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When the livestock sector is considered an essential role in farmers' livelihood, and local breeds are still the critical component of animal breeding in Laos. Thus, there is a need to review the previous, current situation and prospects for Laos' livestock production. It aimed to study the different traits among the existing dominant local and improved livestock breeds (cattle, pig, and goat) and a more in-depth study on the livestock sector's previous evolving and prospects. Our findings revealed that the general trend of livestock population in Laos increased year-by-year for over 45 years, except for 1995 to 2000. It was decreased by almost 22% due to the new national strategy on economic revolution. The first foreign breeds were introduced into Laos, i.e., Large White, Landrace, and Duroc in 1980, Red Sindhi bulls in 1998, the frozen semen of Red Brahman 2003, and Bach Thao goats between 2001 to 2003. Unfortunately, many data are still not precise for introducing other foreign breeds like Boer goats, Thai Grey and Red Brahman. There were many missing data on the improvement of livestock breeds in Laos, including the local and improved breeds' reproductive and productive performance, which needs more study and research. We conclude that the semi-complex farm operation should be applied to improve livestock breeding and their productions in Laos.

Annotation. Objective. The research is aimed at studying the current state of the animal husbandry industry, identifying the main problems in the animal husbandry industry and substantiating the priority areas used by the state to support agricultural producers. Methods. In the course of the research, analytical and economic-statistical methods; general scientific methods of system, comparative and structural-logical analysis were used. Results. The article presents the results of assessing the current situation in livestock farming in Kazakhstan, the dynamics of the number of livestock and poultry for 2015–2019, which affects the growth of gross livestock production, as well as the number of farm animals by region as of January – December 2019. The dynamics of the production of livestock products is analyzed as one of the priority areas for ensuring the country's food security, as well as the export, import and consumption of livestock products in the domestic market for 2015–2019. The main problems in the livestock industry are identified. The measures applied by the state to support agricultural producers through direct subsidies from local budgets are disclosed. The dynamics of subsidizing the development of livestock breeding and livestock products are presented, and the problems of the subsidy system are indicated. Identified the need to improve state support of the agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan, the importance of state regulation of the agrarian sector of Kazakhstan to ensure the country's food security and sets out some measures of state regulation of development of agroindustrial complex. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it convincingly reveals the main problems of animal husbandry at the present stage, the directions of state financial support for agricultural producers are determined, the need to improve the issues of state support for the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan is substantiated.

A bovinocultura leiteira é uma atividade arraigada à cultura sertaneja e ainda permanece economicamente forte no semiárido cearense. Embora existam discussões e embates sobre a sustentabilidade dessa atividade em um ambiente adverso como o semiárido, os produtores requerem alternativas que reduzam o impacto ambiental e, ao mesmo tempo, mantenham viva a tradição secular de criar gado nessa região, rica em costumes e lutas, mas cercada de desafios e limitações. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho é identificar e analisar quais são as racionalidades que permeiam a atividade de bovinocultura de leite no semiárido cearense. Os estudos teóricos sobre as ações sociais e os tipos de racionalidades, na visão de Max Weber, fundamentam o referencial para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Tomando como pressuposto a identificação das racionalidades que permeiam a atividade, o presente trabalho se aprofunda nos tipos de racionalidades perceptíveis nos produtores de leite, sejam elas a racionalidade econômica ou a substantiva. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa básica que se desenvolveu por meio da realização de entrevistas com informantes locais. Os resultados indicaram a existência de produtores de leite condicionados tanto na racionalidade substantiva quanto produtores condicionados na racionalidade econômica. Contudo, o que predomina é a racionalidade substantiva na medida em que os produtores continuam ligados às tradições e culturas, predominantemente.

The article is devoted to the characterization of some problems of crop production and animal husbandry in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) during the late XIX - early XX centuries. The issues of livestock breeding dynamics in this territory are considered. Attention is paid to the characteristics of the structure of the Kuzbass herd in the indicated period. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the volumes of the Kuzbass herd in cabinet and state-owned villages of the Kuzbass region are presented. The question is raised about the characteristics of the agricultural districts of the Kuzbass region. The model farm of Kuzbass is being reconstructed at the time of 1913. The novelty of the study is that for the first time based on the processing of statistics, the state and dynamics of crop production and animal husbandry in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) in the late XIX - early XX centuries are presented. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research, based on the analysis of statistical data, is undertaken for the first time. The second is connected with the need to draw attention to the problems of sustainable socio-economic development of rural territories at present. The authors conclude that the degree of development of a particular agricultural sector in the region was determined by factors of a natural-geographical and climatic nature, as well as household needs.

Ticks are increasingly a global public health and veterinary concern. They transmit numerous pathogens that are of veterinary and public health importance. Acaricides, livestock breeding for tick resistance, tick handpicking, pasture spelling, and anti-tick vaccines (ATVs) are in use for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs); acaricides and ATVs being the most and least used TTBD control methods respectively. The overuse and misuse of acaricides has inadvertently selected for tick strains that are resistant to acaricides. Furthermore, vaccines are rare and not commercially available in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It doesn't help that many of the other methods are labor-intensive and found impractical especially for larger farm operations. The success of TTBD control is therefore dependent on integrating all the currently available methods. Vaccines have been shown to be cheap and effective. However, their large-scale deployment for TTBD control in SSA is hindered by commercial unavailability of efficacious anti-tick vaccines against sub-Saharan African tick strains. Thanks to advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics technologies, many promising anti-tick vaccine antigens (ATVA) have been identified. However, few of them have been investigated for their potential as ATV candidates. Reverse vaccinology (RV) can be leveraged to accelerate ATV discovery. It is cheap and shortens the lead time from ATVA discovery to vaccine production. This chapter provides a brief overview of recent advances in ATV development, ATVs, ATV effector mechanisms, and anti-tick RV. Additionally, it provides a detailed outline of vaccine antigen selection and analysis using computational methods.

International audience; Trade-offs between life history traits are expected to occur due to the limited amount of resources that organisms can obtain and share among biological functions, but are of least concern for selection responses in nutrient-rich or benign environments. In domestic animals, selection limits have not yet been reached despite strong selection for higher meat, milk or egg yields. Yet, negative genetic correlations between productivity traits and health or fertility traits have often been reported, supporting the view that trade-offs do occur in the context of nonlimiting resources. The importance of allocation mechanisms in limiting genetic changes can thus be questioned when animals are mostly constrained by their time to acquire and process energy rather than by feed availability. Selection for high productivity traits early in life should promote a fast metabolism with less energy allocated to self-maintenance (contributing to soma preservation and repair). Consequently, the capacity to breed shortly after an intensive period of production or to remain healthy should be compromised. We assessed those predictions in mammalian and avian livestock and related laboratory model species. First, we surveyed studies that compared energy allocation to maintenance between breeds or lines of contrasting productivity but found little support for the occurrence of an energy allocation trade-off. Second, selection experiments for lower feed intake per unit of product (i.e. higher feed efficiency) generally resulted in reduced allocation to maintenance, but this did not entail fitness costs in terms of survival or future reproduction. These findings indicate that the consequences of a particular selection in domestic animals are much more difficult to predict than one could anticipate from the energy allocation framework alone. Future developments to predict the contribution of time constraints and trade-offs to selection limits will be insightful to breed livestock in increasingly challenging environments.

The advent of high-throughput chromosome conformation capture and sequencing (Hi-C) has enabled researchers to probe the 3D architecture of the mammalian genome in a genome-wide manner. Simultaneously, advances in epigenomic assays, such as chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq) and DNase-seq, have enabled researchers to study cis-regulatory interactions and chromatin accessibility across the same genome-wide scale. The use of these data has revealed many unique insights into gene regulation and disease pathomechanisms in several model organisms. With the advent of these high-throughput sequencing technologies, there has been an ever-increasing number of datasets available for study; however, this is often limited to model organisms. Livestock species play critical roles in the economies of developing and developed nations alike. Despite this, they are greatly underrepresented in the 3D genomics space; Hi-C and related technologies have the potential to revolutionise livestock breeding by enabling a more comprehensive understanding of how production traits are controlled. The growth in human and model organism Hi-C data has seen a surge in the availability of computational tools for use in 3D genomics, with some tools using machine learning techniques to predict features and improve dataset quality. In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D genome and discuss the status of 3D genomics in livestock before delving into advancing the field by drawing inspiration from research in human and mouse. We end by offering future directions for livestock research in the field of 3D genomics.

Lately, the veterinary drug Emidonol® has been discussed as a possible scenario for inadvertent doping in sports. Emidonol® is approved for use in livestock breeding, exhibiting antihypoxic and weak sedative effects. The veterinary drug rapidly dissociates into meldonium, a substance prohibited in sports, and is excreted largely in its unchanged form into urine. To investigate if residues of meldonium in edible produce may result in adverse analytical findings in sports drug testing, a pilot study was conducted with three volunteers consuming a single dose of 100 ml meldonium-spiked milk at a concentration of 500 ng/ml (Study 1), and multiple doses of 100 ml of meldonium-spiked milk (500 ng/ml) on five consecutive days (Study 2). In the single dose study, urinary meldonium concentrations peaked between 2 and 6 h post-administration with maximum values of 7.5 ng/ml, whereas maximum meldonium concentrations of 18.6 ng/ml were determined after multiple doses 4 h post-administration. All samples were analyzed using an established and validated protocol based on HILIC-HRMS/MS.

Simple Summary Adoption of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol) in 2010, and its entering into the force October 2014, created many questions within the genetic resources (GR) sector. The Protocol addresses access to and benefit sharing (ABS) resulting from utilization of GR and associated traditional knowledge (TK). The Protocol has been tailored to address commercial utilization of mainly wild species, and especially plants, due to their gene flow from the biodiverse rich countries of the South to countries in the North. Characteristics of the livestock sector differ in many aspects from the plant sector. Most significantly, the gene flow of livestock genetic resources of breeds and lines with high genetic potential for production is the highest between North–North countries and then North–South countries. Therefore, many working in the livestock breeding industry believed that impacts of the implementation of the Protocol would be limited for their sector. The question arises if this prediction is true, and how can we check impacts based on currently available sources of information related to the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol. Abstract The aim of the paper was to analyze impacts of seven years of implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on the livestock sector based on available sources of information and literature. Interim National Reports on implementation of the Nagoya Protocol provided by countries and other information available at the ABS Clearing House managed by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, especially Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCC), were analyzed. Moreover, trends in geneflow of breeding products in selected countries, based on the national reports provided to the UN COMATRADE database, have been compared. Analysis from these sources showed limited impact of the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol for livestock breeding and conservation, as out of 2370 IRCC issued by 31 May 2021, only 573 were granted for animal genetic/biological resources including 90 with livestock as the subject matter. Only one IRCC was granted to a foreign user; all other IRCC were issued for domestic users. The intent was to use livestock genetic/biological resources as bioresources for innovation, which should lead to establishment of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) with benefits to be shared through the National Competent Authority or for research purposes.

A pecuária brasileira está em constante crescimento, seja em números na balança comercial ou através do emprego de técnicas que sejam capazes de maximizar os resultados e os índices produtivos. Dentre estas técnicas, destaca-se a Produção in vitro de embriões bovinos (PIVE), que juntamente com as demais biotécnicas da reprodução, foi responsável pela grande expansão da pecuária brasileira, reduzindo o intervalo entre gerações e selecionando, cada vez mais os reprodutores. Além disso, a PIVE é capaz de gerar produtos viáveis de animais que não estão em condições de se reproduzir, é o fato de animais jovens, animais com problemas reprodutivos, animais mortos e até extintos. A técnica em si é um procedimento complexo, que envolve várias etapas, que vão desde a colheita do oócito, em animais vivos ou em ovários retirados de fêmeas abatidas, passando pela maturação, fertilização e cultivo em laboratório, até a classificação dos embriões viáveis. Seguindo-se nesta linha de pensamento e levando-se em consideração todos os benefícios desta técnica para o agronegócio brasileiro, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar o processo de produção in vitro de embriões bovinos a partir de ovários coletados em abatedouro e explanar sobre a aplicabilidade das diferentes biotécnicas da reprodução.

The research data are collected, analyzed and summarized, and the results of recent studies of authors on the metabolic and productive effects of by-products of oil and fat production under the use in the feeding of animals and poultry. Sufficient and full-value feeding of animals taking into account the norms of optimization of lipid nutrition helps to improve the quality of products and reduce its cost price. Thus, supplementation of the animal and poultry diets with the waste oil and fat production will contribute to further effective development of livestock industry will ensure food security and maximum satisfaction of consumer demand for clean and full-value food for the Ukrainian population.

Formation of product cost at agricultural enterprises is one of the main questions in the process of their economic activity. As an economic category, product cost is the total amount of expenses of an enterprise on production and sales of their products. The agricultural product cost comprises payroll expenses and benefits-related deductions; material costs including seeds and planting materials, fodders, mineral fertilizers, fuel and lubricants, electricity cost, fuel and energy, spare parts, repair costs and construction materials for repairs, payment for services and works provided by external parties and other material costs; depreciation and other expenses including renting fees for land parcels (shares), property shares and other expenditures. All specified expenses form the resources of enterprises expressed in value terms. Based on statistical data, manufacturing product cost (works, services) of agricultural products at agricultural enterprises in Ukraine is analyzed. This analysis allowed identifying trends in the change of total expenses indicator and in the context of expenditure items. It is established that in 2017, if compared with 2013, the amount of expenses at agricultural enterprises in Ukraine increased by 6.5 times. In particular, material costs account for the biggest share in the expenditure pattern; in 2017 they amounted to 59.8%. It is emphasized that while calculating the product cost of manufactured and sold products, it is important to specify the composition of expenditures, to identify expenditures in accordance with the type of activity in order to define financial results of economic activity, which is the aim of all business entities. Furthermore, finished product cost (works, services) and the composition of expenditures that it includes are specified in the Accounting Regulations 9. In paragraph 10 of the Accounting Regulations 9 it is stated that production cost is defined according to the norms of the Accounting Regulations 16. The formation of product cost at agricultural enterprises requires the search for the reserves to reduce production cost, which consists in using energy- and resource-saving technologies, using advanced equipment, IT-technologies, etc.

This study was conducted to assess the quality and quantity aspects of different genetic group of buck’s semen used for Artificial Insemination (AI) at National Livestock Breeding Centre (NLBC), Pokhara. For this, records from different breeds and genetic groups of buck semen collected over 3 years (2014-2016) were analyzed. Parameters such as volume, density, mass motility, initial motility concentration and post thaw motility were analysed for various non-genetic factors like year, season, green based feeding. Data were analyzed by least square method using Harvey 1990 software package. The result showed that different genetic group of bucks (P

BackgroundThis study statistically explores the relationship between information provision and peoples’ attitudes towards the application of gene-editing technology to food, by contrasting cases of gene-edited livestock and vegetables in Japan. Japanese food producers and researchers are optimistic about the application of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) approach to food. Due to the strict regulations regarding genetically modified (GM) food, GM crops are not commercially cultivated in Japan. Consumers worldwide have concerns about application of this technology to food. Further examination of this issue for Japanese consumers with lower acceptance towards GM food should provide essential information for global agricultural communities.MethodsUsing a web survey, split-ballot experimental design was used to randomly assign the respondents into two groups: (1) the animal group, for which information on breeding technologies, including gene editing, was provided using pig illustrations. (2) The plant group, for which information was provided using tomato illustrations. Multivariate analysis of variance and post-hoc t-tests were applied to examine the statistical differences between the plant and animal groups for attitudes towards gene-edited livestock and vegetables. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine if scientific knowledge influences these attitudes.ResultsRespondents found gene-edited vegetables more beneficial than gene-edited livestock. Their agreement was stronger for vegetables than for livestock. Respondents’ attitudes towards gene-edited livestock differed depending on whether they were shown pig illustrations or tomato illustrations. The plant group scored significantly lower regarding gene-edited livestock compared to the animal group. No statistical difference was observed between the two groups in the case of gene-edited vegetables. Furthermore, the higher science literacy group always scored higher regarding improvements in vegetable breeding, but this was not concordant regarding improvements in livestock breeding.ConclusionsPeople were more concerned about gene-edited livestock than gene-edited vegetables. The respondents who were provided information with tomato illustrations in advance demonstrated lower acceptance towards gene-edited livestock than those who were provided information with pig illustrations. Applying the technology to livestock, such as size enlargement for improvements, might be considered as risky by the public, in contrast with vegetables.

The muscle growth and development of livestock animals is a complex, multistage process, which is regulated by many factors, especially the genes related to muscle development. In recent years, it has been reported frequently that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved widely in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and body development (including muscle development). However, the research on circRNAs in muscle growth and development of livestock animals is still in its infancy. In this paper, we briefly introduce the discovery, classification, biogenesis, biological function, and degradation of circRNAs and focus on the molecular mechanism and mode of action of circRNAs as competitive endogenous RNAs in the muscle development of livestock and poultry. In addition, we also discuss the regulatory mechanism of circRNAs on muscle development in livestock in terms of transcription, translation, and mRNAs. The purpose of this article is to discuss the multiple regulatory roles of circRNAs in the process of muscle development in livestock, to provide new ideas for the development of a new co-expression regulation network, and to lay a foundation for enriching livestock breeding and improving livestock economic traits.

Departamento de Reproducción Animal​ (INIA), Under-use of genetic improvement tools and low participation in breeding programmes are key drivers of breeding programmes under-performance. Both aspects are heavily influenced by farmers attitudes which, to date, have not been analysed in an objective and systematic manner. A key factor constraining the implementation of attitudinal studies towards livestock breeding tools is the lack of a reference scale for measuring attitudes. In this research, we provide the livestock breeding sector with such a reference measure. We developed the scale following the standardized psychometric methodologies and statistical tools. Then, as a case study, we used the scale to explore the attitudes of beef and dairy sheep farmers in Australia, New Zealand and Spain and analysed farmer and farming system factors related to those attitudes. Fourteen sheep and beef breed associations facilitated the implementation of a survey of 547 farmers, generating data that was used for the scale evaluation. The relationship between attitudinal factors and farmer and farming system factors was analysed using generalized linear models across and within breeds. The results suggest that the 8-item definitive scale we have developed is appropriate to measure farmer attitudes. We found that attitudes towards genetic improvement tools have two components; i) traditional selection and ii) genetic and genomic selection combined. This means that positive attitudes towards traditional phenotypic selection do not necessarily imply a negative attitude towards genetic and genomic selection tools. Farmer attitudes varied greatly not only across the studied breeds, species and countries, but also within them. High-educated farmers of business-oriented farms tend to have the most negative attitude towards traditional selection. However, attitudes towards genetic and genomic selection tools could not be linked to these factors. Finally, we found that the breed raised had a large effect on farmer attitude. These findings may help in the evolution of breeding programmes by identifying both the farmers most inclined to uptake breeding innovations in the early stages of its establishment and the farmers who would be more reluctant to participate in such programmes, thus informing where to focus extension efforts., Spanish participation is frame-worked under the project (EG17-097) funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food to incorporate genomic information into the current breeding programmes of local beef cattle and dairy sheep breeds., 8 Pág

The feed is the main ingredient in livestock breeding. The selection of good feed will increase livestock productivity. Many feeds can be made from waste such as tofu residue. Tofu residue is agro-industrial waste from tofu making process. The feed for goats/sheep provided by breeders in Deli Tua Village, Namorambe district, Deli Serdang regency, dominantly utilizes green grass. So it is necessary to make the alternative animal feed based on tofu residue by adding microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae in the fermentation process. This community service applied the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. The results show that the community members have succeeded in making fermented feed. The program not only increases the member’s skills but also livestock productivity both in terms of quality and quantity

Genome-wide prediction (GWP) has become the state-of-the art method in artificial selection. Data sets often comprise number of genomic markers and individuals in ranges from a few thousands to millions. Hence, computational efficiency is important and various machine learning methods have successfully been used in GWP. Neural networks (NN) and deep learning (DL) are very flexible methods that usually show outstanding prediction properties on complex structured data, but their use in GWP is nevertheless rare and debated. This study describes a powerful NN method for genomic marker data that can easily be extended. It is shown that a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) can be used to incorporate the ordinal information between markers and, together with pooling and l (1)-norm regularization, provides a sparse and computationally efficient approach for GWP. The method, denoted CNNGWP, is implemented in the deep learning software Keras, and hyper-parameters of the NN are tuned with Bayesian optimization. Model averaged ensemble predictions further reduce prediction error. Evaluations show that CNNGWP improves prediction error by more than 25% on simulated data and around 3% on real pig data compared with results obtained with GBLUP and the LASSO. In conclusion, the CNNGWP provides a promising approach for GWP, but the magnitude of improvement depends on the genetic architecture and the heritability.

Livestock breeding is an exercise in value creation: to breed animals, certain individuals must be deemed valuable while others are rendered killable. However, value must be performed again and again to retain its meaning in a network of heterogeneous actors, both human and non-human. Recently, genomic technologies have redefined breeding practices and opened up possibilities for new breeding goals in order to answer the calls for increasing the efficiency of dairy farms. We examine how genomic knowledge is coordinated regarding on-farm practices – how it breaks through, takes over and is transformed and contested in making choices about animal value. Building on empirical work on twenty farms, we draw attention to how genomic knowledge can exclude, become irrelevant to or hang in tension with other ways of knowing animals. We draw attention to how subtle and small shifts in the coordination of different breeding knowledge transform the role of farmers as they navigate the loss of expertise in unexpected ways and carve out new spaces for their agency and know-how. Similarly, the focus on modes of coordination highlights the transforming value of a dairy cow, as it is rendered multiple in the genomic era. Finally, we draw attention to how the different modes of coordinating of multispecies practices on farms are attached to a broader agricultural change—associated with transforming human-cow relationships, ethics and efficiency goals.

Agrarian science in general and a number of agrarian scientists were at the forefront of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Researches and knowledge in the field of this science in the republic originated in the last third of the XVIII century. Their formation was accelerated by occurrence of Gory-Goretskaya agricultural school 180 years ago in Mogilev province and of the Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult) in 1922, which gave start to the Academy of Sciences in 1928. It also included agricultural research institutes, which in 1940 made up 30 % of the total number of research institutions in the BSSR. In 1957–2002 agrarian science was united by the sectoral Academy. In 2002 it was included into the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus again, Department of Agrarian Sciences was created which included 25 research organizations, 7 agricultural and 2 industrial enterprises. Today, agricultural knowledge is formed by the structural sub-divisions of the Agrarian Sciences Division of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, other scientific organizations of the Academy, and their joint researches. There are five leading research and production centers for arable farming, livestock breeding, potato and fruit-and-vegetable farming, mechanization of agriculture and foodstuffs, which combined specialized research all the areas of the country's agro-industrial complex and to strengthening the country's agrarian economy. Agrarian scientists have established close relations with colleagues in many countries of the world, but the closest relations have been established with Russian research institutes: a number of research and technical programs have been implemented within the framework of the Union State of Belarus and Russia. There are many famous people among Belarusian agrarians being highly appreciated by the state. Thus, agrarian science of the Republic of Belarus has passed a serious stage of development throughout its history, retaining connection and tradition of several generations of scientists of fundamental importance for research work in the XXI century.

The measures taken in the recent years to improve performance traits of farm animals allowed one to ensure the production of more than 7.0 million tons of milk and 1726 thousand tons of meat on all-category farms in 2017. 760 kg of milk and 130 kg of meat were produced per capita in the Republic.For the period up to 2025, main attention should be paid to the application of resource-saving technologies and the latest scientific developments and improvements of the resource potential of the industry in the livestock breeding of Belarus. Priority should be given to the implementation of innovative technologies and improvement of breeding work.The perfect number of dairy cows in the country with a total cattle number of 4.3–4.5 millions of farm animals should be at a level of approx. 1.5–1.6 million of farm animals. The pig livestock will slightly increase and will amount to 3.3–3.6 millions of farm animals by 2025. The increase in the number of the poultry livestock is not planned and it will remain at a level of 49.5 billions.Taking into account that the genetic pool of farm animals is the national wealth of the country and using market mechanisms, it is necessary to create the most favorable conditions for breeding enterprises (especially breeding farms). There are few such enterprises, and the state could realize this to ensure the future of the Belarusian livestock.

Over the past decade, genomics has had tremendous impact on livestock breeding through genomic selection, which allows genetic gain based on available phenotypic records to be improved by leveraging information contained in a phenotype across all selection candidates at an early age, rather than only across close relatives. Apart from increasing and optimizing size and structure of training data, further improvement of genomic selection requires information on QTL, in order to reduce the “data noise” that is created by uninformative SNPs. Gene editing provides additional opportunities by either creating new beneficial genetic variation with large effects (e.g. disease resistance) or by rapidly increasing the frequency of favorable QTL alleles. Epigenetic manipulation of embryos is another genomics technology on the horizon. Reproductive technologies will continue to impact livestock breeding, as technologies such as AI, ET, IVEP, and semen sexing have. Novel technologies are surrogate sire technology and in vitro meiosis. Other technology opportunities lie in the area of precision phenotyping and precision animal breeding. Driven by advances in high-throughput sensor technology, precision phenotyping allows for more data to be collected to evaluate genetic merit. The ability to capitalize on this data for genetic improvement requires enhanced knowledge of the biological mechanisms that underlie traits of interest. The combination of genomics, precision phenotypic, and knowledge (and ultimately modelling) of the underlying biological mechanisms and how these mechanisms are impacted by environment and its interaction with genetics will allow implementation of “precision animal breeding.” The latter involves more accurate prediction of the outcome of specific matings in a specific environment in terms of a comprehensive breeding goal that includes animal wellbeing and sustainability. Integrating detailed mechanistic models of animal performance in an environment into genetic evaluation methods that enable prediction of genetic merit for underlying biological traits will enable precision animal breeding.

The history of the launch of agricultural exhibitions is explored. The list of participants of participants is analyzed, the characteristics of animals presented at exhibitions by species, age, gender, etc. are given. The list of provinces and counties that participated in them is presented. The role of agricultural exhibitions in improving livestock breeding status has been established.

Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. An increased incidence of T1DM has recently been noted in children under 15 years of age, and especially in the younger group. The purpose of this study was to know the incidence of T1DM in Asturias and its characteristics. Material and methods Children and young adults under 40 years of age living in Asturias and diagnosed with T1DM in public and private centers from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2011, were included in the study. Information collected included age, sex, date of diagnosis, initial symptoms, and biochemical parameters of the disease. Results A total of 436 patients were diagnosed, of whom 59.63% were males; 169 were younger than 15 years, 56.8% of them males. The age-adjusted overall incidence rate (IR) in Asturias of people diagnosed with diabetes before 40 years of age during this period was 9.45/100.000 population/year (95% CI: 8.58–10.38), 11.07 in males (95% CI: 9.77–12.50) and 7.77 in females (95% CI: 6.66–9.00). In subjects under 30 years of age, IR rate was 10.82 (95% CI: 9.67–12.07), 11.91 in males (95% CI: 10.23–13.78) and 7.61 in females (95% CI: 6.25–9.17). The IR in subjects younger than 15 years of age was 15.60 (95% CI: 13.33–18.13), 17.24/100,000 population/year (95% CI: 13.97–21.06) in males and 13, 86 (95% CI: 10.86–17.42) in females. Estimated IR adjusted by age group in children under 15 years of age was 9.58 (95% CI: 6.64–13.39) in those aged 0–4 years, 18.25 in those aged 5–9 years (95% CI: 14.06–23.31), and 18.78 (95% CI: 14.67–23.69) between 10 and 14 years of age. IR remained stable in virtually all age groups and in both sexes, except in girls under 4 years of age, who showed a significant upward trend. There were significant differences in incidence between the central area of Asturias, predominantly urban, and the peripheral areas, mainly devoted to farming and livestock breeding. Thus, while IR in Mieres was 8/100,000/year, in Jarrio reached 25.6/100,000/year. Conclusion In Asturias, incidence of T1DM in children and young adults is similar to that of the surrounding communities, but lower than the average in Spain. It has remained stable in recent years, except in the younger girls (in whom it has increased), and shows a great geographical variability between the center of the region and the periphery.

In order to control the rice field environment more accurately and monitor the growth of rice and rice duck in real time, the Internet of things technology is applied to the accurate data acquisition of farmland farming and livestock breeding. The duck in paddy ecosystem mode for monitoring the feeding management by monitoring the growth information of paddy rice and rice duck, the environment and using of automatic control technology, intelligent decision-making and knowledge of agricultural biotechnology to construct suitable for rice and rice duck life and offspring of environmental protection. At the same time, in this paper, a comprehensive view on rice and rice duck two species and field environment to design the system are made, breaking a single object in the current research of the Internet of things, and through data collection and presentation of data from the sensor module to achieve the collection and format conversion, conversion to data collected comply with the protocol format data. Therefore, it can provide traceability data for the quality and safety of rice and duck, and lay a solid foundation for the integration of “precision agriculture”, “digital breeding” and “Internet of things”.

As a result of the climate in which it is produced, as well as its recognizable taste and quality, the Sar cheese is a high demand product on the market of Kosovo and Metohija. The authors will, based on the research presented in this paper, give an overview of the production and the main carriers of the Sar cheese production. It will also present how Sar cheese production may be used in helping people survive in Sirinicka Župa. This paper would also, through direct surveys, observe perceptions and attitudes of the inhabitants of this region and provide practical guidelines on the production of the Sar cheese as development potential of the municipality of Strpce, and recommend further agricultural reforms and tourist capacities of this region.

With the rapid development of molecular biology and related disciplines, animal breeding has moved from conventional breeding to molecular breeding. Marker-assisted selection and genomic selection have become mainstream practices in molecular breeding of livestock. However, these techniques only use information from genomic variation but not multi-omics information, thus do not fully explain the molecular basis of phenotypic variations in complex traits. In addition, the accuracy of breeding value estimation based on these techniques is occasionally controversial in different populations or varieties. Given the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing techniques and functional genome and dramatic reductions in the overall cost of sequencing, it is possible to clarify the interactions between genes and formation of phenotypes using massive sets of omic-level data from studies of the transcriptome, proteome, epigenome, and metabolome. During livestock breeding, multi-omics information regarding breeding populations and individuals should be taken into account. The interactive regulatory networks governing gene regulation and phenotype formation in diverse livestock population, varieties and species should be analyzed. In addition, a multi-omics regulatory breeding model should be constructed. Precision, population-personalized breeding is expected to become a crucial practice in future livestock breeding. Precision breeding of individuals can be achieved by combining population genomic information at multi-omics levels together with genomic selection and genome editing techniques.

The exponential increase of global demand for proteins and lipids can no longer be satisfied by classical sources. High amounts of CO2 produced by intensive livestock breeding and its effects on the environment are the main factors that prevent the use of animals as primary sources for proteins and lipids, calling for the use of new sustainable sources, such as insects. The massive breeding of bioconverter insects as a feed source has been a major topic in recent years, with both economic and scientific aspects related to rearing and subsequent processing optimization. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value. Lipids can be obtained from BSF bioconversion processes and are present in high quantities in the last instar larvae and prepupae. Fats obtained from BSF are used as animal feed ingredients, in the formulation of several products for personal care, and in biodiesel production. To enable the use of insect-derived lipids, it is important to understand how to optimize their extraction. Here, we summarize the published information on the composition, the extraction methods, and the possible applications of the BSF lipid component.

The article considers ῾human - animal’ relations of contemporary Altaians. The ethnic culture of Altaians - livestock breeders of Southern Siberia - is experiencing rapid transformations nowadays. However, the community so far retain some ancient beliefs, concepts and practices. And ‘human - animal’ relations are still an understudied aspect of Altaian culture. Proceeding from works by classical ethnology scholars, the author’s field materials, ethnographic monographs dealing with livestock breeding practices of peoples traditionally and basically engaged in such activities, the paper attempts to examine human - animal relations inherent to present-day Altaians

Aim: Farms that are neighboring wildlife sanctuaries are at risk of spillover infection from wildlife, and the objective of this research is to examine the species diversity of Malaysian fruit bats in livestock farm in determining the possible risk of spill over infection to livestock. Materials and Methods: Fifty individual fruit bats were captured using six mists net, from May to July 2017. The nets were set at dusk (1830 h) as bats emerge for foraging and monitored at every 30-min intervals throughout the night until dawn when they returned to the roost. The nets were closed for the day until next night, and captured bats were identified to species levels. Results: All the captured bats were mega chiropterans, and Cynopterus brachyotis was the highest captured species, representing 40% of the total capture. Shannon-Weiner index is 2.80, and Simpson index is 0.2. Our result suggests that there is a degree of species dominance with low diversity in Lenggong Livestock Breeding Center. Conclusion: We concluded that fruit bats are indeed, encroaching livestock areas and the species identified could be a potential source of infection to susceptible livestock. Hence, an active surveillance should be embarked on farms that border wildlife sanctuaries.

Affected by the current context of neo-extractivism and the ongoing expansion of world market oriented agriculture and livestock breeding into primary forest areas, Indigenous organizations and communities are seeking support to protect their territories. Forced to enter into an environment of negotiation dominated by foreign cosmologies and paradigms, delegates of Indigenous organizations who participate in meetings outside their own, well known physical and spiritual territories and environments are constantly confronted with difficulties; they have to transmit messages of their own living context during those events, and, later on, provide information on the results to their own communities. At the same time, and based on extended experiences, they have developed a variety of different strategies to cope with these situations. This article draws on long-time expertise in the development cooperation in South America. Based on research stays and the monitoring of various processes among Indigeno...

Molecular genomics have revolutionized the dairy cattle breeding industry in recent years. Genomic technologies, seen as capable for solving challenges ranging from farm viability to animal health and sustainability, have restructured dairy breeding networks and markets globally and transformed relationships between humans, non-human animals, and technologies. Furthermore, they have created possibilities for increased commercialization and appropriation of breeding practices and the intensified objectification and machination of animals. In this paper I combine the theories of market creation and commodification to understand how the ‘genomic market’ was created in Finnish dairy cattle breeding and examine the repercussions of this development within dairy production more broadly. By drawing on textual and interview data by breeding companies and cattle owners, I explore how genomic knowledge becomes stabilized and objectified as a commodity. I also examine how cattle owners and cattle become requalified as actors within this market and how they co-produce and contest the process in significant ways. My results indicate that the commodification of genomic knowledge contributes to a powerful reinterpretation of Finnish dairy production and can have important moral and material repercussions for human and non-human animal lives within those networks.

Although long-term genetic gain has been achieved through increasing use of modern breeding methods and technologies, the rate of genetic gain needs to be accelerated to meet humanity's demand for agricultural products. In this regard, genomic selection (GS) has been considered most promising for genetic improvement of the complex traits controlled by many genes each with minor effects. Livestock scientists pioneered GS application largely due to livestock's significantly higher individual values and the greater reduction in generation interval that can be achieved in GS. Large-scale application of GS in plants can be achieved by refining field management to improve heritability estimation and prediction accuracy and developing optimum GS models with the consideration of genotype-by-environment interaction and non-additive effects, along with significant cost reduction. Moreover, it would be more effective to integrate GS with other breeding tools and platforms for accelerating the breeding process and thereby further enhancing genetic gain. In addition, establishing an open-source breeding network and developing transdisciplinary approaches would be essential in enhancing breeding efficiency for small- and medium-sized enterprises and agricultural research systems in developing countries. New strategies centered on GS for enhancing genetic gain need to be developed., Accelerating genetic gain is needed to meet humanity's demand for plant products. Genomic selection, which has been largely used in livestock, can be used to enhance genetic gain in plants. The genomic selection strategies reviewed in this paper for plants include field and environment management, optimum model development, cost reduction, platform and network construction, open-source breeding, and transdisciplinary approaches.

Livestock breeding farms are commonly found to be geographically distributed in remote areas with comparatively poor conditions of disease diagnosis. Usually, it is difficult to perform animal disease diagnosis quickly and concisely due to the technical expertise and experience required. But, the farms can diagnose these diseases precisely using the animal disease diagnosis expert system(ADDES) which could ascertain a proper enlargement of the stockbreeding industry. In this paper, we are trying to enhance the diagnosis accuracy and minimize the loss by proposing a method using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN). Our center of attention is on evolving an effective strategy for this diagnosis issue by improvising the existing techniques. By segmenting and extracting the features from the diseased images dynamically, our model is bound to produce an accurate result. We evaluate our algorithms via experiments and through the visualization of these rules and plots, one can accurately come up with an elaborate explanation of the disease and its cause and cure more effectively.

Assuming that the continuation of pastoralism (Pastoralism includes all livestock breeding activities which extensively graze, the sources of fodder spontaneously supplied by natural areas, in order to provide all or part of animal feed. [Association francaise de pastoralisme, @: pastoralisme.net]) goes together with the conservation of open environments, one of the objectives of the program LIFE + MIL’OUV (www.lifemilouv.org) combines naturalist and zootechnical skills. For this aim, the specialists in animal husbandry and field ecology involved in this program, worked with breeders to identify ways and means for an optimized management of these environments. The method is succinctly discussed here to illustrate a cross-analysis of the viability of animal husbandry and that of the natural environment. This construction process seems also useful to create and maintain a common culture between domains too often evolving, separately, whereas reciprocal benefits could be obtained. Indeed, better management means both an optimal use of the resources available for herds, and the maintenance by the pastoral practices in these areas of high heritage value. The presentation of four systems of animal husbandry met during the project and their trajectories, highlights these reciprocal benefits: a rangeland can be considered as a reserve of grass for the herds or as an environment with challenging conservation stakes but the viability of one cannot be achieved without the other.

Farming suffers from a crisis based on lack of profitability. This situation is more relevant in small farms. Farmers have implemented local breeding programmes that have shown good results in terms of biodiversity preservation, increase of technological innovation and improvements in farm’s viability. The objective of this study is to compare technological characteristics among groups of farms, according to their breeding programmes and the viability of dairy sheep system. Furthermore, the role of technologies by means of a canonical discriminant model was analysed. The information from 157 dairy sheep farms in Castilla La Mancha, Spain was used. Technologies were grouped in six technological areas: Management, animal feeding, animal health and biosecurity, land use, milking equipment and dairy, reproduction and genetic. Four canonical discriminant models have been used to classify farms according to technological indicators [Model 1], structural [Model 2], productive [Model 3] and a global model including all the variables (18) [Model 4], by considering the genetic programme and their viability. Afterwards, the relationship among the discriminated groups was analysed using cluster analysis. The canonical model built according to the set of technologies classified a 69.43% of farms [Model 1]. Therefore, the farms that implement a breeding programme (BP) increase the likelihood of viability. First, BP requires higher levels of technological innovation in management and genetics-reproduction. Then, such advances should be implemented in milking equipment and animal health and biosecurity. To conclude, BP is a key factor in the success of technological adoption.HighlightsTechnology adoption plays a strategical role in sheep production systems.Breeding program promotes higher global technological level.Likelihood of viability in dairy sheep farms increases with implementation of a breeding program. Technology adoption plays a strategical role in sheep production systems. Breeding program promotes higher global technological level. Likelihood of viability in dairy sheep farms increases with implementation of a breeding program.

Scientific policy transmission is the key for local governments to effectively control pollution from livestock breeding. This study collects the livestock manure treatment policy texts and livestock feeding data of 70 local governments, and uses data mining and related analysis methods to analyze the relationships between actions, actors and the effect of livestock breeding pollution control in local government policies. The results show that: the better the transmission of actions and the greater the number of actors involved in transmission of actions, the better effect of livestock breeding pollution control. It is necessary to strengthen collaboration with Department of Natural Resources in building a cycle of planting and breeding development mechanism as well as acceleration of the transformation and upgrading of animal husbandry. Meanwhile, the collaboration with Department of Science and Technology should be enhanced in strengthening fiscal and taxation policy support, and coordinating the solution of land and electricity use problems.

The quality and safety of soybean meal is a key matter for the livestock breeding and food industries, since it is one of the most important and widely used protein feed raw materials. As driven by commercial interests, new illegal adulterants which are unknown to consumers and regulators emerge constantly. In order to make up for the inadequacy of traditional detection methods, a novel non-targeted adulterant screening method based on a near-infrared microscopy spectral library of soybean meal is proposed. This study focused on the feasibility of non-targeted screening methods for the detection of adulteration in soybean meal. Six types of non-protein nitrogen were taken as examples and partial least squares discriminant analysis was employed to verify the feasibility of this novel method. The results showed that the non-targeted screening method could screen out adulterations in soybean meal with satisfactory results.

This study was done to determine milk production and its quality of FH cows fed oil palm frond (OPF) for 3 months in UPT of Livestock Breeding Station Kampar Riau.This research used Fresh OPF chopping with different percentage as feed substitution in dairy feed to see the physiological responses of dairy cattle. The feeding treatments were 100% EG, 75% EG + 25% OPF, 50% EG + 50% OPF and 25% EG + 75% OPF. This research was designed by Latin Square Design (RBSL) and analyzed by ANOVA with physiological responses which is skin temperature, body temperture,rectal temperature, respiration, and heart rate as observed variables. The results showed that cage condition and environmental could potentially caused stress (THI : 68–90). chopping fresh OPF with different percentage subtitution did not signiicantly effect to physiological response except heart rate where the highest value is 75% OPF with 72,1±1,98 beat/min compared with control, 25% and 50%. Overall, OPF can be used as feed resourch subtitution because did not give a negative effect for physiological responses for dairy cattle.

This paper investigates the factors affecting the implementation of various management activities related to the characterization, use and conservation of animal genetic resources (AnGR) across countries. The 128 official country reports provided for The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture were analysed based on a multivariate approach. These reports investigated topics related the national level of AnGR diversity, the extent of characterization activities, use and breeding programmes and conservation activities, as well as capacities in AnGR management and the use of biotechnologies related to livestock breeding. A large part of the variability (34.7%) of the dataset could be explained by one synthetic variable, which could be interpreted as the general extent of AnGR related activities, and indicate that country efforts on AnGR are directed relatively homogenously towards the various activities and species considered. This variable differentiated mainly OECD and BRICS countries from less developed ones. OECD and BRICS countries also appeared to be differentiated with respect to the use of some specific biotechnologies such as cloning, genetic modification and transplantation of gonadal tissues. With regards to economic and development indicators, the first synthetic variable showed large correlation with the number of researchers in agricultural sciences per inhabitant ( r =0.643) and national GDP (r=0.516). Capacities in research therefore appeared to be one of the main enabling forces for activities related to AnGR and the implementation of the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for AnGR.

The animal welfare is maybe the main factor in livestock breeding, including keeping wild animals. In order not have any problems (health, economic), animals behaviour analyses with cameras can be an appropriate and relatively cheap solution. The present study aims to show the difference between the camera traps and hand-held cameras: which can be used better to determine and examine the behaviour of individuals (living in groups), to show those slight, but relevant differences what in terms of results can cause wrong conclusions. Our examined species was the wild boar ( Sus scrofa ). We used a hand-held camera for behaviour observations, and then these 5 min videos were cutting-out short periods (20, 10 and 5 s) to simulate the camera traps videos. We defined the dominant and submissive elements’ frequency, and the proportion of feeding and social interactions. The results showed that the videos’ length can modify those important differences from which we can get a fair view of the social porblems: the social interactions were underrepresented in the shorter videos.

In recent years there has been a veritable explosion in the use of genome editors to create site-specific changes, both in vitro and in vivo, to the genomes of a multitude of species for both basic research and biotechnology. Livestock, which form a vital component of most societies, are no exception. While selective breeding has been hugely successful at enhancing some production traits, the rate of progress is often slow and is limited to variants that exist within the breeding population. Genome editing provides the potential to move traits between breeds, in a single generation, with no impact on existing productivity or to develop de novo phenotypes that tackle intractable issues such as disease. As such, genome editors provide huge potential for ongoing livestock development programs in light of increased demand and disease challenge. This review will highlight some of the more notable agricultural applications of this technology in livestock.

In this study, calves were selected as part of livestock disease management. The evaluation of the calf disease was based on the history of calf birth, measurement of calf biometrics, environmental details of the house, and information on infections and immunity status for disease management. These diseases occur at an appropriate level of immune status and are often accompanied by diarrhea as a clinical symptom. Calf diarrhea results in death. The findings of this study indicated the necessity for livestock breeding farms to report the birth of calves and attach ears to the livestock so as to enable the environmental management of livestock.

Along with the intensive development of methods of livestock breeding, breeders’ expectations are growing concerning feed additives that would guarantee such results as accelerating growth rate, protection of health from pathogenic infections and improvement of other production parameters such as: absorption of feed and quality of meat, milk, eggs. The main reason for their application would be a strive to achieve some beneficial effects comparable to those of antibiotic-based growth stimulators, banned on 01 January 2006. High hopes are being associated with the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Used mainly for maintenance of the equilibrium of the intestinal microbiota of livestock, they turn out to be an effective method in fight against pathogens posing a threat for both animals and consumers. This paper discusses definitions of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Criteria that have to be met by those kinds of formulas are also presented. The paper offers a list of the most commonly used probiotics and prebiotics and some examples of their combinations in synbiotic formulas used in animal feeding. Examples of available study results on the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on animal health are also summarised.