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Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 This paper is based on an evaluation of the industrialization levels and main production systems of Brazilian timber housing producers. Two methods were used to investigate this understudied topic. Literature-based projection was carried out to identify the production system of each sampled company, from the construction technique(s) produced by the same. The second method consisted of face-to-face interviews to identify the current production system of each producer. For both methodologies, the timber housing sector presented a considerable level of industrial development in view of the greater popularity of prefabrication systems. Due to admissions to enable the system identification from the literature-based projections, a result contrast in artisanal production was verified between both methodologies. Despite the sampling difference, the two methods showed typical results for the industrial processes. Thus, few artisanal developers and the visible amount of industrial-based producers could regard this sector as industrial-featured. Research Group on Development of Lignocellulosic Products (LIGNO) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519, Geraldo Alckmin Department of Timber Industrial Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519 Geraldo Alckmin Department of Forest Science University of São Paulo (USP) Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, 11, Pádua Dias Avenue Research Group on Development of Lignocellulosic Products (LIGNO) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519, Geraldo Alckmin Department of Timber Industrial Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519 Geraldo Alckmin

Brazilian timber housing producers were evaluated through a survey, which was based on face-to-face interviewing supported by a semi-structured questionnaire. Derived from expansive research, this paper aimed to identify labor size and to characterize economic size from this production sector. The sampling process evaluated 50.95% (n = 107) of all producers (n = 210) whose performance was considered close to ideal. This sector is mostly concentrated in micro and small-scale companies, though a small portion of medium-sized companies owned by sole proprietors, families, or small groups of entrepreneurs does exist. Due to compact sizing, no producer was classified as an industry or a large corporation. The main contrast was indicated by the number of direct jobs, whose estimation was about 3,700 workers for the whole studied sector, representing 1% of the overall Brazilian timber industry. Around 95% of timber housing producers are considered micro or small from a labor perspective. Unprecedented information could support discussions for the creation of assertive public policies.

Corporate representativeness is an important issue for engineering and its industrial sectors, considering that producer associations can defend represent the rights and ambitions of their members. This study aims to investigate timber housing producer participation in generalist organizations, as well as to identify which examples of class entities could be created to consolidate this industry in the Brazilian scenario. A short survey was personally applied to entrepreneurs from the timber house production sector in Brazil. This survey was based in four qualitative queries, whose responses were converted into percentage. The studied producers revealed that the sector does not have an official organization to represent them, forcing them to search for different representation mechanisms from other sectors related to this industry. The lack of corporate and/or labor representation is visible to the point where several interviewed entrepreneurs declared the need to create unions for workers, as well as class associations for producers. Thus, suggestions for a new organization were described to establish a direction for organizing this sector in Brazil. RESUMEN La representatividad corporativa es un tema importante para la Ingeniería y sus sectores industriales, teniendo en cuenta que la asociación de productores puede defender los derechos y ambiciones de sus miembros. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la participación de los productores de viviendas de madera en organizaciones generalistas, así como identificar qué ejemplos de entidades de clase podrían ser creadas para consolidar esta industria en el escenario brasileño. Se aplicó personalmente una breve encuesta a los empresarios del sector de producción de casas de madera en Brasil. Esta encuesta se basó en dos consultas cualitativas, cuyas respuestas se convirtieron en porcentajes. Los productores estudiados revelaron que el sector no tiene una organización oficial que los represente, lo que tiene obligado en buscar diferentes mecanismos de representación de otros sectores relacionados con esta industria. La falta de representación corporativa y/o laboral es visible al punto en que muchos empresarios entrevistados declararon la necesidad de crear sindicatos para los trabajadores y asociaciones de clase para los productores. Así, se describieron sugerencias de nuevas organizaciones para establecer una dirección en la organización de este sector en Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-03 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) This research identified the central hindrances found in Brazilian wooden housing scenario in the fields of finished product, producer, and sector. Thus, a questionnaire with three qualitative questions based on multiple-choice answers allowed investigating the difficulties faced by these producers in Brazil. This sector still faces obstacles in the three observed fields, especially for the negative aspects of house financing, housing technique certification, skilled hand labour, general costs incurred in local production, tax exemptions, public policies, utilization of wooden houses in public works, and other factors. These obstacles in wooden housing sector have created limitations of production potential and restrictions of its market. A current panorama from these obstacles was formed, which could contribute with sectoral development. Actions such as creation and institution of incentives and specific policies should consolidate as the main direction to reduce these difficulties faced by the wooden housing producers. Res Grp LIGNO, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil Virginia Tech, Dept Sustainable Mat, Blacksburg, VA USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Architecture, College Stn, TX USA Univ Coimbra, Dept Civil Engn, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Civil Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Struct Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Forest Sci, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil

Due to the high dimensional variation of bamboo, the manufacturing of materials such as plywood and laminated bamboo produces a high amount of residues. The production of particleboards could be used to overcome this problem and become a viable solution to reuse the generated waste as a raw material to high value-added products. This study aimed to present an overview of the bamboo particleboard production, as well as the mechanical and physical properties of this material, followed by a review of the advances in its research and development. In general, independently of the resin or bamboo species utilization, several bamboo particleboards meet the mechanical properties requirements of international standards for wood-based medium-density particleboards. The main focus of this study is to provide a review, in order to support research groups interested in using new bamboo-based materials for the development of manufactured durable products. RESUMO Devido à grande variação dimensional do bambu, a produção de materiais como compensados e laminados produz grande quantidade de resíduos. A produção de painéis particulados poderia ser utilizada para superar este problema e tornar-se uma solução viável na reutilização dos resíduos gerados como matéria-prima para produtos de alto valor agregado. Objetivou-se apresentar uma visão geral sobre a produção de painéis particulados de bambu, assim como suas propriedades mecânicas e físicas, acompanhada por uma revisão dos avanços em sua pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Em geral, independentemente da resina ou espécie de bamboo utilizadas, diversos painéis particulados de bambu atendem os requisitos de normas internacionais para painéis particulados de média densidade à base de madeira. O foco principal deste trabalho é fornecer uma revisão para apoiar grupos de pesquisa interessados em utilizar novos materiais à base de bambu para o desenvolvimento de produtos manufaturados duráveis.

The building technique of light wooden framing, i.e., woodframe, represents a great innovative goal of construction, due to the very efficient levels of rationalization of material, operational flexibility and productive agility. In addition, excessive use of natural materials of renewable character in the woodframes, as the wood of planted forests, contributes to sustainability, a desired factor in most modern homes. In recent years, Latin American countries have suffered from the constant housing deficit, which destroys the possibilities of the first property by the neediest populations. Therefore, it is necessary to propagate studies, research and information on industrialized housing construction techniques, such as woodframe. This study focused on the exhibition by a state of the art of this innovative wooden housing typology, emphasizing its advantages, importance, types, and its current panorama in the regions in development stage, such as Latin American countries. Currently, the woodframe is known as a modern wooden residential technique, and it is conquering the public of all kind of economic classes, because of its innovation, lightness, competitive costs, and also by the efficient levels of sustainability, cleanness, assembly time, and rationalization of raw materials.

In the current competitive market, production efficiency and product quality are prioritized by the whole industry. Machinery characterization is an understudied topic, particularly in those sectors focused on basic raw material production, processing, and/or heavy industrialization. For this reason, the wooden housing sector requires evaluation to identify its mechanical potential and support future policies dealing with industrial development. This study aimed to identify the equipment and machinery from Brazilian timber housing producers. Such a sectoral study involved individual personal data collection by way of face-to-face interviews. Sampled producers were asked about equipment/machinery size, drying process availability, and the range of overall obsolescence from these devices. Thus, tools, portable machines, and medium-sized machinery exhibited the highest popularities, revealing a lower industrial level. Most of these producers do not have machined drying processes because of the demand for static infrastructures. The low obsolescence was a result of the greater utilization of compact equipment, which is easier to replace because of its low cost. Lower-cost machinery could also stimulate in the creation of new businesses for this sector.

Wood is a natural material with great variability in its mechanical properties. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the impulse excitation technique (IET) to characterize the stiffness of 10-year-old Eucalyptus grandis wood at three different heights of 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m from the bottom (height A, B, and C, respectively). A nondestructive testing method—excitation impulse, using Sonelastic® PC-based technology—and a destructive static bending test were used. The mean value for the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending was 16.4 GPa and in IET the value was 16.6 GPa. The average values for MOE in static bending were 14.8 GPa at height A, 17.9 GPa at height B, and 17.0 GPa at height C, demonstrating that the greater the height in the trunk of the tree the greater its modulus of elasticity. The correlation equation between static MOE and dynamic MOE was MOESTAT = 0.743.MOEDYN + 4.0983, with the coefficient of determination of R² = 0.85.

This research aimed to evaluate the influence of storage time (0, 96 hours) ofPinus elliottiipieces and the tests to obtaining modulus of elasticity (static bending and transversal vibration) in glued laminated timber beams, produced with resorcinol based adhesive and 0.8 MPa compaction pressure. After pieces were properly prepared, part of them was used in immediate three manufacturing glulam beams, tested after adhesive cure, and part stored for 96 hours under a roof with a temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 60% for subsequent manufacturing and testing three other glulam beams. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the storage period was significant influence in modulus of elasticity obtained in static bending test (8% reduction from 0 to 96 hours). This not occurred with modulus of elasticity obtained by transversal vibration test (no significant influence). ANOVA results showed equivalence of means in both test procedures.

The study aimed to analyze the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Em), based on static bending tests, in different spans and confirm that it’s necessary adopt as 21 the ratio between span and height of the cross section of the specimen to turn no significant the influence of shear stress on vertical deflection. So, simplified equation to determine Emcan be employed. Specimens ofPinus elliottiivar.elliottiiandPinus elliottiivar. elliottii×Pinus cariabeaehondurensis(hybrid), came from Itapeva region, São Paulo State, Brazil, were considered. Bending tests were conducted in Labs of Experimental Campus Itapeva, UNESP, adapting recommendations of Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 7190. Twelve specimens of each species were tested. The trend lines for the plotted graphics showed clearly a nonlinear behavior until the neighborhood of ratio 21 and no expressive variations after this point, confirming that normative recommendations are correct.

Wooden housing is one of the most sustainable building alternatives. In many European and North American countries, wooden houses provide the most common, economical, and practical solution for construction. The timber buildings present adequate levels of durability, acoustics, and thermal comforts. Despite their popularity, wood houses do not have a standardized classification to define and organize their main aspects. In literature dealing with timber construction, most authors emphasize structural systems for large spans (bridges, hangars, roofs, etc.). The presence of some classifications of timber construction results in unclear issues, and few studies have covered and regarded wooden buildings as residential construction typologies. Accordingly, this paper proposes a classification that connects the aspects and details of wooden housing materials in relation to the industrialization level and chronological origin. We expect this classification to assist in a better understanding of distinct wooden housing techniques commercially produced worldwide, diffusing their concepts and possibilities as forestry-timber products.

The waste generated by industries has been an environmental problem to be solved, even in timber chain, whereas the wood has a high potential of reuse. This paper aimed to collect and disseminate the data obtained on lignocellulosic waste generation produced by manufacturers of wood houses located at Brazilian state of Paraná. This information could help the companies with new discussions on the reuse of this waste. A simple survey composed by three questions was applied in the companies in order to verify the current situation of the theme. After the examination, it was checked that many industries do not have the habit to reuse their residual raw materials, and also all these companies do not have any type of periodic evaluation about waste generation, nor they have any kind of waste separation and quantification.