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Single-molecule localization has been a helpful tool to identify the position of a single-molecule emitter. Capturing a single fluorophore with the camera pinpoints the molecule with great precision (∼1 nm), which is the main concept of single-molecule localization. Hence, we devised an optical system to demonstrate the light diffraction of materials with 2D as well as helical structures. Our optical configuration determined the positions of diffracted spots with a precision of several hundred nanometers (∼200–300 nm). This demonstration is very useful to elucidate the concept of light diffraction and single-molecule localization to undergraduate-level and high school students in physical chemistry or physics laboratories.

A dynamic diffraction grating (DDG) can realize on-demand in-situ regulation of light diffraction and is highly necessary in the next-generation optical devices; however, its fabrication remains ch...

Characteristic features of anisotropic light diffraction in a spatially periodic acoustic field created by a sectioned piezoelectric transducer with antiphase excitation of adjacent sections are studied theoretically. The numerical calculation is carried out for a cell of a paratellurite crystal with a shear acoustic mode propagating at an angle of 3° to the (001) plane of the crystal. It is shown that this type of acoustooptic interaction has some interesting features that can be used when developing acoustooptic devices, in particular, modulators of nonpolarized light.

The Bragg light diffraction on periodic domain structures (PDS) with spatial period of 8.79 μm in MgO:LiNbO3 crystals with 3m symmetry in external electric field has been analyzed. Time dep...

In this paper the measurement methods for extended objects’ geometry on the basis of effect of light diffraction which can be applied to technological control of products with wide range of diameters from the smallest to the largest are described. During measurement the method that allows to minimize the influence of disturbing factors on the results of measurements of diameter of thin fibers of small diameters of micron is described. Disturbing factors include excessive flare of area of the central maximum range. The diffraction method is considered that allows to increase to units of micrometers the resolution of the optical measuring converters used in devices to perform technological control of cylindrical extended products of a large diameter such as: cables, wires, cords, etc. The transformation function allowing to calculate diameter of cylindrical products irrespective of their location in a control zone on the basis of the diffraction method of delimitation of the product shadow in optical two-coordinate converters with the dispersing laser bunch is offered and experimentally confirmed. The achieved results can be used for development of high-precision optical devices of technological control of outer diameter and eccentricity of products for cable, pipe and other products in different industry fields.

Optical tweezers are an essential tool in several areas of physics, spectroscopy, biology, nanotechnology, and thermodynamics. In 1970, Ashkin uses that a focused laser beam can accelerate, decelerate, and even stably capture micrometer-sized neutral particles. Later, in 1986, Ashkin and his colleagues reported the first implementation of optical tweezers: a highly focused beam of light capable of holding microscopic particles in three dimensions. [1], [2] Thanks to this work, Ashkin was awarded the 2018 Nobel Program in Physics. Optical capture is an important method for monitoring and examining particles on scales from nanometers to millimeters. The operation principle of an optical system with the acousto-optical deflector for automatic particle capture is described. We demonstrate that the developed optical system, due to fast frequency tuning of the acousto-optical deflector, provides particle transportation along an arbitrary trajectory and multiple capture mode.

In this study, the white light diffraction phase microscopy and the generalized Morse wavelet are proposed to achieve practical and precise measurement of a thin film surface. The white light diffraction phase microscopy provides low speckle noise and single-shot measurement, and thus it has been used to produce an image with interference fringes from the surface of a thin film. Relying on produced interferogram, quantitative phase information of the thin film surface has been obtained using the continuous wavelet transform. In the calculation of the quantitative phase, in many studies the continuous wavelet transform method with different wavelets is preferred. The Morlet wavelet is a commonly used one with a fixed resolution. An alternative approach is proposed using the generalized Morse wavelet capable of controlling the resolution. It has an additional advantage of varying the two parameters, thus improving the sensitivity of phase calculation. Results of the generalized Morse wavelet were compared with the Morlet and Paul wavelets which also have one varying parameter. For the determination of the thin film surface profile, besides the white light diffraction phase microscopy, surfaces have been investigated by a Dektak stylus profilometer and a scanning electron microscope. In this way, it was possible to observe the difference between the most commonly used methods with regard to the imaging of thin film surfaces. The application of the white light diffraction phase microscopy with the generalized Morse wavelet was compared with the common microscopy techniques for studying thin film surfaces, and experimental results were discussed at the end of the study. © 2021 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 120F325 This work was supported by the Tekirda? Nam?k Kemal University Scientific Research Project Commission (NKUBAP.01.GA.18.148) and the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK-MFAG No 120F325). This work was supported by the Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Scientific Research Project Commission (NKUBAP.01.GA.18.148) and the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK-MFAG No 120F325).

We report ensemble learning of diffractive optical neural networks that result in substantial improvements in the all-optical image classification accuracy of the resulting models.

Flexible and high-efficiency thermoelectric devices can be achieved by relying on three-dimensional nanostructures fabricated by proximity-field nanopatterning (PnP) process. In this study, the phase shift mask, which generates the light diffraction in the photoresist, has been studied. To enhance device performance, the size limitation of the mask for this process was investigated as well as how the mask affects the device performance in light propagation simulations. Results show that decreasing the nanostructure size by altering the periodicity from 0.60 µm to 0.30 µm results in 50 % filling factor (FF). To summarize, the mask periodicity 0.30 µm is the size limitation performed by simulation, and the mask periodicity 0.40 µm is an exciting candidate for future work.

The width of a human hair sourced from a female elementary school student was measured by light diffraction using red and blue laser pointers. The two laser sources both provided consistent estimates of the hair diameter of approximately 50 μm. The overall experiment and writing process provided a temporary respite from COVID-19 shelter-in-place requirements and deteriorating spring weather that precluded outdoor activities.

International audience; We propose a method to pattern organic optically active materials based on local photo-bleaching for making wavelength selective grating. Usually, photo-bleaching is considered as a limitation for organic emitter. Here, this property is exploited to locally suppress dye emission and absorption at the microscale with abrupt interface and no changes in layer thickness. Periodic patterns were fabricated and exhibit diffraction only at 590nm wavelength with spectral selectivity of 11nm. Based on laser writer flexibility and efficiency, this study shows the potential of local photo-bleaching for several applications like wavelength selective grating fabrication.

Laser-induced ripples that are also known as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) have gained a considerable attention by researchers and industry due to their surface functionalization applications. However, texturing large areas or batch manufacture of parts that incorporate LIPSS surfaces require the development of tools for monitoring the LIPSS generation and potentially for controlling their main geometrical characteristics, i.e., spatial periodicity, orientation, and amplitude. In this context, the focus of the research reported in this paper is on developing process monitoring and inspection methods for identifying shifts and changes in these characteristics. One of the well-known and widely used by industry method for characterizing and inspecting surfaces is light scattering, and this research investigates the capabilities of this method for inline monitoring of LIPSS optical response. A simple setup was designed and implemented for measuring the diffraction angle and intensity of the reflected light from LIPSS surfaces. The capabilities of this concept for determining relative shifts in the optical response on surfaces processed with known disturbances, such as incident angle deviations and focus offset, were investigated. Sensitivity of the method proved to be sufficient to detect shifts/deviations from LIPSS reference and thus potentially to monitor their generation in line with a simple sensor, e.g., the LIPSS treatment of larger tool surfaces or serial manufacture of holograms.

We consider one of the mechanisms providing light diffraction in layered structures disturbed by ultrasound. We show that diffraction can be observed when light is reflected from the surface in an area where there is no acoustic wave. Diffraction occurs due to the fact that the light receives a curved phase front when passing through an acoustic column.

Micro-scale patterning of alignment layers with focused ion beam produces liquid-crystal-metasurfaces with strong diffraction. We study the electro-optical switching from diffraction to transmission mode and show that it occurs within milliseconds.

Liquid-crystal-metasurfaces self-assemble on polymer films prepared by periodic and superperiodic FIB patterning. Optimizing their design we achieve precise control of the transmitted light phase and direction tunable by low-voltage electric pulses.

Three acousto-optic materials, ТеО2, SiO2, and LiNbO3, widely used in production of acousto-optic cells for pulse modulation of the multicolor optical radiation, have been compared. It is demonstrated that the ТеО2 acousto-optic cell has an undoubted advantage in terms of the electric power consumption, first of all, due to its high acousto-optic figure of merit, while SiO2 and LiNbO3 cells are preferable from the viewpoint of the lowest distortions in transformation of electrical pulses into optical signals. Main theoretical conclusions have been confirmed by experiments on modulation of the multicolor Ar laser radiation.

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA molecules rendered the important clue that DNA has the structure of a double helix. The most famous X-ray photograph, Photo 51, is still printed in most Biology textbooks. We suggest two optical experiments for undergraduates that make this historic achievement comprehensible for students by using macromodels of DNA and visible light to recreate a diffraction pattern similar to Photo 51. In these macromodels, we replace the double helix both mathematically and experimentally with its two-dimensional (flat) projection and explain why this is permissible. Basic optical concepts are used to infer certain well-known characteristics of DNA from the diffraction pattern.

We propose a new type of color splitter, which guides a selected bandwidth of incident light towards the proper photosensitive area of the image sensor by exploiting the nanojet (NJ) beam phenomenon. Such splitting can be performed as an alternative to filtering out part of the received light on each color subpixel. We propose to split the incoming light thanks to a new type of NJ-based near-field focusing double-material element with an insert. To suppress crosstalk, we use a Deep-Trench Isolation (DTI) structure. We demonstrate that the use of a dielectric insert block allows for reduction in the size of the color splitting element. By changing the position of the DTI, the functionality of separating blue, green and red light can be improved.

This work presents a research of the diffraction of light on the multilayer inhomogeneous holographic diffraction structures (MIHDS) in a photopolymer material (PPM) under photoinduced light absorption (PIA) conditions. Considering PIA, the authors showed possible distortions of the selective response of the diffracted beam due to the heterogeneity of the profiles of lattices over the depth of the layer.

The method of determining dispersion dependence of refractive index of nanospheres building opals is presented. In this method basing on angular dependences of the spectral positions of Bragg diffraction minima on transmission spectra for opal series of known spheres diameter, the spectrum of effective refractive index for opals and then refractive index for material building opal's spheres is determined. The described procedure is used for determination of n eff (λ) for opals and n sph (λ) for material which spheres building investigated opals are made of. The obtained results are compared with literature data of n SiO2 ( λ ) considered in the analysis and interpretation of extremes related to the light diffraction at ( hkl ) SiO 2 opal planes.

International audience; Two centuries ago, Fresnel, Poisson, and Arago showed how the wave nature of light induces a bright spot behind an opaque disk. We develop an analytical model based on the Fresnel diffraction theory to show how small perturbations such as digs or scratches can yield intense light enhancements on the downstream axis. The impact of defects with complex morphology on light diffraction is shown to be accurately modeled by the Fresnel theory applied to a set of opaque disks characterized by phase shift and trans-mittance. This model can be used either to define the geometry of the defects that optimizes the light enhancement or to improve the defect specification on the surface of the optical components. We explain why partial information of the defect morphology can suffice to specify a safety distance beyond which light intensifications are not dangerous. The validity of this analytical approach is studied by measuring the intensifications created by three different microdefects.

Prilikom proučavanja valne prirode svijetlosti u srednjoj školi bilo bi korisno da škola posjeduje spektrometar kako bi učenici mogli vidjeti primjer upotrebe difrakcije svijetlosti za određivanje valnih duljina izvora svijetlosti. Također bi na vježbama učenici mogli proučavati od kojih valnih duljina se sastoje različiti izvori svijetlosti, te u određenim slučajevima određivati i kemijske elemente sadržane u izvoru svijetlosti. Kako se cijena komercijalnog spektrometra kreće oko 1000$, odlučili smo sami pokušati izraditi digitalni spektrometar uz pomoć mikroupravljača i linearnog CCD senzora. U samoj izradi, osim autora, dijelom su sudjelovali i učenici četvrtog razreda, smjera tehničara za računalstvo, u sklopu predmeta „Mikroupravljači“. Rezultat izrade spektrometra bio je uspješan, za cijenu od 20$ uspjeli smo napraviti digitalni spektrometar za spektar od 350 nm do 800 nm, preciznosti i rezolucije oko 1 nm, koji se vrlo dobro uklopio u nastavu fizike. U radu je opisana konstrukcija i kalibracija spektrometra, programski alati i komponente potrebne za izradu spektrometra, te najvažnije, primjena i upotreba ovako izrađenog spektrometra u nastavi fizike u srednjoj školi., While studying the wave nature of light in high school, it would be useful for the school to have a spectrometer so the students could see the example of using the diffraction of light for determining the wave lengths of sources of light. The students would also be able to study which wave lengths different sources of light consist of and in some cases determine the chemical elements in the source of light. Considering the fact that the price of a commercial spectrometer is around $1000, we decided to try to make a digital spectrometer using a microcontroller and linear CDD sensors. With the help of the author, 4th grade computer technician students participated in the making of the spectrometer as part of their Microcontroller class. The result was quite successful, for the price of $20 we managed to make a digital spectrometer for a spectrum of 350 nm to 800 nm, precision and resolution of 1 nm and it was used in our physics classroom. This paper describes the construction and calibration of the spectrometer, the programming tools and components necessary for making a spectrometer and most importantly the use of a spectrometer like this in high school physics classrooms.

Recently, Panuski and Mungan presented the results of their study of light diffraction from a variable-width single slit by observing and measuring the diffraction pattern on an observation screen placed at a fixed distance. In this way, the authors were able to demonstrate to students the important near-field effects for single-slit diffraction, which most often have been neglected in introductory courses. In this paper, we show that there exists very good agreement between observed data and theoretical calculations by plotting intensity from single slits using a method with Fresnel-Kirchhoff integrals (Fig. 1). In addition to these comparisons, and with the evaluation of the Fresnel numbers, we argue that Panuski and Mungan demonstrated not only the near-field Fresnel, but also the far-field Fraunhofer regimes as well as the transition between the two. Furthermore, with a greater increase in the slit width, the transition to the geometric regime can be demonstrated (Fig. 2).

This research aimed to design an instructional module to teach light diffraction by a grating to secondary students applying a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-integrated approach. Based on this approach, instructional management integrated the disciplines of physics and mathematics with engineering design process principles, while information searches, assessment, and evaluation drew on technology. The module involved working out a solution to the real-world scientific problem of constructing a spectroscope in the environment of cooperative learning. Upon completion of the module, the students were expected to demonstrate a thorough understanding of light diffraction by the grating as well as problem-solving skills. To evaluate its effectiveness, the module was trialed on thirty 11th grade students in a Thai school in Pathum Thani, Thailand. The findings revealed that the implementation of the module enabled the students to achieve a statistically higher post-test score than that for the pre-test at the significance level of 0.05. As a result of the module, the students also exhibited a high level of academic development, as indicated by the class normalized gain of 0.82. Finally, the module was perceived by the students as being suitable for their level, offering them a chance to apply classroom knowledge to authentic problems and hence accumulating their hands-on experience, enhancing their problem-solving skills through the application of the engineering design process, and improving their team-working ability.

We present a new method for measuring the solution concentration based on laser light diffraction from the edge of a glass plate immersed in the solution. It is shown experimentally that the visibility of diffraction fringes is varied periodically with solution concentration and the period is related to light wavelength and thickness of the glass plate. There are intervals of concentrations in which the visibility-concentration curve is very near to linear. By choosing a suitable glass plate, one can change the extent of measurable concentrations and the resolution of the method. Using a 1 mm thick glass plate, we obtained a resolution of 7.67 × 10 − 6 g / c c in the detection of glucose concentration. The presented method is accurate and much simpler than other methods for measuring the solution concentration.

We represent a detailed design of a plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a metal–insulator–metal Bragg microcavity in which two simultaneous mechanisms boost the sensing performance: high field confinement and resonant assisted multiple-pass of the plasmonic waves. We investigate in detail the effect of structural parameters on the plasmonic spectral properties such as depth of dip and spectral width since these parameters determine the sensor performance such as sensitivity, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio and thus have a great significance in sensor ability. We explain the physical reasons for all of the observed behavior in the proposed sensing structure.

From its inception holography has proven an extremely productive and attractive area of research. While specific technical applications give rise to 'hot topics', and three-dimensional (3D) visualisation comes in and out of fashion, the core principals involved continue to lead to exciting innovations in a wide range of areas. We humbly submit that it is impossible, in any journal document of this type, to fully reflect current and potential activity; however, our valiant contributors have produced a series of documents that go no small way to neatly capture progress across a wide range of core activities. As editors we have attempted to spread our net wide in order to illustrate the breadth of international activity. In relation to this we believe we have been at least partially successful. This Roadmap is organized under three headings: Materials, Applications and Concepts . We hope this structure is not misleading as in some cases the contributions do not fit neatly under any single heading and in several cases, there is significant overlap between articles listed in all the three sections. Significantly, some articles discuss work in areas not traditionally addressed side by side with others. We sincerely hope our approach will lead to an increase in awareness and a cross-fertilization in this wonderful field. Materials development and characterisation have always been of critically importance for the development of holography. The Roadmap begins with Wang et al (section 1) who briefly discuss novel materials for use in dynamic holographic displays. Tomita (section 2) then describes the development of nanocomposite photopolymers. Neipp and Frances (section 3) discuss the recording of holographic waveguides, while Gallego and Pascual (section 4) discuss shrinkage effects arising in photopolymers. Marovina et al (section 5) describe recent photorefractive materials and devices. Bruder et al (section 6) then discuss industrial-scale material production and volume holographic optical elements (vHOEs) fabrication. Under the heading of Applications, Kostuk (section 7) leads with the use of non-imaging HOES for solar energy conversion. Odinokov (section 8) discussed holographic data storage (HDS) and security issues. Matoba et al (section 9) reviews some advances in Multimodal 3D data acquisition using digital holography (DH). Wachulak (section 10) describes the performance of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray (SXR) holography and tomography employing compact short wavelength sources. Gorelaya et al (section 11) then discuss holographic wavefront sensors (WFS) and next Chmelik (section 12), describes advance in incoherent holographic microscopy (HM). Ferrara and Coppola (section 13) describe the applications of digital polarized holography in the sciences. Márquez and Beléndez (section 14) discuss the use of liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) microdisplays for use in HDS systems. Yang and Yuste (section 15) discuss the two-photon holographic imaging and manipulation of neural activity in vivo. Finally, in this section, Bianco and Zanutta (section 16) describe the use of holography in astronomical spectrographs. Under the heading Concepts, we begin with the description by Falldorf (section 17) of DH employing the spatial coherence function. Healy et al (section 18) describe the performance of autofocus in holographic imaging. Zhurminsky et al (section 19) discuss interference lithography for the fabrication of nanostructures. Situ and Wang (section 20) examine the applications of deep learning (DL) in DH. Abdurashitov and Tuchin (section 21) examine digital focusing in laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). Petrov (section 22) introduces ultrafast digital techniques and spatio-temporal metrology and Nomura (section 23) describes the evolution from the concepts of conventional DH to wide-sense DH. To conclude Morim and Saravanamuttu (section 24) describe the fabrication of functional 3D waveguide microstructures with nonlinear waves of light.

conference ayant donné suite à la publication suivante 10.1364/AO.57.000C36 (hal-03183486); International audience; A cascaded system of two acousto-optical cells is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for optical notch rejection filtering in the spectral range from 1400 nm to 1600 nm. Two similar paratellurite acousto-optical devices for unpolarized light are used in a free-space gap of a fiber line. Compensation for birefringence in anisotropic paratellurite devices provides a diffraction regime that is insensitive to polarization of light. High extinction ratios up to 40 dB are measured.

E.A. Bibikova1,2, N.D. Kundikova1,2, N. Al-Wassiti2,3 1 Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation 2 South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation 3 Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq E-mail: kundikovand@susu.ru. Э.А. Бибикова1,2, Н.Д. Кундикова1,2, Н. Алвассити2,3 1 Институт электрофизики УрО РАН, г. Екатеринбург, Российская Федерация 2 Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск, Российская Федерация 3 Университет Аль-Мустансирия, г. Багдад, Ирак E-mail: kundikovand@susu.ru Diffraction of a focused Gaussian beam in the vicinity of the waist region at the edge of the screen is considered on the basis of numerical simulation and experimental investigation. The Gaussian beam propagation has been simulated on the basis of the Helmholtz equation solution by the spectral method. The diffraction of coherent laser radiation (wavelength of 0,63 μm) at the edge of a rectangular screen overlapping half the beam in the transverse direction has been analyzed experimentally. The laser beam is focused by the lens of focal length of 4 cm. A dependence of the diffraction pattern on the screen position relative to the focal waist position is observed. It is found that if the screen is located at distances less than the focal length, then the diffraction pattern is observed in the dark region and represents a semicircle with diffraction fringes. If the screen is placed in the waist region, then the diffraction pattern becomes symmetrical with respect to the screen edge, and if the screen is located at a distance greater than the focal length, then the diffraction pattern is observed in bright area with the diffraction fringes appearing on the other side. The results can be used for the accurate determination of the focused Gaussian beams waist position. На основе численного моделирования и экспериментального исследования рассмотрена ди- фракция на краю экрана сфокусированного пучка Гаусса в окрестности области перетяжки. Мо- делирование распространения пучка Гаусса проводилось на основе решения уравнения Гельм- гольца спектральным методом. Экспериментально исследовалась дифракция когерентного лазер- ного излучения на длине волны 0,63 мкм на краю прямоугольного экрана, перекрывающего по- ловину пучка в поперечном направлении. Фокальная перетяжка формировалась с помощью лин- зы с фокусным расстоянием 4 см. Была обнаружена зависимость картины дифракции от положе- ния экрана относительно положения фокальной перетяжки. Оказалось, что если экран располо- жен на расстояниях меньше фокусного, то дифракционная картина наблюдается в области тени и представляет собой полукруг с дифракционными полосами. Если экран помещен в область пере- тяжки, то дифракционная картина становится симметричной относительно края экрана. А если экран расположен на расстоянии большем фокусного расстояния, то дифракционная картина на- блюдается в светлой области, при этом дифракционные полосы появляются уже с другой сторо- ны. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для точного определения положения пере- тяжки сфокусированных пучков Гаусса. This work was partly carried out within the scope of the topic of State Assignment No. 0389-2016- 0003.

When we saw the object behind the transparent display, the image blur was observed. In this paper, the phenomenon was evaluated by measuring the diffraction width and MTF (modulation transfer function). By optimizing the pixel layout, the diffraction width of object image could be decreased to 54% in X direction and 48% in Y direction, the MTF also showed that the image quality could be improved by modifying the structure of transparent display.

In this paper, we adopt the coded aperture technique to the alignment process for industrial machinery. As a special setting for assembly and inspection, such machinery uses an illumination of narrow wavelength range for imaging with less aberration. This leads to significant influence of light diffraction on the image restoration. Although the diffraction was treated as negligible in most previous studies of coded aperture since they were carried out for natural images, the aperture patterns of them do not achieve enough accuracy for the alignment. We optimize the aperture pattern by performing a simulation of light diffraction, and we experimentally show that it achieves better performance in the alignment.

A theoretical study of acousto-optic interaction in acoustically anisotropic media is performed. A new criterion for estimating the Raman-Nath and Bragg regimes of light diffraction by means of ultrasound in acoustic crystals is proposed. The modified Klein-Cook parameter is found to consider the walkoff of ultrasonic wave energy as a result of the elastic anisotropy of a medium.

Learning Physics on the diffraction of light through a practical on diffraction learning material using a toy laser beam as the source of monochromatic light has the obyectives to know the wavelength of a toy laser beam and to improve students’ learning activities. The practical was conducted in groups consisting of 10 groups each of which consists of 3 students of Senior High School 2 Kebumen in class XII ScienceA, 2014/2015 school year. The conclusions from the data analyses and observations during the learning process are; the wavelength range of the toy laser beam is on average 649 nm - 662 nm, and the laser beam as the source of monochromatic light on the diffraction learning material shoured the same monochromatic light on the screen. The student’s learning activity showed an increasing tendency indicated their active involvement in the learning process when stringing tools, observing, recording, data process, concluding and reporting their practicals. Based on the illustration mentioned above, it can be concluded that the toy laser beam can be used as an alternative source of monochromatic light which is afordable and obtainable for the teaching of light diffraction throngh practical

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the spherical aberration of a microscope objective lens by using diffraction light from nanosphere particles. The experimental image of the diffraction spot of a nanosphere is fitted with the Nijboer-Zernike model to estimate the spherical aberration. The method can easily be extended to the measurement of other and higher-order aberrations. Noticeable features of this new measurement technique are real-time measurements, simple structure, and flexibility, which lead it to measure optical aberrations with a good accuracy.

This chapter covers the following topics: Interference Between Two Harmonic Waves; Young's Experiment; Multislit Structure; Optical Interference in Thin Films; Diffraction I (Fraunhofer Diffraction); Resolution of Optical Devices and Diffraction II (Fresnel Diffraction).

We present photonic crystal optical tweezers for efficient optical trapping with low light intensity, and apply the technology to living cells. Cell viability study under optical trapping is reported, and potential applications are discussed.

We demonstrate real-time spectral-temporal imaging methods for real-time characterization of VCSEL noise and mode interaction.

A thorough study on the rate equations of recording PQ:PMMA volume Bragg grating is performed. Base on the rate equations, 2nd order grating recording in PQ:PMMA is confirmed by the experiment.

Optical microscopy of scales from the wings of the male butterfly Apatura ilia reveals parallel fibers with a spacing of about 710 nm. These fibers, together with tiny transverse grooves, cause violet blue or blue iridescence due to interference of light on the wings, which normally have brown pigmentation. Here we establish the dependence of the sudden color changes on variable illumination and observation angle.

Diffraction of light by ultrasound is theoretically investigated with the help of the 2D equation of coupled modes. A 2D theory rigorously describing the diffraction at arbitrary, including large, angles is developed. The 2D equation of coupled modes is derived for optically isotropic and optically anisotropic media. The equation is solved in the practically important case of the Bragg diffraction. Distinctions between the 2D and 1D descriptions of the diffraction are discussed.

Structural color filters, which obtain color selection by varying structures, have attracted extensive research interest in recent years due to the advantages of compactness, stability, multifunctions, and so on. In general, the mechanisms of structural colors are based on the interaction between light and structures, including light diffraction, cavity resonance, and surface plasmon resonance. This paper reviews recent progress of various structural color techniques and the integration applications of structural color filters in CMOS image sensors, solar cells, and display.

Students can easily measure the width of a strand of their own hair with a monochromatic light source such as a laser. This inexpensive activity engages students in an application of single slit diffraction using Babinet’s principle.