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Resistance to antimycobacterial agents consistently remains a major obstacle to end TB in India. Geographical prevalence data regarding drug-resistant evolutionary genetics of M. tuberculosis (MTB) remains sparse in India. Our objective was to determine the genotypic drug resistance mutation pattern for Rifampicin and Isoniazid of MTB isolates to gain an understanding of the prevailing molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis. In this study 2528 M. tuberculosis DNA isolates from presumptive DRTB suspects received at the nodal TB reference laboratory in Kerala were tested for Rifampicin and Isoniazid resistance by sequence-based diagnostic Line Probe assay (LPA). Geographical prevalence and associations of rpoB, katG, inhA resistance codons was analyzed from January 2019 to March 2020. Among the 2528 DNA samples subjected for Rifampicin and Isoniazid resistance determination by LPA, 146 (5.8%) isolates were resistant to both drugs. Isoniazid mono-resistance was found in 164 (6.5%) and Rifampicin mono-resistance in 38 (1.5%) isolates. The most frequent rpoB mutation was S531L (60.32%) followed by S531W/L533P mutations seen in 8.15% of the isolates. S315T1 KatG mutation was seen in 97.33% of Isoniazid resistant isolates. 84.68% isolates with rpoB S531L mutation were found to be multidrug-resistant. 82.9% of isolates with rpoB S531L mutation showed katG S315T1 mutation. Mono isoniazid-resistant isolates were significantly higher compared to mono rifampicin-resistant isolates among the DNA isolates studied in our region. The molecular epidemiological pattern most frequently associated with multidrug resistance was rpoB S531L which was significantly associated with the co-presence of S315T1 mutation.

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important pulse crop grown under Indian rainfed agriculture. Twenty eight pigeonpea genotypes were tested for stability and adaptability across ten rainfed locations in the States of Telangana and Karnataka, India using AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) model and GGE (genotype and genotype by environment) biplot method. The grain yields were significantly affected by environment (56.8%) followed by genotype × environment interaction (27.6%) and genotype (18.6%) variances. Two mega environments were identified with several winning genotypes viz., ICPH 2740 (G15), TS 3R (G10), PRG 176 (G8) and ICPL 96058 (G22). E2 (Gulbarga, Karnataka), E3 (Bidar, Karnataka) and E6 (Vikarabad, Telangana) were the most discriminating environments. Genotypes, ICPH 2740, PRG 176 and TS 3R were the best cultivars in all the environments whereas PRG 158 (G9), ICPL 87119 (G12), ICPL 20098 (G19) and ICPL 96058 (G22) were suitable across a wide range of environments. Genotypes, ICPH 2740 and PRG 176 can be recommended on a large scale to the farmers with small holdings to enhance pigeonpea productivity and improve the food security

BACKGROUND: The first national severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serosurvey in India, done in May-June, 2020, among adults aged 18 years or older from 21 states, found a SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody seroprevalence of 0·73% (95% CI 0·34-1·13). We aimed to assess the more recent nationwide seroprevalence in the general population in India. METHODS: We did a second household serosurvey among individuals aged 10 years or older in the same 700 villages or wards within 70 districts in India that were included in the first serosurvey. Individuals aged younger than 10 years and households that did not respond at the time of survey were excluded. Participants were interviewed to collect information on sociodemographics, symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, exposure history to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, and history of COVID-19 illness. 3-5 mL of venous blood was collected from each participant and blood samples were tested using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. Seroprevalence was estimated after applying the sampling weights and adjusting for clustering and assay characteristics. We randomly selected one adult serum sample from each household to compare the seroprevalence among adults between the two serosurveys. FINDINGS: Between Aug 18 and Sept 20, 2020, we enrolled and collected serum samples from 29 082 individuals from 15 613 households. The weighted and adjusted seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals aged 10 years or older was 6·6% (95% CI 5·8-7·4). Among 15 084 randomly selected adults (one per household), the weighted and adjusted seroprevalence was 7·1% (6·2-8·2). Seroprevalence was similar across age groups, sexes, and occupations. Seroprevalence was highest in urban slum areas followed by urban non-slum and rural areas. We estimated a cumulative 74·3 million infections in the country by Aug 18, 2020, with 26-32 infections for every reported COVID-19 case. INTERPRETATION: Approximately one in 15 individuals aged 10 years or older in India had SARS-CoV-2 infection by Aug 18, 2020. The adult seroprevalence increased approximately tenfold between May and August, 2020. Lower infection-to-case ratio in August than in May reflects a substantial increase in testing across the country. FUNDING: Indian Council of Medical Research.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of nanoparticles on the performance of refrigerant-based nanofluid flow through the vapour compression refrigeration system. Refrigeration systems have attracted many research activities in recent years. These systems traditionally operate with low coefficient of performance values. Other refrigerants used in vapour compression cycles may provide better performance for refrigeration cycles. Based on some research, the use of refrigeration & air conditioning systems consumes 30 to 40% of the total electricity consumed. The traditional method for increasing heat dissipation is to increase the area available for exchanging heat but it requires more space. The innovative concept of 'nanofluids' heat transfer fluids consisting of suspended of nanoparticles has been proposed as a prospect for these challenges. A refrigerant with low environmental impact and excellent thermodynamic performance will increase the performance of the system. So, R600a matches the standards and balanced nano-material (Aluminum oxide) in refrigerating systems then the performance testing of the system is going to be analyzed. By the addition of the nanoparticles to the refrigerant leads to improvements within the thermophysical properties and heat transfer characteristics of the refrigerant, thereby improving the performance of the cooling system. The experimental results show that the coefficient of performance of refrigerant-based nanofluid is above that of pure refrigerant. In considering the past researches, many characteristics behaviour are going to be implemented then experimentation is going to be administered.

Usage of electric energy keep on increasing due to social and industrial advancement. Various types of sources are used to fulfill the energy needs. Wind energy is also a source which fulfills a part of electric energy needs with the help of wind turbine. In this study, darrieus type vertical axis wind turbine is used for its great potential in application to its structural advantage and omni-directionality. Tip Speed ratio (TSR) is one of the major parameter which effects the performance of darrieus wind turbine. Analysis of darrieus wind turbine is evaluated by varying Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) from 0 to 3 m/sec due to regional wind speed with a duration of 0.2 m/sec along with the validation of mesh independency and time independency. From the numerical analysis, Tip Speed ratio (TSR) of 1.8 shows the better performance with minor domain losses for low wind regional wind speed.

AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate force systems to bring about the en masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth having reduced bone levels using finite element analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study. Three-dimensional finite element models of maxillary dentition having normal alveolar bone level and 2, 4, and 6 mm bone loss with first premolar extraction were constructed from a spiral CT scan of a skull. Archwire and brackets were modeled on the facial surfaces of teeth. Retraction force of 175 gm was applied from an orthodontic mini-implant placed bilaterally between the second premolar and first molar and 12 mm above plane of the archwire to anterior retraction hook (ARH) fixed at two heights of 6 and 10 mm above the archwire. RESULTS Maximum displacement and periodontal ligament (PDL) stress were calculated for different combinations of bone levels and ARH. As the bone loss increased, the tipping tendency, amount of intrusion, and maximum von Mises stress in PDL also increased, showing a direct correlation. CONCLUSION To minimize tipping and PDL stress, the height of ARH should be increased in alveolar bone loss conditions to allow retraction force to pass through or even above the center of resistance of anterior teeth. Even then, pure bodily retraction may not be achieved, but tipping tendency can be reduced. Nevertheless, it may not be suitable to increase ARH beyond a limit owing to chances of irritation to the vestibular mucosa. Alternative methods should be contemplated to reduce the tipping behavior. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The alternative is to apply a lighter retraction force to reduce lingual tipping. A higher counter-moment in the archwire or bracket can also be incorporated.

This study characterises the performance of the Savonius type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The performance of the Savonius type VAWT can be characterised by power and coefficient of power. Th...

Background: Repeated cross-sectional serosurveys in the same geographic area establish the trend of the evolving pandemic. We present the findings of the third round of a national serosurvey to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the general population and health care workers of India. Methods: We conducted the third population-based serosurvey between Dec 18, 2020 and Jan 6, 2021 in the same 700 villages or wards from 70 districts in 21 states across India, which were selected for the first and second serosurveys. We enrolled from each district, at least 400 individuals aged ≥ 10 years from general population and 100 HCWs from sub-district level public health facilities. Serum samples from general population were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies against nucleocapsid (N) and spike protein (S1-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 using the Abbott and Siemens assays respectively, whereas sera from HCWs were tested for anti-S1-RBD. For general population, sera positive for either of the antibodies were considered positive, while sera positive for anti-S1-RBD were considered as positive for HCW. Weighted seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for sensitivity and specificity of respective assays. Findings: Of the 28,598 sera from general population, 4585 (16%) had IgG antibodies against N, 6647 (23.2%) against S1-RBD and 7436 (26%) against either. The weighted and assay characteristic adjusted seroprevalence against either of the antibodies was 24.1 (95%CI: 23.0% to 25.3%). Seroprevalence was lower in rural areas (21.4%, 95% CI: 20.3% to 22.6%) compared to urban non-slum (29.4%, 95% CI: 26.9% - 32.1%) and slum areas (34.6%, 95% CI: 31.0% to 38.3%). Among 7385 HCWs, the seroprevalence of anti-S1-RBD IgG antibodies was 25.6% (95% CI: 23.5% to 27.8%). Interpretation: Nearly one in four individuals aged 10 years or older from general population as well as HCWs were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 by December 2020 amounting to 271 million infections in India. Funding Statement: Indian Council of Medical Research Declaration of Interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare no competing interests Ethics Approval Statement: The project was approved by Institutional Human Ethics Committee at ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology.

Cognitive radio networks are the self-configuring and mainly solve the problem of spectrum utilization. Cognitive radio networks always try to identify Occupied or un-occupied channels for transmission. Cognitive radio networks (CRN’s) are an enabling technology for multiple features like dynamic spectrum access, spectrum sharing, and dynamic allocation. The existing research of security issues in CRN’s mainly considers attacks in individual layers and provides significant solutions but attacker cannot propagates his attacks in single layer. In this work, we designed a cross-layer attack solution, where attackers attack two different layers at a time. The attacks we considered are report false sensing data (RFSD) attack in physical layer and small backoff window (SBW) attack in MAC layer. Simulation results shows that our proposed solutions perform in reducing these two attacks and significantly reduce the attack probability and increase channel utilization by primary users.

In recent years, online social networks like Face book, MySpace and Twitter have undergone rapid growth. Such OSNs deliver enticing online social networks and communications but also raise questions about privacy and security. Here we discuss issues relating to OSN protection and privacy. We consider there are inherent contradictions of design between these and OSN's conventional design objectives like usability and sociability. They address the particular problems of security and privacy design posed by OSN’s core functionalities, and discusses several ways to use social network theory to minimize these contradictions in design.

World wide web (WWW) is very popular and very popular The knowledge retrieval tool widely used on the internet. Now-a-days Internet search is a widely used function on the internet. Client obtains Variety of knowledge relevant to their questions. Construct more appropriate and effective performance for consumers, Customization Using technique. Customized web search refers to search Knowledge which is specifically tailored to the needs of a individual By adding the information received about the question. Two fold Specific approaches to customizing the Browser outcomes are the refinement of the app application and reclassification of the search data. Several site search strategies customized to web content, web connection style, history searching, user accounts and shareholder queries. The proposed paper is meant to illustrate studies of specific forms of methods of personalization.

Cloud has been a dominant player in information technology in recent years. To meet the growing demands for computing and storage resources, cloud providers deploy data centers (DC) across the globe that includes hundreds of thousands of IT servers. Due to massive energy use, every DC leave a huge carbon footprint and thus, have bad effects on the environment. Because of this, efficient computing resource utilization and minimization of energy usage are critical issues to create cloud computing more booming. Efficient load balancing is the primary means of solving these problems. In order to overcome optimization problems, this study has developed a load balancing system using adaptive cat swarm optimization (ACSO) algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed technique is analyzed by using different value metrics and performance differentiated with other methods.

Software engineering is the structured and organized approach to software development, operation, and maintenance. Organizations are now looking for new strategic strategies to increase competition in conjunction with quick changes and technological developments. The versatility to adapt to changing consumer demands and establish new technologies is necessary to succeed against an increasingly globalized and competitive environment. Business processes reengineering (BPR) primarily reorganizes operating processes. BPR modifies process management processes, practitioners positions, process composition, and process quality. Business processes (BPR) is one of the most recent industrial engineering developments that reflect a rapid and revolutionary transformation of competitive, value-added processes and of programs, policies, and organizational structures that enable them to improve corporate workflows and profitability. The main aim of business processes reengineering is optimizing operations, increasing productivity, reducing costs, improved quality, and providing a competitive advantage. The paper aims at evaluating and examining common problems and challenges of reengineering systems utilizing different approaches and methodologies.

Mobile phone imagery has evolved substantially over the past two decades. The camera is one of the primary features of a new cell phone. A lot of research in this field has been done to enhance the quality of the image. A small phone structure limits the camera module mounted in cell phones, which means that there can be no mounted thick lenses or large image sensors on the phones. This affects the volume and the picture quality of the captured light. With less light, phones perform worse than digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) cameras as opposed to image quality tests. Post processing is then used to enhance the quality of the image. Dark conditions and fast movement in mobile imaging are difficult. In dark conditions, longer exposure period collects more light, which can cause movement blurred objects. Motion blur artefact, e.g. when photo to graphing a racing car, and may also be caused by fast moving object at daylight. The movement blur causes sharp information to be lost and thus poor picture quality. A deblur ring is the tool used to eliminate flutter from photographs and make them appear clearer. In the field of signal processing deep learning-based approaches have recently become popular. The results have been promising since profound learning algorithms can learning and model nonlinear and complex connections. Deep learning algorithms were also used for several tasks in image restore work, as was done here.

Torque of an engine is mainly depends on volumetric efficiency. By tuning volumetric efficiency, drivability of vehicle will increase based on the driving condition. Dual Inlet Manifold (DIM) is a technique which flow of charge is channelized between shorter and longer flow path depending upon the engine operating condition. The design of dual intake manifold was varied by means of diameter. Diameter is varied from 12 to 16 mm. five design of DIM is tested for mass flow rate for both POT and WOT driving condition by computational fluid dynamics. From results, 16 mm diameter DIM has higher mass flow rate of 0.004193 g/sec in POT condition and 0.003767 g/sec in WOT condition. Design of 16 mm DIM was fabricated using 3D modelling and engine validation is carried out between single and dual inlet manifold. From results, dual intake manifold has better improvement in torque than single intake manifold over 63.48%.

Malicious users can make use of vulnerabilities in Cognitive networks or in any kind of wireless networks and cause Serious degradation of performance, throughput by various denial of service (DoS) attacks. In cognitive radio networks, cognitive radios (CRs) expend a significant amount of time to find idle channels for data diffusion. In addition, CRs also require supplementary defense mechanism to avoid wicked attacks. Various MAC Protocols for CR’s can be useful for idle channels identification. However, such exterior detection mechanism uses extra power that makes them unsuitable for energy guarded applications. As a Result, a Dynamic and Adaptive learning mechanism which can resist the attacks and capable of sending data to destination is simulated here. Dynamic and Adaptive learning mechanism is proposed that shows protection to DOS attacks without any external detection mechanism. If this Dynamic and Adaptive learning mechanism architecture is utilized in cognitive radio networks or any wired networks we can save energy and reduce any external DOS attacks. Dynamic and adaptive based learning mechanism shows and improvement of 6.3%, 12.5% and 21% improvement in throughput, Sensing Delay and energy Consumption Respectively when compared to latest MAC Protocols for Cognitive Radio Networks.

Skin cancer is a major health issue in the present day especially melanoma skin cancer. In general most of the skin cancers are cured if they are detectedin the early stage. With the rapid growth of skin cancer, there is a need for an automated computerized diagnosis mechanism of skin cancer in the early stage is required. Many of the skin cancer images have similar visual characteristics. It is an important challenging task to extract the features from the skin cancer images. The automated computerized diagnosis mechanism helps to improve the accurate analysis of skin diseases which helps the dermatologists to accelerate the diagnostic time and improve the better treatment for the patients. This paper mainly presents the comparative study on traditional image processing and current technologies of different image processing techniques for skin cancer image classification, preprocessing techniques, Feature extraction, and image segmentation datasets.

Background & objectives: Population-based seroepidemiological studies measure the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a country. We report the findings of the first round of a national serosurvey, conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adult population of India. Methods: From May 11 to June 4, 2020, a randomly sampled, community-based survey was conducted in 700 villages/wards, selected from the 70 districts of the 21 States of India, categorized into four strata based on the incidence of reported COVID-19 cases. Four hundred adults per district were enrolled from 10 clusters with one adult per household. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies using COVID Kavach ELISA kit. All positive serum samples were re-tested using Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 ELISA. Adjusting for survey design and serial test performance, weighted seroprevalence, number of infections, infection to case ratio (ICR) and infection fatality ratio (IFR) were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with IgG positivity. Results: Total of 30,283 households were visited and 28,000 individuals were enrolled. Population-weighted seroprevalence after adjusting for test performance was 0.73 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-1.13]. Males, living in urban slums and occupation with high risk of exposure to potentially infected persons were associated with seropositivity. A cumulative 6,468,388 adult infections (95% CI: 3,829,029-11,199,423) were estimated in India by the early May. The overall ICR was between 81.6 (95% CI: 48.3-141.4) and 130.1 (95% CI: 77.0-225.2) with May 11 and May 3, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported cases. The IFR in the surveyed districts from high stratum, where death reporting was more robust, was 11.72 (95% CI: 7.21-19.19) to 15.04 (9.26-24.62) per 10,000 adults, using May 24 and June 1, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported deaths. Interpretation & conclusions: Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was low among the adult population in India around the beginning of May 2020. Further national and local serosurveys are recommended to better inform the public health strategy for containment and mitigation of the epidemic in various parts of the country.

Nuclei segmentation is an initial step in the automated analysis of digitized microscopic images. This paper focuses on utilizing the LinkNET-34 architecture for semantic segmentation of nuclei from the H&E stained breast cancer histopathology images. The segmentation process is implemented in two stages where in the first stage the H&E stained images are pre-processed to reduce the variance caused because of staining the microscopic images and scanning the slides. During the second stage the preprocessed images are given as input to the LinkNET network which consists of both down-sampling and up-sampling layers. The network is trained using a set of WSI patches released during the Data Science bowl 2018 competition. The performance of the deep learning model is evaluated based on the segmentation accuracy measured using the Dice Coefficient.

Background: The first round of national serosurvey in India was conducted in May-June 2020 among adults from 21 States. The second serosurvey was conducted in August-September 2020 to estimate the nationwide seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population aged ten years and above. Methods: The household serosurvey was conducted among individuals aged ten years and above in the same 700 villages and wards from 70 districts selected during the first serosurvey. Blood samples were tested using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. Seroprevalence was estimated after applying the sampling weights and adjusting for clustering and assay characteristics. In order to compare the adult seroprevalence between the two surveys, we randomly selected one adult serum sample from each household. Findings: The weighted and adjusted prevalence of infection among 29,082 individuals aged ten years and above was 6·6% (95% CI: 5·8% - 7·4%). The seroprevalence among adults was 7·1% (95% CI: 6·2% – 8·2%). Seroprevalence was similar across age groups, sex, and occupation. Seroprevalence was highest in urban slum areas followed by urban non-slum and rural areas. We estimated a cumulative 74·3 million infections in the country, with 26 – 32 infections for every reported COVID-19 case by August 2020. Interpretation: Nearly one in 15 individuals aged ten years and above had SARS-CoV-2 infection by August 2020. The adult seroprevalence increased ten times between May and August 2020. Lower infection to case ratio in August compared to May reflects a substantial increase in testing across the country. Funding: The study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India. The study sponsor was involved in reviewing the study design, writing of the manuscript and the decision to submit the paper for publication. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The authors obtained written informed consent from individuals aged 18 years and older. We obtained assent from children aged between 10–17 years, and written informed consent from their parents or guardians prior to the survey. The Central Ethics Committee of Health Research of Indian Council of Medical Research and the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai approved the study protocol.

Wind energy is the cleanest form of energy, abundantly available in nature. There is a major concern growing in the world for substituting fossil fuel by renewable energy to cut off the emissions. Energy extracted from the wind can be classified into high power and low power energy. Savonius wind turbine can produce energy from poor wind conditions. Savonius wind rotor has many advantages over others in that its construction is simpler and cheaper. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at lower wind speeds. The wind blades are designed using CAD software. Design is varied by helical angles such as 90° and 110°. The design was carried out for three-bladed and two-bladed savonius turbines. A commercial CFD software is used for simulating the blade profiles by varying the tip speed ratio ranging from 0 to 3 with an interval of 0.2 for constant wind speed. From the validation process, the result produced shows that the most efficient blade profile was 3 bladed Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with a helical angle of 110°. At a tip speed ratio of 2.6, it produced a cp of 0.48.

In this paper, the normalized electric field patterns of a quarter wavelength monopole antenna placed on the perfectly conducting flat screens has been obtained using the uniform theory of diffraction. MATLAB antenna tool box based on method of moments has been employed here to validate the results. The role of the width of the perfectly conducting flat plate on the elevation angle associated with maximum directivity has been discussed.

Dengue Fever (DF) may evolve into two life threatening forms—Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). DHF is associated with increased vascular permeability and plasma leakage causing thrombocytopenia and loss of clotting factors into the third space and may result in bleeding initially due to thrombocytopenia and later due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), often as a terminal event. Prompt recognition and treatment of minor bleeds in DF children with incipient DIC with component therapy may be associated with improved survival while failure to do so is usually catastrophic. A sensitive marker for early DIC is the presence of D-dimer (DD) in the blood. To determine the correlation between the severity of thrombocytopenia and early DIC in children with DHF. The impact of additional factors like age and shock will also be evaluated. Case control prospective study of 60 DHF sero -positive children (1–15 years) with thrombocytopenia. After clinical evaluation they were divided into two equal groups based on the degree of thrombocytopenia (more than/less than 30,000/mm3). PT/APTT and DD levels were estimated in all children of both groups and statistical correlation was done. There was no significant difference in the DD levels between the two groups. However, children in either group, presenting with clinical features of shock and thrombocytopenia had significantly higher DD levels. Empirical component therapy in children with DHF based purely on their low platelet counts may not be justified. However, in DHF children with thrombocytopenia and features of shock, aggressive component therapy may prevent subsequent bleeding and may be justified.

In a resource-poor country like India, where the health-care systems are difficult to access, overburdened, and unaffordable to many, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can be devastating. The increased burden of serious health-related suffering can impact the well-being of health-care workers, patients, and their families alike. The elderly, the frail, the vulnerable, and those with multiple comorbidities are disproportionately affected. Palliative care, with its comprehensive and inclusive approach, has much to offer in terms of alleviating the suffering, particularly those caused by the distressing physical and psycho-socio-spiritual symptoms, the complex medical decision-making, end-of-life care issues, and grief and bereavement, and needs to be integrated into the pathway of care provision in COVID-19. Psychosocial issues contribute to and amplify suffering and are often underestimated and undertreated and not accessible to many. Empowering frontline professionals in the core concepts of psychosocial support and palliative care thus becomes an absolute necessity. This quick review was done by a group of palliative care physicians and mental health experts from India to develop recommendations for physical and psychosocial care in the context of COVID-19. This review was done as part of that process and highlights the role and challenges of the psychosocial domain of palliative care in the context of COVID-19 situation in India.

IMS is a standard architectural framework which is used for the purpose of delivering multimedia communications services such as voice, video and text messaging over IP networks. IMS architecture has been sub-divided into number of network components or elements which each does its own distinct job in the network, standardized interfaces it follows to promote scalability, flexibility and extensibility. The Session Initiation Protocol or it can be called as SIP is used for establishing the sessions, modifying the sessions, and termination the sessions. The SIP protocol is designed for the purpose of providing the independent services for the underlying transport protocol, so SIP applications can run over TCP, UDP, or TLS or any other network protocols. The paper introduces with what is robot framework basically and how it is connected to IMS and how it uses an standard protocol Session Initiation Protocol for telephony services. Robot framework is used for functional testing building the devices to work end-to-end. The framework uses an approach keyword driven for the purpose of writing the scripts and after the execution of the scripts the it will be stored in log files and displayed in from html page.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder precipitating micro and macro vascular complications and peripheral vascular diseases. Normal lung mechanism and gas exchange are influenced by integrity of pulmonary connective tissues and microvasculature. Abnormality in either of these two structural components of lung leads to variations in lung functions. Objective: This study was conducted to document lung function patterns by spirometry in patients with Type 1 DM. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bangalore, India. Patients in the age group of 1-18 years diagnosed with Type 1 DM between December 2009, and January 2011 were included. Data regarding respiratory symptoms, age, height and weight of each patient with Type 1 DM was collected. The children were trained to use spirometers. Multiple readings of forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity were obtained until consistent, and the best reading was recorded and analyzed for any association. Results: A total of 51 children with Type 1 DM were studied, of whom 24 children were males, with a mean age of 14.06 ± 3.25 years, the minimum age being 5 years and a maximum being 18 years. 25 children (49%) with Type 1 DM were found to have pulmonary dysfunction, of which 19 children (76%) had restrictive lung pattern, and six children (24%) had obstructive pattern. Conclusion: Spirometry evaluation showed that restrictive lung pattern was very common in children with Type 1 DM, and there is scope for further study. Key words: Obstructive pulmonary pattern, Pulmonary function tests, Restrictive pulmonary pattern, Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Global Positioning System (GPS) is satellite based navigation system implemented on the principle of trilateration, provides instantaneous 3D PVT (position, velocity and time) in the common reference system anywhere on or above the earth surface. But the positional accuracy of the GPS receiver is impaired by various errors which may be originating at the satellite, receiver or in the propagation path. These errors have assumed importance due to the high accuracy and precision requirements in number of applications like the static and kinematic surveying, altitude determination, CAT I aircrafts landing and missile guidance. In this paper, the error originating at the receiver due to multiple paths of the satellite transmitted radio frequency (RF) signal is estimated. Multipath phenomenon is prevalent particularly in urban canyons, which is the major error among other GPS error sources originating at the receiver. The algorithm proposed in this paper estimates the error using coarse/acquisition (C/A) code range, carrier phase range and Link1 (L1) and Link2 (L2) carrier frequencies. This algorithm avoids the complexity of the error estimation using conventional methods where sensitive parameters such as the geometry or the reflection coefficient of the nearby reflectors are considered. The error impact analysis presented in this paper will be useful in selecting the site for GPS receiving antenna where the reflection coefficients are hard to measure up to the required accuracy. Analysis of the change in intensity of this error with respect to elevation angle of the satellite will facilitate in selecting pseudoranges with least error. Error estimation and range modeling proposed in this paper will be a valuable aid in precise navigation, surveying and ground based geodetic studies.

Web is a context in which traditional Information Retrieval methods are challenged. Given the volume of the Web and its speed of change, the coverage of modern web search engines is relatively small. Search engines attempt to crawl the web exhaustively with crawler for new pages, and to keep track of changes made to pages visited earlier. The centralized design of crawlers introduces limitations in the design of search engines. It has been recognized that as the size of the web grows, it is imperative to parallelize the crawling process. Contents other then standard documents (Multimedia content and Databases etc) also makes searching harder since these contents are not visible to the traditional crawlers. Most of the sites stores and retrieves data from backend databases which are not accessible to the crawlers. This results in the problem of hidden web. This paper proposes and implements DCrawler, a scalable, fully distributed web crawler. The main features of this crawler are platform independence, decentralization of tasks, a very effective assignment function for partitioning the domain to crawl, and the ability to cooperate with web servers. By improving the cooperation between web server and crawler, the most recent and updates results can be obtained from the search engine. A new model and architecture for a Web crawler that tightly integrates the crawler with the rest of the search engine is designed first. The development and implementation are discussed in detail. Simple tests with distributed web crawlers successfully show that the Dcrawler performs better then traditional centralized crawlers. The mutual performance gain increases as more crawlers are added.

The impacts caused by tobacco extend beyond the well - reported links with cancer, heart disease and respiratory illnesses. It also can cause family breakdown, low self esteem, p oor social relationship, impotence, ulcers and fertility problems and it does not harm only smokers. Passive smoking causes l ung cancer and is linked to death, glue ear and asthma in children. The review of literature showed that most of the researches tal k about the consumption of tobacco and its influence on cancer and other related diseases. However there are few studies (Kandel, 2002; Gupta, 2004; Singh, 2004; Kumar, 2008) which cover social and psychosocial factors of tobacco consumption and its effect s on people. These studies revealed that tobacco not only harms the individual but also the family, community and the whole society. In this paper attempt has been made to review tobacco consumption amon g children in India as well as other western countrie s to understand the present scenario.

In this paper, we propose a centralized system which detects potholes on roads and assists the driver to avoid them. The system consists of 3 components namely sensors for detection, an inter-vehicle communication protocol to warn other vehicles about the new potholes which are detected, a central server which maintains a database of all the potholes. The system also consists of a GPS navigation system which will route the vehicle through an efficient path based on certain paramaters such as length of the route, intensity of potholes in the route, vehicle load and type, size limits of the road etc. In addition to this, the central server is configured to assign priority to the potholes and report high priority potholes to any local council such as a municipality so that they are repaired immediately.

In this paper, the problem of assigning channels to calls in a cellular mobile communication by finding the minimum number of channels required to obtain an interference-free assignment, is considered. To speed up the results and getting interference free assignments the technique of increasing the co-site interference depending upon the adjacent channels interferences is used. This gives better results that the previous algorithms in this channel assignment. This heuristic algorithm is tested with many benchmark problems like Cellular Radio and Cellular Mobile Problem, and achieved better results in both types of problems and hence proved that the algorithm is efficient in giving results . We also compared the results with 12 Channel assignment problems (CAPs) used by previous researchers, and found our results better in efficiency. This research work can be effectively used in today’s mobile systems.