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A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is defined as a vehicle that has two or more power sources, the hybrid electric vehicle is a representative eco-friendly vehicle because it can operate efficiently with each power source and requires only a small sized electric power source. However, it is not possible to develop high efficiency HEVs without an effective energy management system (EMS), a well-designed EMS is vital in HEVs because they need to manage two power sources. Motivated by this, there are continuing efforts being made to research and establish suitable energy management strategies in order to develop high efficiency HEVs. In the past, many energy management strategies for HEVs were developed based on optimal control theory. Recently, various kinds of machine learning technologies have been applied to HEV EMS development based on breakthroughs in the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). Machine learning is a field of research that allows computers to perform arbitrary tasks guided by data rather than explicit programming. Machine learning can be classified into supervised learning, reinforcement learning (semi-supervised learning), and unsupervised learning depending on how the training data is structured. In this study, we look at cases and studies in which machine learning techniques from each category were used to develop HEV energy management strategies.

BACKGROUND The blood level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. However, its use as an independent factor for CHD risk prediction remains unclear in Asian populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between serum ALT levels and CHD risk in Koreans. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (V-1, 2010 and V-2, 2011). The ALT levels of 3,215 individuals were analyzed. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) modified by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) was used to compute the 10-year CHD risk prediction. RESULTS Positive correlations were established between log-transformed ALT concentration and FRS (r=0.433, P

Poorly managed diabetes can lead to complications which account for a large portion of diabetes costs. Although diabetes self-management programs have been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of complications, low uptake of diabetes self-management training (DSMT) has been reported. Identifying factors associated with participation in DSMT among Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) with diabetes can provide information to improve uptake of these programs. DSMT is a Medicare-covered benefit. We analyzed the nationally representative 2018 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey PUF of MBs aged ≥ 65 years with reported type 2 diabetes (n=1,056). A survey-weighted logistic model, adjusted for socio-demographics and co-morbidities, was performed to examine the relationship between participation of DSMT and two binary variables including: 1) whether providers gave instructions on how to take care of one’s health; and 2) whether the Medicare program was easy/difficult to understand. Of study MBs, 49.6% self-reported participation in DSMT (a rate higher than other studies analyzing claims data). DSMT participants had higher rates of reporting the Medicare program was easy to understand (73.3% vs. 66.1%), and that providers gave instructions on how to take care of one’s health (68.0% vs. 64.0%) than non-DSMT participants. Among the study MBs, those reporting the Medicare program was easy to understand were more likely to participate in DSMT (odds ratio (OR)=1.40, p Disclosure B. Ng: None. S. D. Towne: None. J. B. Lamanna: None. K. Kim: None.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurological disorder that affects the motor neurons responsible for regulating muscle movement. However, the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of ALS remain poorly understood. A deficiency in the antioxidant tripeptide glutathione (GSH) in the nervous system appears to be involved in several neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the loss of neuronal cells. Impaired antioxidant defense systems, and the accumulation of oxidative damage due to increased dysfunction in GSH homeostasis are known to be involved in the development and progression of ALS. Aberrant GSH metabolism and redox status following oxidative damage are also associated with various cellular organelles, including the mitochondria and nucleus, and are crucial factors in neuronal toxicity induced by ALS. In this review, we provide an overview of the implications of imbalanced GSH homeostasis and its molecular characteristics in various experimental models of ALS.

Many leading companies in the automotive industry have been putting tremendous effort into developing new powertrains and technologies to make their products more energy efficient. Evaluating the fuel economy benefit of a new technology in specific powertrain systems is straightforward; and, in an early concept phase, obtaining a projection of energy efficiency benefits from new technologies is extremely useful. However, when carmakers consider new technology or powertrain configurations, they must deal with a trade-off problem involving factors such as energy efficiency and performance, because of the complexities of sizing a vehicle’s powertrain components, which directly affect its energy efficiency and dynamic performance. As powertrains of modern vehicles become more complicated, even more effort is required to design the size of each component. This study presents a component-sizing process based on the forward-looking vehicle simulator “Autonomie” and the optimization algorithm “POUNDERS”; the supervisory control strategy based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) assures sufficient computational system efficiency. We tested the process by applying it to a single power-split hybrid electric vehicle to determine optimal values of gear ratios and each component size, where we defined the optimization problem as minimizing energy consumption when the vehicle’s dynamic performance is given as a performance constraint. The suggested sizing process will be helpful in determining optimal component sizes for vehicle powertrain to maximize fuel efficiency while dynamic performance is satisfied. Indeed, this process does not require the engineer’s intuition or rules based on heuristics required in the rule-based process.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most serious complication of diabetes and a leading cause of kidney failure and mortality in patients with diabetes. However, the exact pathogenic mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Impaired mitochondrial function and accumulation of damaged mitochondria due to increased imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics are known to be involved in the development and progression of DN. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant mitochondrial fission is involved in the progression of DN. Conversely, studies linking excessively enlarged mitochondria to DN pathogenesis are emerging. In this review, we summarize the current concepts of imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics and their molecular aspects in various experimental models of DN. We discuss the recent evidence of enlarged mitochondria in the kidneys of DN and examine the possibility of a therapeutic application targeting mitochondrial dynamics in DN.

Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-induced neurotoxicity is currently well recognized as a contributor to the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and the deposition of TDP-43 has been linked to other neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies also suggest that TDP-43-induced neurotoxicity is associated with ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a well-known cytosolic deacetylase enzyme that suppresses the toxicity of UPS impairment. However, the role of HDAC6 in TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration is largely unknown. In this study, we found that HDAC6 overexpression decreased the levels of insoluble and cytosolic TDP-43 protein in TDP-43-overexpressing N2a cells. In addition, TDP-43 overexpression upregulated HDAC6 protein and mRNA levels, and knockdown of Hdac6 elevated the total protein level of TDP-43. We further found that HDAC6 modulates TDP-43-induced UPS impairment via the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP). We also showed that TDP-43 promoted a short lifespan in flies and that the accumulation of ubiquitin aggregates and climbing defects were significantly rescued by overexpression of HDAC6 in flies. Taken together, these findings suggest that HDAC6 overexpression can mitigate neuronal toxicity caused by TDP-43-induced UPS impairment, which may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ALS.

The purpose of college and university ranking mainly resides to assist with the students in choosing their schools and programs at the level they wish to study. The US News and World Report (USNWR) graduate programs ranking is notable that evaluates the graduate level programs uniquely and in contrast with other general subject rankings. Along with the reputation of source, this specificity enables to enjoy a number of subscribers in making an application decision about which school or program is competitive and personally fits. Given the study of national research council is most exhaustive and authoritative ranking source on research doctorates, called Ph.Ds, the ranking of professional schools, for instance, law schools, medical schools, nursing schools and on, as presented to the students in USNWR is very determinative in deciding which school I choose. In this light, the following tables show a ranking that has been yielded on the diversity and quality of graduate and research doctorate programs as well as law studies specifically. Therefore, the tables can be referred to a vast of interested people on the graduate studies in the United States. The last part of reference can be referred not only by JD students, but also by researchers in the graduate law programs. Since some small or exclusively JD-oriented law schools are not available of LL.M or graduate study, the users of table are expected to read consciously. The ranking table has a threshold to qualify so as to be enlisted that the top 44 law schools in all specialties exclusively had been selected and ranked according to the average of two subjects. As said, it could be used secondarily to refer in deciding the schools on the application of general LL.M program. Given the junior scholarly nature of LL.M. or graduate law programs, it is considered that the legal writing program is half factored to select the schools. The column 1 and 2 transcribes the US ranking, which are added for a sum in column 3. Least number is placed at top and less number attains a high ranking correspondingly thorough the end of institution. The first and second parts of this work show the top universities according to the number of programs, whose possible highest rating is placed within the range 1st -17th in either R or S rank of most recent 2010 NRC assessment and roughly same range in the USNWR graduate programs ranking. They are prepared from the revised NRC report published in 2011, which is most recent as well as based on the 2021 version of USNWR. Both data will be incorporated into my current project concerning the American higher education and graduate studies.

Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by more than 45%. Furthermore, obesity is a contributing factor for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. The mechanisms accounting for this increased disease risk have not been clarified. This study tested the hypothesis that the total range of change (a) in cerebral blood velocity (CBV) and cerebral vascular conductance (CVCI) as well as maximum (y0) CBV and CVCI achieved during rebreathing-induced hypercapnia would be attenuated in obese individuals (obese). 16 lean and 15 obese individuals participated. The magnitude of rebreathing-induced hypercapnia was similar between groups (Lean: ∆ 15 ± 3 mmHg vs. Obese ∆ 15 ± 2 mmHg; P = 0.82). The total range of change in CBV during rebreathing (a; percentage) was similar between groups (Lean: 91 ± 24 % vs. Obese: 76 ± 19 %, P = 0.07) whereas the total range of change in CVCI during rebreathing (a; percentage) was attenuated in the Obese (Lean: 71 ± 20 % vs. Obese: 51 ± 15 %, P

The paper aims to explore the contour of internet regulation with a thread of Brand X, which navigates through constitutionalism, separation of powers, as well as business and economic or political implications enshrined behind it. An exemplary insight with the Korean case was adverted that could lead to the comparative perspective of internet law and regulation for the future research. The research was conducted by employing qualitative investigation, mainly relying on textual analysis and documentary examination. The outcome of research generally corroborates with our assumption that i) the increasing administrative state will variegate the traditional interplay of three branches, ii) expert bureaucracy stands at the core of policy shaping because of the necessary new concept of market and policy specialization, iii) the role of US government is not only pioneering, but also influential as a regulator, but comparatively with differing national jurisdictions if not a negligible implications on the international competition or even conflict.

Flavanols have beneficial effects on vascular health and we have recently demonstrated that cerebral vasodilatory capacity in healthy young African Americans (AA) is improved with acute flavanol intake relative to aged-matched Caucasian Americans (CA). However, whether the positive benefits of acute flavanol consumption would also be present in the cutaneous microvascular circulation of AA remains unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa (FC) would improve the previously reported reduced cutaneous microvascular responses to local heating in young AA. Seven AA and seven CA participated in this double-blind crossover study. Data were collected on two different days, separated by a minimum of one week. Two intradermal microdialysis membranes were inserted in the forearm and each site was randomly assigned to receive lactated Ringer's solution or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either a non-flavanol containing (NF) beverage or FC beverage. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as cutaneous blood flux/mean arterial pressure and normalized as % maximal CVC (%CVCmax). The difference in %CVCmax between the Ringer's site and NOS inhibited site was calculated to assess NO contribution (Δ %CVCmax). In the Ringer's site, acute consumption of FC beverage improved %CVCmax during 39 °C heating when compared to NF beverage in AA (NF: 36 ± 6 vs. FC: 47 ± 5%CVCmax; P .01) while there was similar %CVCmax during 39 °C heating between beverages in CA (NF: 55 ± 4 vs. FC: 59 ± 5%CVCmax; P = .40). During 39 °C heating, NO contribution was significantly higher with FC beverage than NF beverage in AA (NF: 27 ± 5 vs. FC: 35 ± 4 Δ %CVCmax; P = .03) while there was similar NO contribution between beverages in CA (NF: 42 ± 4 vs. FC: 45 ± 4 Δ %CVCmax; P = .36). This data suggests that acute consumption of FC could be a therapeutic solution to improve an attenuated microvascular function in young AA.

1.The judicial system in the nations is generally considered as an important public institution to promote the liberty and social justice. The role and influence of public policy and administration can hold a considerable power in the shaping of Korean judicial system. The current literature in this field is just on legal theory, and little is known about the processes, actions and interactions of players relating with the elements of public policy studies. 2. The study’s purposes were: (a) to examine the phenomenon inherent in the public administration of Korean judicial system (b) to generate a theory on its phenotype in the national and comparative or interdisciplinary viewpoints. 3. Based on the grounded theory approach as well as hermeneutics and heuristics, the kind of tools, i.e., concepts, terms, essences as well as inter-relational understanding or themes were employed. The theories and tenets generally on the elements of public policy, as stems from Sabatier & Mooney, Walzer, Habermas & Faucault, Weber &Turner, Simons, Bourdieu and so, provided the backdrop for this study. 4. Research questions focused on the policy process and actions, interactions of players within the public policy aspect of Korean judicial system and its phenotype in terms of national and comparative or interdisciplinary viewpoints. 5. Research participants consisted of a purposive sample of 30 Korean lawyers, legal historians, law professors and civic leadership who responded with the individual in-depth interviews. They were preliminarily surveyed with the written questions leading to select major occurrences or events, and deeply investigated through the interviews at next. The data collection consisted of public documentation, record, personal writings, and texts of Korean source 6. The findings indicated that the public administration of Korean judicial system in view of public policy elements is (i) unique, but sharable (ii) inevitable, but struggled, (iii) static, but transformative (iv) general, but professional. 7. Implications for positive social change include deeper understanding of Korean judicial system in terms of public policy studies and importance of public policy on its shaping.

We have demonstrated the effect of p-GaN hole concentration on a graphene current spreading layer (CSL) for stabilization and improved performance of a near-ultraviolet light-emitting diode (NUV LED). While NUV LEDs with a more lightly-doped p-GaN showed poor electrical and optical properties and unstable performance, NUV LEDs with more heavily-doped p-GaN (∼2 × 1017 cm−3) showed very stable, outstanding performance. The main factor of the improvement was the enhanced contact property between the graphene CSLs and the p-GaN that resulted from the increase of the hole concentration, which led to a thinner barrier and an enhanced current injection. From our results, we were able to determine that hole concentration as heavy as 2 × 1017 cm−3 in p-GaN layers is a primary condition in NUV LEDs with graphene-based CSLs.

This paper discusses about analyzing in-wheel vehicle’s dynamic motion and load torque. Since in-wheel vehicle controls each left and right driving wheels, it is dangerous if vehicle’s wheels are not in a cooperative control. First, this study builds the main wheel control logic using PID control theory and evaluates the stability. Using Carsim-Matlab/Simulink, vehicle dynamic motion is simulated in virtual 3D driving road. Through this, in-wheel vehicle’s driving performance can be analyzed. The target vehicle is a rear-wheel drive in D-class sedan. Second, by using the first In-wheel vehicle’s performance results, it derivate the drive motor’s dynamic load torque for applying the dynamometer. Extracted load torque impute to dynamometer’s load motor, linear experiment in dynamometer can replicated the 3-D road driving status. Also it, will be able to evaluate the more accurate performance analysis and stability, as a previous step of actual vehicle experiment. Key words : Inwheel(인휠), Carsim(카심), Driving performance(주행 성능), Load torque(부하 토크), Dynamo-meter(동력 시험계)

The Kiosk is designed to reveal the compiled rankings of leading institution that is not exhaustive to include all of doctoral programs. I have, nevertheless, list the major follow-up institutions from the 2010 NRC report. Ranking for each program finally has been yielded by average number of 1996, 2010, and USNW ranking for the graduate programs. Hence the coverage in period is longitudinal possibly 1986 (the first year from last 1985 NRC) through 2020 (the last year for ten year interval of NRC practice, but not surely for every turn). The ranking of USNW graduate programs are mostly yearly, or changed with the interval of about three years for Natural and Social Sciences. The USNW ranking mostly was based on 2017-2018 version (eventually to determine the period of effect for this KIOSK), but in rare case, might be adjusted to avoid a sharp precariousness or in consideration of promotional equity.

Cloud computing has emerged with promise to decrease the cost of server additional cost and expanding the data storage and ease for computer resource sharing and apply the new technologies. However, Cloud computing also raises many new security concerns due to the new structure of the cloud service models. Therefore, the secure user authentication is required when the user is using cloud computing. This paper, we propose the enhanced AdaBoost algorithm for access cloud security zone. The AdaBoost algorithm despite the disadvantage of not detect a face inclined at least 20, is widely used because of speed and responsibility. In the experimental results confirm that a face inclined at least 20 degrees tilted face was recognized. Using the FEI Face Database that can be used in research to obtain a result of 98% success rate of the algorithm perform. The 2% failed rate is due to eye detection error which is the people wearing glasses in the picture.

The energy consumption of data network equipment used for the Internet is generally unknown, although such equipment is known to use a substantial amount of energy. In addition, there is a lack of related studies with a special focus on wired networking. This paper aims at analyzing the impact of wired access networks in data network for greening the Internet, and encouraging further research in this field by clearly presenting the significance and reasonability of this endeavor. For this work, we first introduce the background and motivation of green networking. Next, we survey the existing works and describe reasonability of our approach, and then we estimate the overall energy consumption of wired access networks by which the energy consumption of data network is driven, calculate CO2 emissions and economic costs from the energy consumption and explore savings potential of them. Going a step, we analyze the impact of energy consumption, economy, and environment from the use of wired access network equipment depending on IP traffic types. Finally, we present a new viewpoint on energy efficiency focusing on the quality-of-service with future works related to this issue. HighlightsWe estimate the overall real energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic costs of wired access networks by network modeling.We explore energy savings potential of wired access networks.We analyze the impact of energy consumption, economy, and environment on IP traffic types.

We have designed and fabricated Ag-mesh-combined graphene current spreading layers (CSLs) for GaN-based near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (NUV LEDs). Three different types of the CSLs were fabricated having 300 μm, 150 μm, and 75 μm gaps between the mesh lines. Optical and electrical properties were investigated and the performance of the LEDs having the CSLs and were compared with those of LEDs having indium tin oxide and graphene CSLs. The light output power of the LEDs with the Ag-mesh-combined graphene CSL adopting 150 μm-gap was highest at both the same current injection and at the same input power. This was possible due to the lowering of the sheet resistance via the adoption of an Ag mesh and the networking of the Ag mesh using a graphene sheet with very little transmittance loss.

Dual clutch transmission (DCT) is one of the most promising transmission in terms of fuel economy as well as dynamic performance. In addition, hybrid vehicle is next generation vehicle which makes use of combination of engine and electric machine. In this reason, a lot of studied conducted for hybrid vehicle based on DCT. One of the DCT hybrid system is composed of an engine and a motor which is connected with even gears in DCT. Because there can be a lot of configurations in DCT hybrid transmission. In this paper presents an analytical model of various configurations for the simulation, analysis of fuel economy and dynamic performance.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The purpose was to determine whether there is a difference between African Americans and Caucasians in cutaneous microvascular function and whether this difference is attributable to elevated oxidative stress. What is the main finding and its importance? The main finding is that African Americans have an attenuated cutaneous vasodilatation during local heating relative to Caucasians that is restored with local infusion of the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol. This suggests that superoxide mediates microvascular dysfunction and might contribute to the greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease in this population. ABSTRACT African Americans (AA) have elevated risk for cardiovascular disease relative to other populations. We hypothesized that the cutaneous hyperaemic response to local heating is reduced in young AA relative to Caucasian Americans (CA) and that this is attributable to elevated oxidative stress. As such, ascorbic acid (a global antioxidant) and tempol (a superoxide dismutase mimetic) would improve this response in AA. Microdialysis fibres received lactated Ringer solution (control), 10 mm ascorbic acid or 10 μm 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (tempol) at a rate of 2.0 μl min-1 . Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as the red blood cell flux divided by mean arterial pressure. Data were presented as a percentage of maximal CVC (%CVCmax ) induced by 44°C heating plus sodium nitroprusside. Twenty-four (12 AA, 12 CA) young (23 ± 4 years old) subjects participated. During 39°C heating, the %CVCmax was lower in AA at the control (CA, 65 ± 20% versus AA, 47 ± 15%; P

Studies of the effects of physical activity on cognition suggest that aerobic fitness can improve cognitive abilities. However, the physiological mechanisms for the cognitive benefit of aerobic fitness are less well understood. We examined the association between aerobic fitness and cerebrovascular function with neurocognitive functions in healthy, young adults. Participants aged 18–29 years underwent measurements of cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVMR) in response to rebreathing-induced hypercapnia, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during cycle ergometry to voluntary exhaustion, and simple- and complex-neurocognitive assessments at rest. Ten subjects were identified as having low-aerobic fitness (LF 80th fitness percentile). There were no LF versus HF group differences in cerebrovascular hemodynamics during the baseline condition. Changes in middle cerebral artery blood velocity and CVMR during hypercapnia were elevated more in the HF than the LF group. Compared to the LF, the HF performed better on a complex-cognitive task assessing fluid reasoning, but not on simple attentional abilities. Statistical modeling showed that measures of VO2max, CVMR, and fluid reasoning were positively inter-correlated. The relationship between VO2max and fluid reasoning, however, did not appear to be reliably mediated by CVMR. In conclusion, a high capacity for maximal oxygen uptake among healthy, young adults was associated with greater CVMR and better fluid reasoning, implying that high-aerobic fitness may promote cerebrovascular and cognitive functioning abilities.

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis and development of lifestyle-related diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the correlation between the serum uric acid (UA) levels and oxidative status in Korean adults. METHODS The subjects were 5,093 individuals (2,041 women and 3,052 men) who underwent a health checkup between June 2012 and December 2016. Oxidative stress levels (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites [d-ROMs]) and antioxidant potential (biological antioxidant potential [BAP]) were measured. Metabolic markers, including UA, were also examined. RESULTS Higher serum UA levels were associated with decreased levels of d-ROMs (P

What is the central question of this study? The main purpose of this investigation is to determine whether there is a difference in cerebral vasodilatory capacity in response to rebreathing-induced hypercapnia between African Americans and Caucasian Americans. What is the main finding and its importance? College-aged African Americans have reduced cerebral vasodilatory capacity during hypercapnia when compared with Caucasian counterparts, a finding that suggests cerebral vascular dysfunction in this population. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the greater prevalence of cerebral vascular disease in this population. African Americans (AAs) have increased risk for cardiovascular, cerebral vascular and metabolic disease, including hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, relative to Caucasian Americans (CAs). While it is accepted that endothelial function is impaired in AAs, less is known regarding their cerebral vasodilatory capacity in response to hypercapnia. We hypothesized that AAs have a reduction in the total range of change in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) measured in the middle cerebral artery and an index of cerebral vascular conductance (CVCI) in response to changes in the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET,CO2)) during rebreathing-induced hypercapnia when compared with CAs. Twenty-one healthy, college-aged AA (10 male) and 21 age- and sex-matched CA (10 male) subjects participated in this study. A four-parameter logistic regression was used for curve fitting the responses of CBFV and CVCI relative to changes in P(ET,CO2). The total ranges of change in CBFV (101 ± 18 versus 69 ± 23%; P0.001) and CVCI (83 ± 21 versus 58 ± 21%; P0.001) as well as the maximal increase in CBFV (205 ± 24 versus 169 ± 24%; P0.001) and CVCI (188 ± 30 versus 154 ± 19%; P0.001) were reduced during hypercapnia in AAs relative to CAs despite a similar increase in P(ET,CO2) (change, 15 ± 3 versus 15 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.65). In conclusion, these data indicate that AAs have attenuated cerebral vascular capacity to respond to hypercapnia when compared with CAs.

To supply substitution water, 2 m of capacity of rainwater harvesting system is designed calculating rainfall, catchment area and LPCD and has a effects to 34.4% of substitution water supply and 237 days of service day. Rainwater of drinking water quality was judged to be suitable except for bacteria problem, however, groundwater is exceeded in nitrate nitrogen, the evaporation residue and also bacteria, which means that the rainwater is suitable for use as water supply. In addition, to consider costbenefit ratio, economic analysis conducted. The result is that B/C ratio of RWHS (10 years) is 1.70. It means total benefit is bigger than cost. Except to social factor in this study, there are a variety of benefit such as flood or drought prevention, educational effects inspiring water conservation awareness.

As an NMEA 2000 is a standard for communicate to other electronic equipment, it implemented a Universal gateway based on this ship's network. To implement a NMEA 2000 based Universal gateway, it is porting a NMEA 2000 stack source and CAN device driver source to board, and then it connected a board that equip with various communication protocol(CAN, RS232, USB, Ethernet port). To verify converted ship's data to a developed gateway, it connected pc based simulater program and monitoring program to a developed board. so we can see a ship's data through NEMA 2000 network. We verified a gateway performance and analyzed a generated ship's data from simulator program through a monitoring program that was connected a gateway and NMEA 2000 network. so it was designed, implemented to allow monitoring through utilizing a communication method that user wants. 논문 14-39C-02-09 한국통신학회논문지(J-KICS) '14-02 Vol.39C No.02 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39C.2.191 191 ※ 이 연구는 금오공과대학교 학술연구비에 의하여 지원된 논문임. First Author : 국립금오공과대학교 IT융복합공학과 WENS 연구실, 0blacksky0@hanmail.net, 학생회원 ° Corresponding Author : 국립금오공과대학교 전자공학부 교수, schae@kumoh.ac.kr, 정회원 * 국립금오공과대학교 전자공학부 교수, wdragon@kumoh.ac.kr, 정회원 ** 국립금오공과대학교 IT융복합공학과 WENS 연구실, kwangsu.bea@gmail.com 논문번호:KICS2013-11-507, 접수일자:2013년 11월 26일, 심사일자 : 2013년 12월 18일, 최종논문접수일자 : 2013년 12월 26일 한국통신학회논문지(J-KICS) '14-02 Vol.39C No.02 192 그림 1. E-navigation Fig. 1. E-navigation 그림 2. NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 개념도 Fig. 2. NMEA 2000 based Universal gateway conceptt I. 서 론 최근 선박IT 융합으로 인해 다양한 IT 장비들이 선 박에 도입되고 있다. 선박에 설치된 여러 가지 장비는 표준화된 네트워크를 통하여 정보를 통합하여야 하며, 육상에서도 선박의 운항에 필요한 정보를 제공하기 위하여 장비 간의 표준화된 네트워크가 필요하다. 선 박에서 사용되는 데이터통신은 사용자의 요구에 따라 육상의 다양한 데이터 통신방법을 모두 사용하고 있 다. 이것으로 인하여 장비 간의 호환성을 잃게 되고, 항 해에 지장을 주는 등 심각한 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 이 러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 국제해사기구(IMO, International Maritime Organization)의 MSC(maritime safety Committee)는 e-Navigation이라는 새로운 선박 운항 의 개념을 정립하였다 . e-Navigation은 그림 1과 같 이 선박과 관련한 다양한 정보들을 상호 연결하여 정 보를 교환함으로써, 항해의 안전성을 향상시키고 단일 정보로 인한 오류를 감소시킬 목적으로 선박 및 해상 시스템이 연동하는 것을 말한다 . 또한 선박 네트워 크와 외부네트워크를 연동함으로서 그림 2와 같이 원 격지에서 선박에 대한 원격 제어 및 모니터링을 수행 할 수 있으며 이를 통해 예방적 수리 및 관리 서비스 와 같은 새로운 부가서비스시장의 창출할 수 있다. 이 를 위해 외부 네트워크와 NMEA 2000 네트워크를 연 동하기 위한 게이트웨이가 필요하다. 그러나 현재까지 국/내외에 존재하는 NMEA 2000 Gateway는 단일 통 신 프로토콜 및 유선 프로토콜만을 지원하는 것이 대 부분이다. 또한 공급사 혹은 개발사에 따라 독립적으 로 시스템을 구축/운영됨으로써 상호 호환성이 미확보 되고 이로 인한 시스템의 효율성 저하가 발생하게 되 었다. 따라서 Ethernet, USB, Serial 통신 등 다양한 유선 통신 프로토콜을 동시에 지원함으로써 사용자가 원하는 통신망 기술을 제공할 수 있는 Gateway에 대 한 필요성 증대되고 있다 . 또한 스마트폰, 태블릿 PC등 무선 통신(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 등)을 지원하는 다 양한 휴대용 IT 기기의 등장으로 무선을 활용한 선박 모니터링 솔루션에 대한 요구도 증가하고 있다 . 본 논문에서는 이러한 요구사항을 해결하기 위해 유⋅무선 범용 게이트웨이를 개발하고자 한다. 다음 장에서는 NMEA 2000 네트워크에 대해서 설명하고, 3장에서는 서술된 내용을 바탕으로 범용 게이트웨이 에 대한 시스템 설계 및 구현을 설명하고, 4장에서는 NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 개발 TestBed의 구성 에 대해서 다룰 것이며, 5장에서 테스트를 시행하고, 마지막을 결론으로 끝을 맺는다. II. NMEA 2000 표준 프로토콜 NMEA 2000 표준은 선박내에 존재하는 GPS/기상 센서/속도계/풍속계/엔진 등 다양한 입/출력 기기간의 연결을 지원하는 통신망 기술로 버스방식, 실시간 데 이터 전송, 커넥터/케이블 등의 규격화를 통하여 성능 과 편의성까지 모두 갖춘 규격이다. 또한, 물리층에 ISO 11898 CAN을 사용하여 버스 충돌을 원천적으로 예방하여 실시간 데이터 전송이 가능토록 하고, 데이 터 링크층은 ISO 11783-3, 네트워크 관리는 ISO 11783-5를 사용하고 있다 . 2.1 NMEA 2000 표준의 특징 1) 물리층으로 CAN 2.0B Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Arbitration 2) 제어노드가 없는 Multi-master, Self configurable 네트워크 3) 네트워킹 상태에서 Plug and Play가 가능 4) 네트워크 규모는 50개 물리노드 (252개의 논리 노드) 5) 네트워크 속도/길이, 240kbps/200m 6) 네트워크 케이블은 전류의 허용 용량에 따라 논문 / NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 설계 및 구현 193 그림 3. CAN 메시지 형식 Fig. 3. CAN message format 그림 4. NMEA 2000과 다른표준과의 관계 Fig. 4. Relationships with NMEA 2000 and other standards Heavy(최대 200m)와 Light(최대 100m)로 구분 7) Mini-C(Heavy)와 Micro-C 두 종류 커넥터 NMEA 2000 프로토콜은 CAN을 기반으로 하므로 CAN의 특성을 따른다. CAN은 크게 기본 ID 포맷과 확장 ID포맷으로 나뉜다. CAN 1.0A, 2.0A는 기본 ID 포맷이고 CAN 2.0B는 확장 ID포맷이다. NMEA 2000은 CAN 2.0B를 기반으로 하므로 확장 ID포맷을 사용한다. 두 형식의 가장 큰 차이점은 중재필드 (Arbitration field) 크기의 차이로 확장 포맷이 32비트 로 기본 포맷보다 18비트가 더 크다. 그림 3은 CAN message format을 나타낸 것으로, 숫자는 각 해당 부분의 비트 사이즈를 나타낸다. CAN 메시지 프레임의 중재 필드 32비트 중의 29 비트를 NMEA 식별자(Identifier)로 사용하며 이 중 21비트를 PGN(Program Group Number)으로 사용한다. NMEA 2000 프로토콜은 총 29비트인 식별자로 Priority, Reserved, DP(Data Page), PF(PDU Format), PS(PDU Specific), SA(Source Address)로 각각 구분하여 사용하고 이 중 Priority, Reserved, DP(Data Page), PF(PDU Format), PS(PDU Specific) 를 이용해 PGN을 구성한다. SA는 중재필드의 고유 한 주소로 변경이 가능하며 네트워크에서 할당받은 장비들의 SA가 서로 중첩되지 않게 조정되어 통신을 가능하게 한다. PGN은 각 파라미터 그룹을 식별하는 8비트나 16비트의 숫자로 NMEA 0183 프로토콜에서 3개 문자로 이루어진 문장 식별자와 유사한 형태를 가진다. NMEA 2000 프로토콜 정의에 따라 PGN에 의해 식별된 파라미터 그룹(PG)은 네트워크의 모든 주소로 방송되기도 하고 특정 주소로 직접 데이터를 사용하기 위해 사용할 수 있다. 이를 통해 네트워크에 서 발생하는 여러 정보들을 교환하고 장비간의 요구, 요청 및 응답 등에 사용된다. NMEA 2000에서는 29 비트 CAN ID를 사용한다. NMEA 2000 네트워크는 한 장치의 문제가 네트워크 케이블에 의해 다른 장치 의 문제를 야기하고 급기야는 네트워크 전체 장치에 문제를 일으키는 것을 방지하기 위해 네트워크의 전원 과 장치의 전원을 완전히 분리하도록 요구하고 있다. 위 구성에서 보는 것과 같이 NMEA 2000은 물리 층을 ISO 11898 CAN을 사용하고 있고, Data link Layer를 ISO 11783-3으로, Network Management를 ISO 11783-5로 사용하고 있다. NMEA 2000과 SAE 및 ISO 표준과의 관계를 도시하면 그림 4와 같다. 인 증된 레벨은 레벨A와 레벨B 두 종류가 있으며 레벨A 는 NMEA 2000 기능을 모두 구현한 장치이고, 레벨B 는 최소한의 기능을 구현한 장치이다. 또한 네트워크 의 redundancy에 따라 싱글 네트워크로 구성된 클래 스1과 이중 네트워크로 구성된 클래스2로 나눈다. 네트워크 케이블은 전류의 크기에 따라 Heavy와 Light 케이블로 나누고 커넥션은 Mini-C와 Micro-C 두 종류가 있으며 표 1에 나타냈다. 2.2 NMEA 2000 표준은 각 PGN에 대하여 데 이터 포맷을 정의하고 있다 . PGN Description 127488 Engine Parameter 127251 Rate turn 129541 GPS Almanac Data 127245 Rudder 127250 Vessle Heading 표 1. NMEA 2000 PGN 정보 Table 1. NMEA 2000 PGN information III. NMEA 2000 Listen Only 범용 게이트웨이 설계 및 구현 3장에서는 NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이를 설계하 고 구현하였다. 처음에는 하드웨어에 대한 설명으로 NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 보드에서 제공되는 기 능과 추가적으로 구성한 하드웨어 부분 및 하드웨어 설계와 구현에 관한 내용을 설명하였다. 두번째는 펌 웨어 설계 및 구현에 대해 설명하였고, 마지막에는 NMEA 2000 프로토콜 데이터의 변환이 어떻게 되는 지와 실제 구현한 보드에 대해 설명하였다. 한국통신학회논문지(J-KICS) '14-02 Vol.39C No.02 194 그림 6. NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 H/W 모델 및 레이 아웃 Fig. 6. NMEA 2000 based Universal gateway H/W model and layout 그림 7. NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 Fig. 7. NMEA 2000 based Universal gateway 그림 5. NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 H/W 회로도 Fig. 5. NMEA 2000 based Universal gateway H/W Schematic 3.1 하드웨어 설계 및 구현 NMEA 2000 범용 게이트웨이 하드웨어는 기본적으 로 TI 사 Cortex M3 기반의 LM3S9D96 MCU를 이용 하여 설계 및 개발하였다. 아래 내용은 LM3S9D96 MCU의 주요 특성을 정리한 것이다.

In this paper, we propose a vision-based all-in-one solution for augmented reality where users want to exploit unknown 3D objects in their systems. In our solution, we facilitate two time-consuming off-line processes: obtaining information, such as keyframes and keypoints, for real-time tracking of unknown 3D targets, and estimating local coordinates with a scale for accurate registration of virtual content. The proposed solution only requires images with minimal interactions. The users do not need to know about 3D markerless tracking in depth. At the end, we propose a framework for AR miniatures systems to verify the effectiveness of our solution. As a result, all developed systems worked in real-time, more than 25 fps, and showed reliable registration even in severe viewpoint changes. Our demonstration videos are available in the supplemental materials.

As process parameters scale, interconnect width are reduced rapidly while the current flowing through interconnects does not decrease in a proportional manner. This effect increases current density in metal interconnects which may result in poor reliability. Since RMS(root-mean-square) current limits are used to evaluate self-heating and short-time stress failures caused by high-current pluses, RMS current estimation is very important to guarantee the reliability of semiconductor systems. Hence, it is critical to estimate the current limits through interconnects earlier in semiconductor design stages. The purpose of this paper is to propose a fast, yet accurate RMS current estimation technique that can offer a relatively precise estimate by using closed-form equations. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method have been verified through simulations using HSPICE for a vast range of interconnect parameters.

The purpose of this research is to develop the materials for natural cosmetics that it is possible to use for the improvement of acne skin. For this, this research manufactured the skin lotion and pack including ethanol extract of Caesalpinia sappan which is a bioactive chemical and applied it to the female with acne skin. And then it tried to verify the effect of the lotion and pack by measuring melanin, erythema and the changes of pH value. The objects of this research were 16 women with acne skin in 20’s above KAGS Level II, and the changes of melanin, erythema and pH value on 3 sites of the cheek, forehead and chin on their faces were measured 4 times before and after applying the pack including 15% ethanol extract of Caesalpinia sappan to 8 women (Group A) and the skin lotion including 3% ethanol extract to 8 women (Group B), respectively. The experimental data was analyzed by repeated measures using SPSS version 12.0 program. The experimental results for the changes of melanin, erythema and pH value in accordance with improvement of acne vulgaris after applying the skin lotion and pack including the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia sappan were as followings. As a result of a human closed patch test about the ethanol extract of C. sappan in a stability test, erythema (-), allergy (-), edema (-), blister (-) and so on were not observed. So, it may deem that the skin lotion and pack are stable when applying them to a human body as cosmetics. Both the skin lotion and the pack including ethanol extract of C. sappan had a positive effect on melanin and pH value. Even though there was no large difference between two experimental groups, it showed that the skin lotion influences on erythema larger than the pack. * Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Kyeong-Ran Kim, Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Sanjeong-dong, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 506-713, Korea. Ph.: (062) 950-3673, Fax: (062) 950-3797, E-mail: krkim@mail.kwu.ac.kr

We propose a novel 3D tracking method that supports several hundreds of pre-trained potential planar targets without losing real-time performance. This goes well beyond the state-of-the-art, and to reach this level of performances, two threads run in parallel: the foreground thread tracks feature points from frame-to-frame to ensure real-time performances, while a background thread aims at recognizing the visible targets and estimating their poses. The latter relies on a coarse-to-fine approach: assuming that one target is visible at a time, which is reasonable for digilog books applications, it first recognizes the visible target with an image retrieval algorithm, then matches feature points between the target and the input image to estimate the target pose. This background thread is more demanding than the foreground one, and is therefore several times slower. We therefore propose a simple but effective mechanism for the background thread to communicate its results to the foreground thread without lag. Our implementation runs at more than 125 frames per second, with 314 potential planar targets. Its applicability is demonstrated with an Augmented Reality book application.

Accurate segmentation of moving object silhouette in a real-time video is very important for object silhouette extraction in the vision-based interactive systems. However, the inherent problem of moving object segmentation based on the background subtraction criteria is to distinguish the changes occurring from background disturbing effects such as noise, shadows and illumination changes. The present paper proposes a hybrid method based on the background subtraction criteria that preserves the boundary of moving object and also robust against the noise and illumination changes. In the proposed method, the object regions are well identified by fusing the results from the background difference and motion-based change detection criterion. The shadows and highlights are well detected by utilizing the normalized luminance and background difference in Hue and Saturation component. The paper also introduces a novel connected component analysis procedure for detecting the object blob from the noise blobs, and a robust pixel-based background update scheme for updating the dynamic changes in the background. Moreover, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed. The proposed method has been implemented and evaluated regarding the segmentation quality and the frame rate. Further, the method has been shown to successfully extract the moving object silhouette and robust against the disturbing effects. Moreover, the proposed method has been tested in the VR@Home platform.

A well-designed hologram can be used as a spatial frequency filter to remove moire fringes in a digital imaging system. However, it also degrades the resolution of the image. We have used a homemade program to design holograms with better filtering characteristics. We have designed holograms with two, four, eight, and 16 phases and compared their diffraction efficiencies and modulation transfer functions (MTFs). The four-phase hologram showed a diffraction efficiency and MTF characteristics similar to those of the binary hologram. The eight-phase hologram, however, showed much better diffraction efficiency than the previous two, and thus higher MTF values. The 16-phase hologram was still better, but the improvement was marginal. We have manufactured binary and eight-phase holograms and measured their MTFs. We have also observed directly their filtering effects by attaching them to a digital camera and taking pictures of test charts. The Moire-fringe-removing effects of the two holograms were similar, but the eight-phase hologram showed better resolution.

We have synthesized silicon nanowires by using RFCVD(Radio Frequency Chemical Vapor Deposition) system on Au deposited p-type Si(100) wafers, and investigated their physical and electrical properties. The silicon nanowires had been grown in the atmospheres of at 10 Torr at the substrate temperatures of respectively. FE-SEM analysis revealed that diameters of the silicon nanowires are with the length of several . XRD analysis showed that the growth direction of the nanowires is Si[111]. Field emission characteristics showed that the turn-of voltages at the current of are for the wires grown at , respectively.

This paper proposes a novel hardware architecture for real-time face detection, which is efficient and suitable for embedded systems. The proposed architecture is based on AdaBoost learning algorithm with Haar-like features and it aims to apply face detection to a low-cost FPGA that can be applied to a legacy analog video camera as a target platform. We propose an efficient method to calculate the integral image using the cumulative line sum. We also suggest an alternative method to avoid division, which requires many operations to calculate the standard deviation. A detailed structure of system elements for image scale, integral image generator, and pipelined classifier that purposed to optimize the efficiency between the processing speed and the hardware resources is presented. The performance of the proposed architecture is described in comparison with the detection results of OpenCV using the same input images. For verification of the actual face detection on analog cameras, we designed an emulation platform using a low-cost Spartan-3 FPGA and then experimented the proposed architecture. The experimental results show that the processing time for face detection on analog video camera is 42 frames per second, which is about 3 times faster than previous works for low-cost face detection.

Keon-Hyoung Song,1 Sang-Bum Kim,2 Chang-Koo Shim,2 Suk-Jae Chung,2 Dae-Duk Kim,2 Sang-Ki Rhee,1 Guang J Choi,1 Chul-Hyun Kim,3 Kiyoung Kim4 1Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea; 2College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Sports Medicine, 4Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea Background: The identification of permeation enhancers has gained interest in the development of drug delivery systems. A six-mer peptide, H-FCIGRL-OH (AT1002), is a tight junction modulator with promising permeation-enhancing activity. AT1002 enhances the transport of molecular weight markers or agents with low bioavailability with no cytotoxicity. However, AT1002 is not stable in neutral pH or after incubation under physiological conditions, which is necessary to fully uncover its permeation-enhancing effect. Thus, we increased the stability or mitigated the instability of AT1002 by modifying its terminal amino acids and evaluated its subsequent biological activity.Methods: C-terminal-amidated (FCIGRL-NH2, Pep1) and N-terminal-acetylated (Ac-FCIGRL, Pep2) peptides were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. We further assessed cytotoxicity on cell monolayers, as well as the permeation-enhancing activity following nasal administration of the paracellular marker mannitol.Results: Pep1 was nontoxic to cell monolayers and showed a relatively low decrease in peak area compared to AT1002. In addition, administration of mannitol with Pep1 resulted in significant increases in the area under the plasma concentration–time curve and peak plasma concentration at 3.63-fold and 2.68-fold, respectively, compared to mannitol alone. In contrast, no increase in mannitol concentration was shown with mannitol/AT1002 or mannitol/Pep2 compared to the control. Thus, Pep1 increased the stability or possibly reduced the instability of AT1002, which resulted in an increased permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002.Conclusion: These results suggest the potential usefulness of C-terminal-amidated AT1002 in enhancing nasal drug delivery, which may lead to the development of a practical drug delivery technology for drugs with low bioavailability. Keywords: N-terminal acetylation, stability, permeation enhancer

As the word demos denotes, the democracy is generally considered as the rule or governance based on the general base of people in which monarchy or oligarchy form is excluded. We have a classical view about the four forms of government, which was proposed by Platonic concepts. Most idealistic form of government, in his prongs, could be found in Crete and Sparta, which was nevertheless not a democratic form. His accolade of these two nations, which, of course, would be a kind of God’s product so to be most benevolent, humanly appealing, efficient and philanthropic. This means the democratic form of government is not best, but most favored alternative to police the society. The political terms, henceforth, would supervene the concept of democracy, and, for many reasons and on historical wake, democracy is generally accepted as practically most desired form of rule or governance. While some modern scholar revealed, a mini-republic can be a niche to contest the merits of various forms of governance. We can gauge a scope of elements we value through the governance process, human intrinsic, efficiency, equality, welfare and even individual happiness. As the time is a small city community, called a polis, in Plato and Socrates, a mini republic can be well envisaged in understanding the Platonic Republic. In that case, most benevolent ruler may be superior to any other form of governance, which can be a philosopher’s Republic. The ideal ruler would behave and govern with mighty intelligence and concomitant power to rule. It is idealistic to produce maximum happiness of polis constituents. The worst contras, however, a tyranny, comes that the constituents legitimately expel their ruler by a collective vote. This extreme contrast and the way of process also could be ascertained in the ancient form of oriental monarchy. The dynasty could be legitimately revoked to restore new heritage of emperor or Kings where a kind of rebellion, as elucidated by Locke, is well justified in the name of heaven’s command. Given the size of polis or governed territory, there are separate ways to redress the evils of tyranny while the Oriental culture has not recognized the kind of formal vote methods. Any means to expel the tyranny could be embraced to rebel. For our purpose of grasp through this working paper, I would theorize on the traditional elements of public policy and democratic form of government.

A fiscal administration shows the reality of government and public organization in their provision of public good or service for the citizen. It is an independent subject from the accounting, economic, political, and legal science, which is interdisciplinary and strives for any distinct goal of studies. A fiscal sustainability perhaps would be one ideal that this science would flounder to crystallize and hold out. The studies would be similar to the adjacent sciences, but could be defined ultimately for its unique feature or characteristic. The accounting or accounting sciences would aim to set forth the standards of evaluating the operation and asset or debt as well as the formality to show the numerical status or assessment for the businesses, mainly private and secondarily public. The fiscal administration involves these aspects, but there are many other elements to inculcate the minds of fiscal researcher, such as public ideals or social justice beyond the math or numerical requirements. The economic science would guide the criterion of practice for the government or public organization when they contemplate on the fiscal issues or challenges. The efficiency of budget or basic concepts, i.e., scanty resources or appropriability problem, non-exclusion and non-exhaustion, eminent dichotomy between the private and public sectors or privatization, distinction between provision and production, and so on, would divulge a close dialogue and interactive understanding between the two sciences. Nevertheless, there are differences being present invariably and conceptually between them. For example, the market failure perhaps would be one stigmatic condition to increase the profile of fiscal science. A provision anticipated from the government had been defined far earlier from the classic thought, such as police and national defense. We may share the economic idea, such as Pareto criterion, but the fiscal administration would phase out a multifaceted interplay, principally because it concerns of rule of government and because of its general absoluteness. Many artificial and institutional assumption and terms would variegate the pure theory of Pareto optimal to struggle in the cause of immeasurable kinds of values or concepts. For example, democracy is based on the head count and generally from the value of equal voting in deciding a fiscal issue. The bloated payroll would perhaps presuppose an odd reality deviated from the Pareto ideals, and the logrolling or lobbying would upstage or provide a culprit to breach the economic ways of interaction or commandment. In some cases, they trade a vote to pass the public hurdle that misallocates the resources for less than efficient public programs. Nevertheless, it explains the place where we now stand, and the macro-economy or the kind of thoughts would be considered as most approximated with the quality of fiscal studies. The science of fiscal administration would not disappear unless our reality would be purified, as the economic thought espoused, for the idealistic liberal market or communism. In both cases, the government would no longer be necessary and the fiscal administration is never demanded. It also would be denied if the communist ideals would become a reality any ultimately, say, perish of government and idealistic friendship of working class without exploitation. This means the fiscal administration is a practical science, not merely a theoretical framework, which is to be investigated and approached for the kind of hybrid products. As the political science is basically a bland product on the concept of political power, it could be intermingled with the fiscal science partly in areas of thought, but be made distinct among another.