; however, current in silico models for prediction remain to be improved. The Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA) organized a task force in 2017 in which eight Japanese pharmaceutical companies had participated. The purpose of this task force was to disclose a piece of pharmaceutical companies’ proprietary Ames test data. Results Ames test data for 99 chemicals of various chemical classes were collected for disclosure in this study. These chemicals are related to the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical drugs, including reagents, synthetic intermediates, and drug substances. The structure-activity (mutagenicity) relationships are discussed in relation to structural alerts for each chemical class. In addition, in silico analyses of these chemicals were conducted using a knowledge-based model of Derek Nexus (Derek) and a statistics-based model (GT1_BMUT module) of CASE Ultra. To calculate the effectiveness of these models, 89 chemicals for Derek and 54 chemicals for CASE Ultra were selected; major exclusions were the salt form of four chemicals that were tested both in the salt and free forms for both models, and 35 chemicals called “known” positives or negatives for CASE Ultra. For Derek, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 65% (15/23), 71% (47/66), and 70% (62/89), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 50% (6/12), 60% (25/42), and 57% (31/54) for CASE Ultra, respectively. The ratio of overall disagreement between the CASE Ultra “known” positives/negatives and the actual test results was 11% (4/35). In this study, 19 out of 28 mutagens (68%) were detected with TA100 and/or TA98, and 9 out of 28 mutagens (32%) were detected with either TA1535, TA1537, WP2uvrA, or their combination. Conclusion The Ames test data presented here will help avoid duplicated Ames testing in some cases, support duplicate testing in other cases, improve in silico models, and enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of mutagenesis.

The successful commercialization of cell therapies requires thorough planning and consideration of product quality, cost and scale of the manufacturing process. The implementation of automation can be central to a robust and reproducible manufacturing process at industrialized scales. There have been a number of wash-and-concentrate devices developed for cell manufacturing. These technologies have arisen from transfusion medicine, hematopoietic stem cell and biologics manufacturing where operating mechanisms are distinct from manual centrifugation. This review describes the historical origin and fundamental technologies underlying each currently available wash-and-concentrate device as well as their relative advantages and disadvantages in cell therapy applications. Understanding the specific attributes and limitations of these technologies is essential to optimizing cell therapy manufacturing.

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, such as deep learning and XGboost, are used in numerous applications including autonomous driving, manufacturing process optimization and medical diagnostic...

The rapid investment casting (RIC) is a manufacturing process where the master patterns are produced by the means of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Ster...

For any industry, an important part of quality control is the detection and identification of defects of the products. During the manufacturing process, a wide range of defects occur on or in the p...

After nearly one hundred years of research, metallurgy (metallurgical science and engineering) has gradually become a system with three levels of knowledge: (1) micro metallurgy at the atomic/molecular scale, (2) process metallurgy at the procedure/device, and (3) macro-dynamic metallurgy at the full process/process group. Macro-dynamic metallurgy development must eliminate the concept of an “isolated system” and establish concepts of “flow,” “process network,” and “operating program” to study the “structure-function-efficiency” in the macro-dynamic operation of metallurgical manufacturing processes. It means considering “flow” as the ontology and observing dynamic change by “flow” to solve the green and intelligent potential of metallurgical enterprises. Metallurgical process engineering is integrated metallurgy, toplevel designed metallurgy, macro-dynamic operated metallurgy, and engineering science level metallurgy. Metallurgical process engineering is a cross-level, comprehensive, and integrated study of the macro-dynamic operation of manufacturing processes. Metallurgical process engineering studies the physical nature and constitutive characteristics of the dynamic operation of steel manufacturing process, as well as the analysis-optimization of the set of procedure functions, coordination-optimization of the set of procedures’ relations, and reconstruction-optimization of the set of procedures in the manufacturing process. The study establishes rules for the macro operation of the manufacturing process, as well as dynamic and precise objectives of engineering design and production operation.

New technologies have always been disruptive for established systems and processes. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is proving to be one such process which has the potential to disrupt handicraft and its manufacturing processes. AM is customisable, adopt multiple materials and is not restricted by the manufacturing process. Our research discusses this global phenomenon with case studies to highlights the growth of a new kind of professionals known as ‘Digital Artisans’. These artisans will assimilate the latest technologies with the cultural practices of the societies to create a new genre of products. The evolution of such artisans will be majorly led by people who have an equal inclination towards art and science and can act as the bridge between the handicrafts and technology. The development of such artisans will be supported by academics that will serve as a cradle and expose them to AM, design and handicraft. Its will also help in paving the growth of contemporary artisans who will utilise the strength of algorithms, artificial intelligence, CAD software and traditional aesthetics to create handicrafts of the future.

Background: Determine the exact slot dimension of a sample of a MBT prescription stainless steel conventional brackets from different manufacturers to compare the actual values with the nominal ones declared by the manufacturers and to verify the compliance with tolerance limits given by the ISO 27020:2019. Different batches from each manufacturer were evaluated to determine whether or not they are different in size. In addition, the geometry of the slot walls was assessed. Methods: 360 stainless steel preadjusted orthodontic brackets of 12 different manufacturers were assessed. All brackets had a nominal slot size of 0.022 by 0.028 inches, belonged to the right upper central incisor, and were fabricated with the metal injection molding technique (MIM). For each manufacturer, three different manufacturing batches were evaluated. Brackets were coded using a single-blind design. Results: All bracket systems in the study group except one displayed a statistically significant difference with the nominal declared value, although only four of the systems did not comply with the tolerance limits established by the ISO 27020:2019. In most of the systems, the slot height was oversized when compared to the nominal one. A significant interbatch variability was found in most of the evaluated systems. Most of the brackets walls were divergent. Conclusions: The dimensional accuracy of commercially available metal brackets is not guaranteed. The respect for the norm should be enforced as well as the quality controls along the manufacturing process since orthodontic brackets are a precision medical device. Objetivos: Determinar la dimensión exacta del slot de una muestra de brackets convencionales de acero inoxidable recetados MBT de diferentes fabricantes para comparar los valores reales con los nominales declarados por los fabricantes y verificar el cumplimiento de los límites de tolerancia dados por la norma ISO 27020:2019. Se evaluaron diferentes lotes de cada fabricante para determinar si eran o no de tamaño diferente. Además, se evaluó la geometría de las paredes de las ranuras. Métodos: Se evaluaron 360 brackets de ortodoncia preajustados de acero inoxidable de 12 fabricantes diferentes. Todos los brackets tenían un tamaño de ranura nominal de 0.022 por 0.028 pulgadas, pertenecían al incisivo central superior derecho y fueron fabricados con la técnica de moldeo por inyección de metal (MIM). Para cada fabricante se evaluaron tres lotes de fabricación diferentes. Los corchetes se codificaron utilizando un diseño simple ciego. Resultados: Todos los sistemas de brackets del grupo de estudio excepto uno presentaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con el valor nominal declarado, aunque solo cuatro de los sistemas no cumplieron con los límites de tolerancia establecidos por la norma ISO 27020:2019. En la mayoría de los sistemas, la altura de la ranura estaba sobredimensionada en comparación con la nominal. Se encontró una importante variabilidad entre lotes en la mayoría de los sistemas evaluados. La mayoría de las paredes de los soportes eran divergentes. Conclusiones: No se garantiza la precisión dimensional de los brackets metálicos disponibles en comercio. Se debe hacer cumplir el respeto a la norma y los controles de calidad a lo largo del proceso de fabricación ya que los brackets de ortodoncia son un dispositivo médico de precisión. Sin financiación 2.151 JCR (2020) Q3, 58/92, Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine 0.620 SJR (2020) Q2, 47/141 Dentistry (miscellaneous) No data IDR (2020) UEV

Purpose Additive manufacturing of concrete (AMoC) is an emerging technology for constructing buildings. However, due to the nature of the concrete property and constructing buildings in layers, constraints and limitations are encountered while applying AMoC in architecture. This paper aims to analyze the constraints and limitations that may be encountered while using AMoC in architecture. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive research approach is used to conduct this study. First, basic notions of AMoC are introduced. Then, challenges of AMoC, including hardware, material property, control and design, are addressed. Finally, strategies that may be used to overcome the challenges are discussed. Findings Factors influencing the success of AMoC include hardware, material, control methods, manufacturing process and design. Considering these issues in the early design phase is crucial to achieving a successful computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) integration to bring CAD and CAM benefits into the architecture industry. Originality/value In three-dimensional (3D) printing, objects are constructed layer by layer. Printing results are thus affected by the additive method (such as toolpath) and material properties (such as tensile strength and slump). Although previous studies attempt to improve AMoC, most of them focus on the manufacturing process. However, a successful application of AMoC in architecture needs to consider the possible constraints and limitations of concrete 3D printing. So far, research on the potential challenges of applying AMoC in architecture from a building lifecycle perspective is still limited. The study results of this study could be used to improve design and construction while applying AMoC in architecture.

With the progress of the manufacturing process, NAND flash memory has evolved from the single-level cell and multi-level cell into the triple-level cell (TLC). NAND flash memory has physical problems such as the characteristic of erase-before-write and the limitation of program/erase cycles. Moreover, TLC NAND flash memory has low reliability and short lifetime. Thus, we propose a dynamic Huffman coding method that can apply to the write operations of NAND flash memory. The proposed method exploits observations from a Huffman tree and machine learning from data patterns to dynamically select a suitable Huffman coding. According to the experimental results, the proposed method can improve the reliability of TLC NAND flash memory and also consider the compression performance for those applications that require the Huffman coding.

This article investigates the hierarchy of the manufacturing system, which consists of a set of interrelated processes aimed at converting information, knowledge, energy, materials, and other resources into value for the consumer based on the principles of lean production. Modern manufacturing systems are becoming more and more complex to manage. The problems that need to be solved are associated with a significant number of time-varying parameters, large time delays, high non-linearity of processes, and a complex relationship between input and output parameters. Depending on the parameters of internal components and characteristics of external conditions, the state of manufacturing systems can change in an unpredictable manner. The paper considers many types of discrete states in which the system can be. The estimation of the probability of finding the manufacturing system in any of the given states was carried out using discrete Markov analysis. The article also presents the results of studies of possible transitions between states in which the production system is presented in the form of a transition matrix.

A sandwich wall-panel solution based on Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) has been recently developed aiming to rationalize the wood volume and combine it with a low-density core layer for improved thermal insulation and reduced weight. Such panel, named Cross-Insulated Timber (CIT), was previously optimized to fulfil structural and thermal requirements with a minimum production cost. The layout of the new panel is similar to the one of a five-layer CLT panel, but the inner layer is made of polyurethane rigid foam instead of timber. Besides its technical and economical benefit, it is also of interest to assess its environmental impact. This paper presents a study about the environmental impact assessment through Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) of this new type of wood-based sandwich wall panel. A cradle-to-gate LCA with consideration of different end-of-life scenarios is performed in order to identify the processes that contribute the most to the environmental impact of the CIT panel solution proposed during its life cycle, namely during manufacturing. The LCA includes also the comparative assessment of: (i) varying the thickness of the wood layers, with respect to the optimized CIT panel; (ii) using an alternative core material, namely insulation cork board (ICB), and (iii) applying structurally equivalent three-layered CLT solutions, with alternative core materials. The results obtained show that the manufacturing process of the CIT panel, namely the polyurethane foam production and the press and curing processes during the panels assembly are the ones that produce the highest impacts. It was also found out that varying the thickness of the wood layers compared to the optimized solution leads, in general, to an increase in all impact categories. This means that the optimized solution in terms of economic costs is also the one which presents the lowest environmental impacts. Compared to equivalent CIT panels with ICB core and CLT solutions, the environmental performance of the panel proposed was better for some impact categories, while it was worse in others.

The siak weaving is a cultural heritage of Riau Malay. The motifs on the Siak Tenun have certain philosophical meanings. In addition, in the manufacturing process, there has been a development both from the materials and tools used. The study in this paper aims to describe the development of Siak weaving techniques based on the categories of materials and tools used from time to time. The method used in this study is the historical method with heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historiography stages. The result of the study is that the making of Siak Weaving has developed in terms of the materials and tools used. In terms of materials, at the beginning of its development using materials from silk, gold, and silver threads. However, since 1950 the weavers began to use cotton threads along with the high prices of silk, gold, and silver threads. Furthermore, in terms of tools, in 1764 the first weaving tool used was the tumpu loom. The tools used for the manufacture of Siaik weaving are increasingly developing, since 1990 it has been replaced by non-machine weaving tools (ATBM). The development of the Siak Tenun making tool to increase production output and shorten processing time. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that changes in the weaving production equipment affect the impact, including the number of workers, budget efficiency, quality, and quantity of production.

A new method of mathematical modeling called Sediment Delivery Model (SeDeM) is reviewed. This method is a convenient tool for determining the suitability of powdered material for direct compression. The method identifies unsatisfactory properties of the material and also determines the type and amount of excipients that should be added to the tablet formulation to neutralize the unsatisfactory properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The principles of application of the SeDeM method are considered. The parameters to be determined for application of this method, the equations for calculations, and the constructed diagrams are presented. The methods for application of SeDeM to the pharmaceutical industry and the advantages of such use of the system are described. The SeDeM method is used to optimize and calculate the composition of tablets obtained by direct compression. This system takes into account all the characteristics of the bulk material and provides recommendations for the selection of excipients. The method makes it easier to develop a new drug and simplifies the manufacturing process by eliminating unnecessary excipients. In addition, the method is used for quality control of single APIs and excipients.

To describe the development process of wrist, hand, and finger orthoses for children with cerebral palsy using low-cost additive manufacturing and also consider the perspective of caregivers and occupational therapists to evaluate the potential of applying this process. Four cases of study were conducted of orthoses developed for children with cerebral palsy, all of whom were indicated for the use of orthoses. The applied development process has 8 stages: data collection, client preferences, acquisition of anatomy, 3D scanning, 3D cad modelling, 3D printing, finishing, and delivery and evaluation. There was the participation of caregivers and occupational therapists in the evaluation of the process and of the product development. An adaptation of QUEST was used in order to assess satisfaction at the time of product delivery. One year after delivery, OTs who monitored the cases completed a questionnaire. As a result, it was identified that it is possible to use the proposed process. Furthermore, the four hand and finger wrist orthoses were produced for children with cerebral palsy using low-cost materials and methods. By evaluating with professionals and stakeholders, the products were considered to be light weight and aesthetically pleasing. The OTs considered the orthoses to be clinically adequate and corresponding to the therapeutic objective. It is concluded that the low-cost additive manufacturing process used to produce customized wrist, hand, and finger orthoses for children with cerebral palsy is feasible. The generated orthoses were considered adequate from the perspective of caregivers and therapists.

A novel bracing system called here fan-bracing system (FBS) has been introduced. Despite its relatively simple mechanism and manufacturing process, FBS can considerably enhance the ductility and en...

The development of e-commerce has had an impact on payment methods which were originally only known as cash payments, paper-based, card based, are now being introduced with new electronic-based payment systems such as m-banking, virtual accounts, payment applications. Paylater is a type of online credit payment. Paylater allows its users to have a credit card without a card and without a complicated manufacturing process. This study uses a quantitative descriptive analysis method so that the data used is the result of distributing questionnaires to 404 samples who meet the criteria. The results of this study indicate that the ease of use oftechnology paylaterhas an effect of 6.4% on the impulsive buying behavior ofusers e-commerce in Indonesia. From the results of data processing, it can be concluded that the ease of use oftechnology paylater byusers e-commerce in Indonesia is very good andusers paylater tend to make impulse buying when shopping

Dewatering is a major process in a wide range of manufacturing industries. One of the most commonly used technologies for dewatering is the screw press. The optimized setting of the screw press increases the amount of recycled water for further production. Additionally, it reduces waste disposal costs by lowering the weight of discharged sludge. In this paper, we used the design of experiments to determine the parameters that affect the dryness of the final waste. Our study showed the significant parameters were the pump speed, the screw rotation speed, and the properties of inflowing sludge. Using the significant factors, a regression model was developed to predict the dryness of the final waste. Then, the regression model was used as the objective function of an optimization model to find the optimal settings of the screw press that maximizes the dryness of sludge. The optimum setting of the screw press increased the dryness of sludge by 2.3%, saving 387 metric tons of water annually. The financial effects of improving the dryness of the sludge leaving the screw press were calculated showing a reduction in disposal costs and reduction in water usage costs because the water extracted from the sludge is recycled. Further investigations showed that the amounts and types of chemicals used to pretreatment the inflowing sludge to the head box can affect the dryness of the sludge leaving the screw press.

Fish is one of the food sources of animal protein (fish) which is widely liked and consumed by the public. This is aside from being relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain, as well as a high nutritional value that can maintain stability and health and can also improve brain intelligence in children. Shredded is one of the traditional processed food products that have long been known by the community. In general, shredded meat is made from beef and other animal meat. Shredded fish contains high enough nutritional components that are needed by our body. To build a culture that is cultured, spiritual, intellectual and intelligent, Palmerah Sub-district, West Jakarta has created thematic villages in six villages in its area. Palmerah Sub-district is a sub-district with a dense population. To support the smart village launched by Mr. Firman as the Head of Palmerah District. Where is a clean and healthy lifestyle and makes the village smart, by inviting families, especially children, to eat fish. One of the processing is by processing fish into shredded fish. Housewives and young people who have not worked are expected to make business opportunities to increase income and can also be consumed by families themselves. Training from the initial stage to completion requires eight months divided into several stages starting from needs analysis, introduction of fish and equipment and the manufacturing process, as well as packaging and the final stage is that the product can be sold through markets, stalls or through online media.

Covert Hardware Trojan Horses (HTH) introduced by malicious attackers during the fabless manufacturing process of integrated circuits (IC) have the potential to cause malignant functions within the circuit. This article employs a Design-for-Security technique to detect any HTHs present in the circuit by inserting tri-state buffers (TSB) in the ICs that inject the internal nets with weighted logic values during the test phase. This increases the transitions in the logic values of the nets within the IC, thereby stimulating any inserted HTH circuits. The TSBs are efficiently inserted in the IC considering various circuit parameters and testability measures to bolster the transitions in logic values of the nets throughout the IC while minimising the area overhead. Simulation results show a significant increase in transitions in logic values within HTH triggers using this method, thus aiding in their detection through side-channel analysis or direct activation of the payload.

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) exploit the manufacturing process variations inherent in silicon-based chips to generate unique secret keys. Although PUFs are supposed to be unclonable or unbreakable, researchers have found that they are vulnerable to machine learning (ML) attacks. In this article, we analyze the vulnerability of different FPGA-based Ring Oscillator PUFs (ROPUFs) to machine learning attacks. The challenge-response pairs (CRPs) data obtained from different ROPUFs is trained using different machine learning algorithms. From the study, it is found that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models can be used to train the ROPUFs with a training accuracy of 99.9% and a prediction accuracy of 62% when 5,000 CRPs are used for a challenge-response ROPUF. In this article, we assume a realistic situation where a small set of the CRP dataset (approximately 15% maximum) is unscrupulously obtained by the hacker. A prediction accuracy of 62% makes the PUF vulnerable to machine learning attacks. Therefore, a secondary goal of this article is the design of a ROPUF capable of thwarting machine learning modeling attacks. The modified XOR-inverter ROPUF drastically reduces the prediction accuracy from 62% to 13.1%, thus making it increasingly difficult for hackers to attack the ROPUF.

This article proposes a new approach for mapping material flows through the economy referred to as economy‐wide material system analysis (EW‐MSA). EW‐MSA monitors material flows along production chains, connects manufacturing and use of various products with related emission flows, and shows how waste is recycled. The quantification of material flows in EW‐MSA is carried out by unambiguously defined EW‐MSA indicators. The data on EW‐MSA indicators are organized in an EW‐MSA database while the results of EW‐MSA can be clearly presented with Sankey flow charts. The proposed method was tested using the Czech Republic as a case study. It shows that the Czech Republic is an open economy, as more manufactured products are exported than used domestically. The total physical stock of materials in the economy is continuously growing and only about 7% of total material input into manufacturing is composed of secondary materials. Manufacturing of motor vehicles and transport equipment is highly dependent on imported materials and a significant amount of waste from motor vehicles’ manufacture and use is exported instead of being recycled and returned to the manufacturing process. Further development and use of EW‐MSA should go hand in hand with the development of needed data sources: Only a fraction of data was directly accessible in the official statistics while the rest had to be modeled with the use of other data and various coefficients. This burdened the results with some uncertainties.

This paper reports on the manufacturing and evaluation of a solar power sail membrane prototype for the OKEANOS project. The in-house prototype was built by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Mechanical and electrical evaluation tests were conducted. The membrane, thin-film solar cells, reflectivity control devices were good condition after the manufacturing and handling. The improvements in the manufacturing process and design were found. The manufacturing process and design were fundamentally established. After the prototype, improvement plans for the manufacturing process and design were tried. We have a prospect of manufacturing the flight model sail and continue to the development.

This paper presents a monolithic manufacturing process to realize active-matrix meshed TFT arrays on foil with physical voids between pixels, realizing membrane-like structures for use in biometrics-under-display applications. Moreover, however, the concept enables new applications in the biomedical electronics domain.

This study explores hyper-personalized wellness products (e.g., facial serum, custom-prepared meals, vitamins) as unconventional luxury products. Hyper-personalized consumer goods are those in which a consumer's genetic composition, or DNA, is used in the manufacturing process. Given that hyper-personalized products emphasize high quality and uniqueness and garner premium prices, this study conceptualizes these products as representing contemporary, unconventional luxury. Three studies empirically demonstrate the extent to which consumers allocate price premiums to three different hyper-personalized consumer products in terms of functionally compared with a mass-produced equivalent. The results reveal that consumers believe that hyper-personalized products are worth premium prices, regardless of their desire to own these products. Whether hyper-personalized products are truly more beneficial to consumer well-being than their mass-produced counterparts remains unknown however. The article concludes with theoretical and research implications, as well as research directives.