Search

[Extract] Shark sanctuaries, defined as national prohibitions on the commercial fishing and trade of sharks, provide globally important refuges for some shark species. The Maldives has earned international acclaim for being a sanctuary and reaps considerable economic benefit from shark dive tourism. Despite its success in shark conservation, the country may repeal or weaken its sanctuary legislation based on the desire to benefit economically from shark fishing and perceptions of increased conflict between fishers and sharks due to depredation (when sharks take or damage catches). Although recent pandemic-related disruption of tourism likely fueled this initiative, it may have been inevitable given that revenue generated from shark tourism does not directly benefit communities that once fished sharks and now experience depredation.

Shark-diving tourism is a fast-growing industry that provides socio-economic benefits to local communities. This study estimated the economic contribution of the shark-diving tourism in the Maldives by using surveys with dive tourists and dive operators. Direct business revenue from shark divers was estimated to be US$14.4 million. Revenues to local businesses associated with travel expenses of shark divers were estimated to be US$51.4 million. Further economic benefits from shark-diving occurred in form of annual business tax revenues of US$7.2 million and annual salaries to employees working in the diving industry of US$4.1 million. These values were compared with the business revenues from shark-diving in the Maldives in 1992 to assess how the shark-diving industry has changed over time. The results of this study indicate that the business revenues of this industry have almost doubled (when inflation adjusted) over the last 24 years confirming its economic growth and importance for the Maldives. Effective management of shark dive operations is crucial for maintaining the value and sustainability of this tourism industry to improve ongoing conservation efforts for shark populations.

Shark-diving tourism provides important economic benefits to the Maldives. We examine the link between shark conservation actions and economic returns from diving tourism. A combined travel cost and contingent behaviour approach is used to estimate the dive trip demand under different management scenarios. Our results show that increasing shark populations could increase dive-trip demand by 15%, raising dive tourists’ welfare by US$58 million annually. This could result in annual economic benefits for the dive-tourism industry of >US$6 million. Conversely, in scenarios where shark populations decline, where dive tourists observe illegal fishing, or if dive operators lack engagement in shark conservation, dive trip demand could decrease by up to 56%. This decline causes economic losses of more than US$24 million annually to the dive tourism industry. These results highlight the dependence of the shark-diving industry on the creation and enforcement of appropriate management regimes for shark conservation.

The slow growing nature and low reproductive output of sharks make them extremely vulnerable to over fishing. The shark fisheries of the Maldives expanded in the early 1970s. When management measures failed to enhance the declining shark fisheries, with inadequate information on shark stocks, in the face of uncertainty, precautionary approach was adopted and a total ban on all types of shark fishing was imposed. Nevertheless, a fishing ban was not able to halt the import and trade of shark souvenirs. From a socio-economic perspective, insufficient work was done to minimize the impact of the ban on former shark fisherfolk. Lack of broad stakeholder consultations prior to the ban and without providing a phase-out period for the shark fishery and declaring a total ban were some of the major factors contributing to the issues. Inability to impose an explicit ban on the trade, import and export of shark products is another major factor hindering the conservation purpose of the shark ban.