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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using solar energy to produce renewable chemicals and fuels is a great alternative to energy crisis. However, cost-effective hydrogen production through PEC water splitting is limited by the availability of the desired semiconductor photoanode materials. Hematite photoanode (HA) fits proper for this due to its large abundance in nature, low cost, appropriate band-gap energy, and high chemical and photochemical stability. In spite of all these merits, a practical water splitting efficiency is limited due to certain limitations associated with HA including short-hole diffusion length, high recombination rate of charge carriers, and sluggish kinetics. Several modifications in HA materials has been reported in the last decade. This article comprises recent developments toward optimizing HA for PEC water splitting such as through doping, surface modification with co-catalysts, and formation of heterojunctions. Finally, the future aspects for HA to further improve its PEC water splitting efficiency is discussed.

Upper limb arterial variations are commonly encountered and have been reported in many articles. The present study showed a high division of brachial artery in the middle third of arm into its terminal branches, the radial artery laterally and the ulnar artery medially. This study is an attempt to discuss the anatomy, embryological basis and clinical implications of such variations. Knowledge of such anomalous vessels is significant from clinical point of view.

Background and objectives: Obesity and overweight is a growing pandemic affecting millions of adolescents in developed as well as developing countries. Obesity is associated with the onset of major chronic diseases leading to complications and also psychosocial problems in adolescents. The greater concern is that the risks of obesity during childhood will persist into adolescence and adulthood. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of being overweight and obesity and to study the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: 1900 adolescents in the age group of 10-19 years were included in the study. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire which included the variables such as going to school by bus or cycle, eating habits, playing video/computer games or outdoor games and sibling count were recorded. Body weight and height were recorded in subjects for calculating body mass index (BMI). International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) classification was used for the estimation of being overweight and obese. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 14.84 years (SD = 2.81). Mean weight increased from 34.7 to 55.09 kg from the age group 10-13 to 17-19 years. Mean height also increased from 1.34 to 1.57 m from the age group 10-13 to 17-19 years. Similarly, the mean body mass index was 19.23 at 10-13 years, followed by 21.11 at 14-16 years and 22.46 at 17-19 years. On binary logistic regression analysis, female gender, bus as a mode of transport, not playing games, and single sibling were found to have independent association with prevalence of being overweight.

The knowledge of variations of blood vessels of kidney is important during operative and diagnostic procedures. The present study contributes in making the clinicians aware of possible variations in renal vascular pedicle. 48 kidney specimens were studied for renal vessels in the Department of Anatomy, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Out of 48 specimens, two kidneys were found to have anomalous vasculature. One kidney (Right Side) was observed to have triple renal veins along with an accessory renal artery. One other kidney (Left Side) exhibited triple renal artery. The study is being carried out till date and is planned for an extensive research for another few years to review and to collect more data in this perspective.

One hundred cadaveric human hearts were studied by dissection method for the correlation among various morphometric parameters of the heart and tricuspid valve. From the total hearts only 86 hearts were studied and 14 hearts have been excluded because of the one or the other anatomical variation in the structure of leaflets. The parameters studied were weight of heart (g), circumference of tricuspid valve (mm), attachment length of leaflets and commissures (mm), and height of the three leaflets (mm). A strong and direct correlation was observed between the circumference of tricuspid valve with the weight of heart, attachment length of leaflets and the three commissures and height of leaflets. Thus the present study tried to provide the normal data on morphometric parameters of heart and tricuspid valve which will help the cardiac surgeons and forensic experts. Possibly, it can also be used as an important tool in the anthropological studies, for better understanding of surgical anatomy of heart and designing of tissue-engineered cardiac valves.

Musculocutaneous nerve arises from lateral cord and supplies the muscles of front of arm and then continues as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. Musculocutaneous nerve has frequent variations. Nerve may be doubled or even absent. There is unilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve in this case. Musculocutaneous nerve arises from lateral cord and supplies the muscles of front of arm and then continues as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. Musculocutaneous nerve has frequent variations. Nerve may be doubled or even absent. There is unilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve in this case. Musculocutaneous nerve was seen to be absent in one case on right side. Branches arise either from lateral cord or median nerve to supply the flexor muscles of arm. Total absent musculocutaneous nerve is quiet uncommon. Hence knowledge of this variation can help clinicians in understanding the cause of weakness or paralysis of flexor muscles of arm due to median nerve injury which is unusual.

Background: Biceps brachii derives its name from its two proximally attached parts or ‘heads’ that is known as long head and short head. Two tendons form elongated bellies that though closely applied get fused within 7cm or so above the elbow joint. These variations should be kept in mind during surgical and diagnostic procedures done by clinicians.Methods: A total of 18 cadavers were dissected for two successive years during undergraduate and were observed for different patterns of fusion of two heads of biceps brachii.Results: The present study showed that frequency of fusion of heads of biceps brachii in its upper one-third part was observed less commonly while it was frequently observed in its middle one-third part.Conclusions: Variation in union of heads might be significant in causing compression of neurovascular structures because of their close relationship to the brachial artery and median nerve.

Objective: Smartphones have evolved from luxury to essential need items in general population nowadays. iOS by Apple, Android by Google, Windows by Microsoft and Blackberry account for the majority of smartphone operating system which are currently in use today. Materials and Methods: The present study was done among 350 students of medical, dental, nursing and physiotherapy streams to know the prevalence of smartphone use and attitude towards its use. Of the 350 students enrolled in the study, 257 completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 73.4%. Results: Out of 222, 198 had android devices, 13 had iPhones, and 11 had other operating systems including Windows and Blackberry. 191 (74.3%) of the subjects had a working email account. Conclusion: First year students have positive perception towards smartphone use and medical schools should encourage the use of medical applications among them. However, students and medical professionals should be cautious of the negative issues with smartphone use.

Abnormal communication was seen between median nerve (MN) and musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) in a well-built 55 years male cadaver. Communicating fibers from MCN to MN were separated till their destination. It was observed that these fibers were supplying thenar muscles. In addition to this, fibers were supplying cutaneous supply to index finger and thumb. So clinicians should be aware of such communications. Physiologists should also have knowledge about such communications as nerve conduction studied can show different results in cases with such anomalies.