Search

В статье поднимается вопрос об использовании современных информационных технологий в мире деревообработки. Важным показателем освоения земель является уровень развития лесной промышленности. Именно поэтому важно обращать внимание на фирмы данной отрасли. В статье предлагаются новые способы повышения эффективности компаний и разработки комплексного подхода к повышению эффективности управления лесным хозяйством путем внедрения управленческого подхода и использование корпоративных информационных систем, реализующих новые информационные технологии. Российские системы учета в лесной сфере не удовлетворяют растущие потребности предприятия. Что касается увеличения размера и ассортимента продукции, инноваций и технического оснащения, компании необходимо иметь одно комплексное решение для его обслуживания, но при этом необходимо управлять управленческими счетами, относящимися к компонентам предприятия.

One of the early manifestations of atherosclerotic lesions is endothelial dysfunction developing under conditions of reduced nitric oxide production, hyperhomocysteinemia, and oxidative stress. Bearing in mind high interest shown to gender-specific peculiarities of cardiovascular diseases, it appears important to study the relationship between these features in men and women with stable forms of coronary heart disease (CHD). Material and methods. The study included 102 patients with sable COPD divided into 2 groups (men and women) and 40 practically healthy subjects. Plasma homocysteine levels were measured by high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography with fluorescent detector with the use of Eko-Novo Milikhrom A-02 apparatus (Russia). Standard methods were used to measure plasma lipids, products of their peroxidation (dienic conjugates and products reacting with 2-thibarbituric acid), antioxidant enzymes (glutathioneperoxidase, and superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes), activity of the ceruloplasmin-transferrin system (by electron paramagnetic resonance method), final metabolites of nitric oxide using the Gries reaction. The endothelial function was studies by ultrasound with the evaluation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Results. The mean levels of homocystein and final NO metabolites in men with stable CHD were 1.5 times higher (р=0,01) and 12% lower (р = 0,03) than in women. Endothelial dysfunction was more pronounced in men (р< 0,05). Conclusion. Patients with CHD exhibit significant gender-specific differences in blood levels of of homocystein and final NO metabolites as well as in endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity associated with intensification of lipid peroxidation and impairment of antioxidative protection.

Mathematical decision-making methods for estimating the state of lubricating oil have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the most promising direction for solving problems of determining the performance of oil taking into account the existing uncertainty, ambiguity, incompleteness, and fuzziness of information on the object is the application of an expert system based on fuzzy logic, which provides objective and more substantiated decisions. The intelligent decision-making method on the state of lubricating oil and the structural diagram of the fuzzy logic method based on the Mamdani algorithm have been developed. An example of the implementation of the developed method for monitoring the lubricating oil state has been given based on the analysis of the following diagnostic parameters: total oil contamination measured in three spectral ranges, chemical destruction factor, and oil viscosity. A conclusion has been drawn on oil serviceability based on the analysis of the integrated numerical oil state factor. It has been demonstrated that the developed method provides a real-time objective estimation of oil serviceability and makes it possible to perform the timely maintenance of the tribosystem.

This chapter presents the methods of monitoring the water content in industrial oils allowing for servicing and prevention of failures of equipment. The most common devices for on-line real time monitoring of the water content in oils are nowadays based on capacitive sensors and polymer absorbing films. Their advantage is in cost-efficiency and simple maintenance. The devices with absorbing elements determine the relative oil saturation with water. Yet, if it is required to evaluate the absolute water content the devices without absorbing elements should be used. It is stated that the development of the reliable sensors installed in the equipment is of urgency. Another important task is to provide the predictive maintenance with controlling the level of water content at a given level providing the long life and reliable operation of the equipment. The laboratory and on-line methods are considered in the chapter and estimation of their validity is given.

This chapter considers the on-line monitoring in tribology and industrial lubrication. Basic characteristics of oil and laboratory analytical methods are discussed. It is shown that growing requirements to performance of oil promote the development of new methods and instruments for condition monitoring. The devices for on-line monitoring based on the analysis of oil viscosity, dielectric permeability, conductivity, as well as the acid and base numbers are reviewed. Fluorescence emission of oil was used to develop a method and sensor for detecting oil degradation. The concept of this method based on evaluating oil oxidation rate by recording the shift of fluorescence spectrum to the long-wave region is described. Test results for hydraulic oils are compared with the data measured by standard method. The fluorescent method is compared with other techniques, such as the titration method and IR spectroscopy, while measuring the oil oxidation of transformer oil. It is shown that fluorescence emission ratio gives sufficient information for evaluating the oil degradation in real time.

This chapter describes the main trends in tribodiagnostics: development of systems for continuous monitoring; increasing the number of sensors built as standard elements in the oil line of engines, turbines, and other heavy machinery; development of software including methods of artificial intelligence; and reduction of costs of tribodiagnostics promoting its more wide application. Modular systems providing the complete online estimate of the condition and contamination of oil and the wear debris generation are described. Example of a modular Intelligent (SMART) System of vehicle is presented. It has been demonstrated that the most promising direction in determining the performance of oil taking into account the existing ambiguity, incompleteness, and fuzziness of information is the application of an expert system. It can be based on fuzzy logic, which provides objective and more substantiated decisions. The developed intelligent decision-making method and the structural diagram of the fuzzy logic method based on the Mamdani algorithm are described. It is shown that this method provides a real-time objective estimation on oil serviceability and makes it possible to perform the timely maintenance of the tribosystem.

This chapter considers the control of the oil contamination, by products of incomplete combustion (soot). Up-to-date requirements which set the necessity of development of portable monitoring devices built in the car lubrication system are considered. Laboratory methods, as well as portable and built-in devices, designed for control of soot concentration in oil, are analyzed. It is shown that the novel built-in devices for monitoring soot concentration are of urgency for diesel engine reliability improvement. The measuring systems for on-line monitoring the soot content in vehicles with diesel engines are described. They are based on measuring the soot electrical and optical properties. Advantages and shortcomings of these devices are considered and the prospects of practical applications are discussed. Most challenging way of development of on-line methods for monitoring the soot content in diesel oil is the usage of fiber optic detectors, which are not impacted by electrical noise and disturbance. Basics of fiber-optic detectors and calculation of their parameters are described. Design and laboratory test results of the fiber-optic soot detector are presented.

A method is developed for quick oil-quality and performance monitoring by simultaneous determination of the oil’s total impurity content based on optical density in the red, green, and blue wavelength ranges, as well as the chemical properties based on the difference in the chromatic ratios and oil color in TCU ( true color units). This method can be used to determine the quality of fresh oil during its production, monitoring the incoming oils before their use in equipment, and make prompt evaluations of the oil’s performance in the course of tribojunction use.

The paper discusses the prospects for developing means for on-line measurement of the viscosity of lubricating oils, including diagnostic instrumentation based on magnetoelastic interaction. The theoretical basis for the development of magnetoelastic sensors and the main concept of measuring the fluid viscosity are presented. Two methods of measuring the viscosity are described. The first method is based on estimating variations in the natural frequency of oscillations of a sensitive element and the second involves analysis of the decay rate of the amplitude of oscillations. The design of the developed magnetoelastic sensor and the experimental results of comparing the two measurement methods are reported. The paper also presents the comparative results of measurement of the oil viscosity by a magnetoelastic sensor, a capillary viscometer, and a solid-state piezoacoustic sensor. It is shown that the reliability of the magnetoelastic sensor is high from the viewpoint of on-line monitoring; owing to its relatively low cost and ease of maintenance, it has wide potential for application in monitoring of lubricating oils in tribosystems.

An analysis of the features of variation and monitoring of the oil viscosity during tribosystem operation is presented. Methods and means for on-line monitoring of oil viscosity are reviewed, which allow on-line monitoring of the state of machinery and equipment. It is shown that the development of means for on-line measurement of viscosity based on the method applied under laboratory conditions does not meet the requirements for miniaturization and reliability of the diagnostic devices. To solve this problem, vibration methods of monitoring based on the application of tuning forks and microcantilevers are proposed. Among devices mounted directly into oil circulation lines, and, particularly, into lubricating systems for vehicles, acoustic devices have the most promise.

A miniature integral detector is presented that enables in-line monitoring of the lubricating material in trybosystems by measuring and evaluating four diagnostic parameters simultaneously: chemical disintegration, total contamination content in the oil, water content, and temperature. The detector comprises a self-test system, self-tuning controlled by a microcontroller. The diagnostic parameters of the detector and the standard parameters, such as viscosity and general acid number of mineral and synthetic oils, are compared for their analysis. The validity of the detector’s output data is confirmed, which assures its broad application for in-line assessment of the performance of the oil and condition of the tribosystem in general given the high information content and the level of computerization.

Current interest in evaluating the oil condition in tribosystems is discussed. Fluorescent express-methods for oil condition monitoring are analyzed and their main advantages and disadvantages are noted. The basic concept of the fluorescent method developed for evaluating oil oxidation rate by recording the shift of fluorescence spectrum to the long-wave region is described. The realization of the method is exemplified and the results of the analysis of fresh and worked hydraulic oils with the developed fluorescent sensor are given. The sensor can be used as both built in the oil line and a portable device under manufacture and laboratory conditions.

Aim. To evaluate the influence of carvedilol (Talliton, Egis, Hungary) on daily profile of blood pressure (BP), anatomical and functional conditions of left ventricle (LV) and cerebral circulation in patients with arterial hypertension (AH), stage II-III. Material and methods. 30 patients (10 men, 20 women, average age 51,9±7,9 y.o.) with AH II-III stage ( RSSC,2004) and with initially affected daily profile of BP, cerebral circulation, anatomical and functional disorders of LV took carvedilol 25-75 mg/d during 6 months. Hemodynamics was estimated by ambulatory BP monitoring, Doppler Echocardiography, and ultrasound Dopplerography of extra cranial vessels. Results. A normalizing effect of carvedilol on abnormal daily profile of BP and cerebral circulation was determined. The treatment resulted in the regress of LV hypertrophy with predominant reduction of interventricular septum thickness and also the transformation of concentrical LV hypertrophy in excentrical one. Conclusion. Long-term therapy with carvedilol in patients with AH II-III stage provides a stable BP control and cardioprotective effect, improves cerebral circulation.

Lubricant contamination analysis is one of the common and prospective methods of machine condition monitoring. Wear debris formed in rubbing is a source of valuable information on the wear mechanism and severity, while total oil contamination gives information on oil lubricity. Development of new methods and means of reliable condition monitoring of friction units remains a challenging task for rating the condition of equipment, reducing losses for idle time or failures, and saving lubricants. Despite the fact that direct reading (DR) ferrograph was proposed more than 20 years ago its main principle—accumulation and estimation of deposited particles content—underlies the basis of creation of new effective built-in devices and criteria for condition monitoring. In the presented paper, the principle of operation of the optical ferroanalyzer (OF) jointly developed by V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of Belarus National Academy of Sciences and Korea Institute of Science and Technology is presented. Optical ferroanalyzer in addition to ferrograph allows us to estimate total contamination of oil, increasing reliability of tribosystem condition monitoring. The results of bench tests of the analyzer are described and example of its application for condition monitoring of engine is shown.

A mental experiment on the possible effect of an alternating current flowing along generating lines of an infinitely long cylinder on the interference diffraction pattern of microparticles has been considered. The possibility of exciting and detecting electromagnetic waves, which correspond to a zero electromagnetic field, and transmitting signals by means of the Aharonov-Bohm effect changing the phase of the electron wave function has been discussed. The results can be used in the design of a detector of an electromagnetic field that does not absorb photons of the detected radiation.

Nowadays we read rather often about a revolutionary situation in the modern historiography of science. I shall try to outline the main difficulties and the unresolved problems which give rise to such opinions. Even a superficial acquaintance with modern works on the history and philosophy of science gives us an opportunity to notice three difficulties, each of them attracting intense attention from investigators. All these difficulties are connected with the introduction of the idea of discontinuity in the history of science in opposition to the positivistic interpretation of the history of science as continuous and cumulative.1