Search

Background Extracellular vesicles (EV) have been proven to contain double-stranded DNA reflecting the mutational status of the parental tumor cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which can be translated into clinically useful EV-based liquid biopsy for Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotyping using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from tumor site. Methods Patients subjected for an initial lung cancer work-up underwent bronchoscopy and BALF was obtained from tumor site. After isolating EVs from BALF by ultracentrifugation, EV-derived DNA (EV DNA) was extracted for subsequent EGFR genotyping performed through peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated Real-Time PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate of BALF EV-based EGFR genotyping were calculated in comparison to tissue genotyping. Results The average sensitivity and specificity of BALF EV-based EGFR genotyping were 76% and 87%, respectively, while the sensitivity significantly increased as the stage progressed. Especially, in stage IV, BALF EV-based EGFR typing identified all tissue-proven EGFR mutant cases (n=31) and detected 6 additional mutant cases. The concordance rate was 79% in stage I, 100% in stage II, 74% in stage III, and 92% in stage IV. As TNM stage advanced, especially in the presence of metastasis, concordance rate significantly increased (P

In industrial applications, software related to computational lithography using a DP system method, which refers to how efficiently hardware resources are used, has a significant impact on performance. Because the amount of data to be processed per unit of time is comparatively large in the current semiconductor industry, the efficiency of hardware should be increased through job 12 scheduling by using the most efficient load balancing techniques possible. For efficient scheduling of the load balancer, these are necessary to predict the end time of a given job, this is calculated based on the performance of computing resources and the development of effective traffic distribution algorithms. Due to the high integration of semiconductor chips, the volume of mask exposure data has increased exponentially, the number of slave nodes is increasing, and most EDA tools require one license per DP node to perform a simulation. In this paper, in order to improve efficiency and reduce cost through more efficient load balancing scheduling, a new type of DEVS load balancing method was studied based on the existing industrial E-beam cluster model. The designed DEVS model showed up to four times the throughput of the existing legacy model for medium and large clusters when the BSF policy was applied.

Background Although lung adenocarcinoma with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations is common in never smokers, one-third of the patients are ever-smokers. We aimed to investigate the effect of cumulative smoking dose(CSD) on clinical outcomes, including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), in patients with EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma receiving EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 142 patients with EGFR-mutation positive advanced or recurrent lung adenocarcinoma who were administered gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, and osimertinib. These patients were classified based on their CSD as never smokers, light smokers (≤10 pack-years [PYs]), moderate smokers (11–30 PYs), and heavy smokers (> 30 PYs). PFS and OS were analyzed according to smoking subgroups via Kaplan-Meier curves. Results Among the 142 patients, 91 (64.1%), 12 (8.5%), 22 (15.5%), and 17 (12%) were never, light, moderate, and heavy smokers, respectively. CSD was inversely associated with median PFS in a statistically significant dose-dependent manner (11.8 months (mo), 11.0 mo, 7.4 mo, and 3.9 mo; p

Background Co-existence or subsequent isolation of multiple nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species in same patient has been reported. However, clinical significance of these observations is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine clinical implications of changes of NTM species during or after treatment in patients with NTM lung disease. Methods Patients with NTM lung disease, who experienced changes of NTM species during treatment or within 2 years of treatment completion between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015, were included in the analysis. Demographic, clinical, microbiological, and radiographic data were reviewed and analyzed. Results During the study period, 473 patients were newly diagnosed with NTM lung disease. Treatment was started in 164 patients (34.6%). Among these 164 patients, 16 experienced changes of NTM species during or within 2 years of treatment completion. Seven showed changes from M. avium complex (MAC) to M. abscessus subspecies abscessus (MAA) and five patients displayed changes from M. abscessus subspecies massiliense (MAM) to MAC. With isolation of new NTM species, 6 out of 7 patients with change from MAC to MAA reported worsening of symptoms, whereas none of the five patients with change from MAM to MAC reported worsening of symptoms. All MAA isolated during or after treatment for MAC lung diseases showed inducible resistance to clarithromycin. Conclusions Change of NTM species may occur during or after treatment for NTM lung disease. Especially, changes from MAC to MAA is accompanied by symptomatic and radiographic worsening as well as inducible resistance to clarithromycin.

It is well-known that cognitive radio (CR) is a fundamental solution to mitigate the spectrum scarcity of today's wireless communication systems. For the realization of CR, there are many obstacles to resolve, including technical and policy perspectives. Since CR is a very sensitive technology, it is particularly important to test the scheme with appropriate operation in a real environment. In this regard, we have developed a testbed of a regional spectrum sensing based CR system for digital TV (DTV) white space. The developed system has a centralized spectrum sensor, and according to the sensing results, mobile WiMAX system provides high quality multimedia service through the spectrum hole in DTV band. There is also a fast frequency hopping capability depending on the sensing results to minimize interference to the actual licensee, the primary DTV system. The performance analysis shows that the developed CR system has excellent performance satisfying the IEEE 802.22 requirements, and is suitable ...

Background A three-drug regimen (macrolide, ethambutol, and rifampicin) is recommended for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD). Although macrolide has proven efficacy, the role of ethambutol and rifampicin in patients without acquired immune deficiency syndrome is not proven with clinical studies. We aimed to clarify the roles of ethambutol and rifampicin in the treatment of MAC-PD. Methods Patients treated for MAC-PD between March 1st, 2009 and October 31st, 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Rates of culture conversion, microbiological cure, treatment failure, and recurrence were compared according to the maintenance (≥6 months) of ethambutol or rifampicin with macrolide. Results Among the 237 patients, 122 (51.5%) maintained ethambutol and rifampicin with macrolide, 58 (24.5%) maintained ethambutol and macrolide, 32 (13.5%) maintained rifampicin and macrolide, and 25 (10.6%) maintained macrolide only. Culture conversion was reached for 190/237 (80.2%) patients and microbiological cure was achieved for 129/177 (72.9%) who completed the treatment. Treatment failure despite ≥12 months of treatment was observed in 66/204 (32.4%), and recurrence was identified in 16/129 (12.4%) who achieved microbiological cure. Compared with maintenance of macrolide only, maintenance of ethambutol, rifampicin or both with macrolide were associated with higher odds of culture conversion [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 18.06, 3.67–88.92; 15.82, 2.38–105.33; and 17.12, 3.93–74.60, respectively]. Higher odds of microbiological cure were associated with maintenance of both ethambutol and rifampicin with macrolide (OR, 95% CI: 5.74, 1.54–21.42) and macrolide and ethambutol (OR, 95% CI: 5.12, 1.72–15.24) but not macrolide and rifampicin. Maintenance of both ethambutol and rifampicin with macrolide was associated with lower odds of treatment failure (OR, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.01–0.53) compared with macrolide only, while maintenance of one of these with macrolide was not. Maintenance of both ethambutol and rifampicin or one of these with macrolide did not decrease the probability of recurrence when compared with macrolide only. Conclusions Maintenance (≥6 months) of ethambutol and rifampicin with macrolide was associated with the most favorable treatment outcomes among patients with MAC-PD. Given the association between ongoing ethambutol use and microbiological cure, clinicians should maintain ethambutol unless definite adverse events develop.

This paper introduces a novel AI framework for nationwide wireless KPI monitoring and its diagnosis in LTE/5G mobile networks. The proposed method, which has not been provided so far for a commercial use, automatically detects meaningful degradations of cell-specific wireless KPI statistics and also provides an alarm to administrator with possible causes of the corresponding problem. Machine learning and deep learning technologies are properly applied to detect relative KPI degradations on the basis of those estimated globa/local PDFs and also to carry out root cause analysis for the problem diagnosis, respectively. We have confirmed the feasibility of the mentioned AI framework by completing a first PoC through interworking our AI server with commercial LTE/5G networks. Currently, about 20 major monitoring KPIs such as RRE, ENDC,RSSI, BLER, and so on are being considered in current 5G NSA mode.

The use of fossil fuels threatens environmental systems and causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, thereby leading to global warming. Such a scenario has spurred research into renewable hydrogen energy production as a strategy to replace fossil fuels. In this regard, thermochemical water splitting using redox reactions with metal oxides, which generates neither CO nor CO2 gas, is a promising approach with advantages over general hydrocarbon steam reforming. However, preventing catalytic deactivation due to nanocatalyst agglomeration or sintering during thermocycling at high temperatures (>800 °C) is a significant challenge. In this work, the design, synthesis, and characterization of a new CeO2-based catalytic model were carried out through a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches. From thermodynamic simulations, an optimal support material was first selected. A CeO2 nanoparticle-dispersed porous support structure was subsequently synthesized. The recyclable CeO2–support structure showed good capability and repeatability for hydrogen generation during consecutive thermocycles with no undesirable side reactions or particle sintering. It is anticipated that the results of this study will facilitate greater efficiency in the development of catalytic materials and allow for more effective materials to be designed so as to accelerate the realization of economical green energy production based on thermochemical cycles.

Objective: In current practice, medical experts use the pathological stage predictions provided in the Partin tables to support their decisions. Hence, the Partin tables are based on logistic regression built from the US data. In the present study, we developed a data-mining model to predict the pathologic stage of prostate cancer. In this newly developed model, using the classification and regression tree-particle swarm optimization analysis of the Korean population data, we aim to improve the prediction accuracy of the pathologic state of prostate cancer. Method: A total of 467 patients from the smart prostate cancer database were evaluated. The results were intended to predict the pathologic stage of prostate cancer: organ-confined disease and non–organ-confined disease. The accuracy of 4 classification and regression tree-particle swarm optimization models was compared; furthermore, the models were validated with the Partin tables using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: Among the 467 evaluated patients, 235 patients had organ-confined disease and 232 patients had non–organ-confined disease. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the proposed classification and regression tree-particle swarm optimization model (0.858 ± 0.034) was larger than the 1 in the Partin tables (0.666 ± 0.046). Conclusion: The proposed classification and regression tree-particle swarm optimization model was superior to the Partin tables in terms of predicting the risk of prostate cancer. Compared to the validation of the Partin tables for the Korean population, the classification and regression tree-particle swarm optimization model resulted in a larger receiver operating characteristic curve and a more accurate prediction of the pathologic stage of prostate cancer in the Korean population.

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for myriad national and sub-national reporting purposes (for example, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; EU ETS). As with the other so-called "Kyoto protocol GHGs", the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of N₂O emissions, based on the sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop a integrated emission factor to estimate the direct N₂O emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the red pepper, soy bean, spring cabbage, autumn cabbage and potato in 2010∼2012. Emission factor of N₂O calculated using accumulated N₂O emission, N fertilization rate, and background N₂O emission over three year experiment was 0.00596±0.001337 kg N₂O-N (N kg) -1 . More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop N₂O emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because N₂O emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

If the cloud computing environment is not sufficiently provide the required resources due to the number of virtual server to process the request, may cause a problem that the load applied to the specific server. Migration administrator receive the resources of each physical server for improving the efficiency of the virtual server that exists in the physical servers, and determines the migration destination based on the simulation results. But, there is more overhead predicting the future resource consumption of all the physical server to decide the migration destination through the simulation process in large and complex cloud computing environments. To solve this problem, we propose an improved prediction method with the simulation-based approach. The proposed method is a fuzzy-logic based priority model for VM migration. We design a proposed model with the DEVS formalism. And we also measure and compare a performance and migration count with existing simulation-based migration method. FPLM shows high utilization.

Background We have occasionally encountered advanced lung cancer patients with disseminated carcinomatosis throughout the body and/or within the lung. This study investigated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with miliary disseminated carcinomatosis. Methods Patients with adenocarcinomas harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations who presented with miliary disseminated carcinomatosis (either intrapulmonary or distant site) were enrolled in the study. Clinical characteristics, treatment responses, and survival outcomes were collected from medical records. Results The most frequent EGFR mutation was an in-frame deletion in exon 19 (n = 44, 68.8%). Arginine substitution of leucine 858 in exon 21 and alanine substitution of glycine 719 in exon 18 were detected in 19 patients (29.7%) and one patient (1.6%), respectively. Patients with miliary disseminated carcinomatosis tended to be female and non-smokers. They expressed the E19 deletion more frequently than patients without miliary dissemination and had shorter progression-free survival times in response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (9.7 vs. 12.8 months, P = 0.003) and poorer overall survival (15.9 vs. 29.0 months, P = 0.077). Multivariate analyses revealed that metabolic tumor volume correlated with shorter overall survival time. Conclusions Our data indicate that lung adenocarcinoma patients with miliary dissemination have relatively shorter survival times than those without miliary dissemination. The poor prognosis of patients with miliary dissemination may reflect a high tumor burden, as represented by metabolic tumor volume.

Object. Pathologic prediction of prostate cancer can be made by predicting the patient’s prostate metastasis prior to surgery based on biopsy information. Because biopsy variables associated with pathology have uncertainty regarding individual patient differences, a method for classification according to these variables is needed.Method. We propose a deep belief network and Dempster-Shafer- (DBN-DS-) based multiclassifier for the pathologic prediction of prostate cancer. The DBN-DS learns prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, and clinical T stage variable information using three DBNs. Uncertainty regarding the predicted output was removed from the DBN and combined with information from DS to make a correct decision.Result. The new method was validated on pathology data from 6342 patients with prostate cancer. The pathology stages consisted of organ-confined disease (OCD; 3892 patients) and non-organ-confined disease (NOCD; 2453 patients). The results showed that the accuracy of the proposed DBN-DS was 81.27%, which is higher than the 64.14% of the Partin table.Conclusion. The proposed DBN-DS is more effective than other methods in predicting pathology stage. The performance is high because of the linear combination using the results of pathology-related features. The proposed method may be effective in decision support for prostate cancer treatment.

The level of nitrous oxide (), a long-lived greenhouse gas, in atmosphere has increased mainly due to anthropogenic sources, especially application of nitrogen fertilizers. Quantifying emission in the agricultural field is essential to develop National inventories of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. The objective of this study was to develop emission factor to estimate direct emission from agricultural field by measuring emissions in the red pepper cultivating field from 2010 to 2012. Emission factor of calculated from accumulated emission, nitrogen fertilization rate, and background emission was N resulted from three year experiment of the research sites. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming without agricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011∼2012. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers at this region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of kg was 2.15 kg CO₂.-eq. kg -1 . Although the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission was the largest among GHGs, methane (CH₄) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production system when it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-eq.) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Main source of CO₂ emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals was combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the CH₄ was emitted during rice cultivation practice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the N2O was emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the N₂O emission was application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated that CO₂ potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, the potential reduction was calculated that CO₂ and N₂O could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At the condition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, CO₂ and CH₄ could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, CH₄ emission could be reduced by about 4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reduction at the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillage and midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

The worldwide trend of aging is highlighting the importance of the silver generation as a major consumer group for various industries. In particular, the necessity of mobile services for the silver generation in the IT industry is increasing. The purpose of this research is to develop a smart phone utilization plan by analyzing the needs of developing mobile services applying the characteristics of the silver generation on smart phones and by studying the smart phone acceptance factors.

A cloud computing is one of a parallel and distributed computing. The cloud computing provides some service for user with virtual resources. However, a user’s service request does not show a time pattern. As a result, each resource also shows a different availability at the same time. This difference affects a quality of service (QoS) and a resource selection for users. Therefore, we propose the resource availability-based multi auction model for cloud service reservation and resource brokering system. The proposed system is to select the proper resource provider based on the users’ request. The proposal adopts the multi phase of the auction to transact resources. The system evaluates the available factor of each resource on the auction phase, and finally reserves the service on the adaptive queue. The proposed model shows the better performance than other existing method.

This study was conducted to assess N₂O emissions in agricultural soils of Korea under the 1996 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methodology. N₂O emissions in agricultural soils were calculated the sum of direct emission and indirect emission by the N sources and emissions by field burning of crop residues. N₂O emission was highest in animal manure as 1,547 CO₂-eq Gg. Indirect emissions by atmospheric deposition and leaching and runoff were 1,463 and 1,753 CO₂-eq Gg, respectively. N₂O emission by field burning of crop residues was highest in pepper due to the residue/crop ratio and field burning ratio.

Rice cultivation in the paddy field and the burning of crop residues have been identified as the important sources of methane emission in agricultural sector. This study aimed at assessment of the methane emission from croplands in the year of 2011 with the IPCC guideline methodology. Methane from rice cultivation was emitted 6,813 CO₂-eq Gg in 2011. According to the water management, methane emission amounts by continuously flooded and intermittently flooded were 1,499 and 5,314 CO₂-eq Gg, respectively. Methane emission by crop residues burning was highest in red pepper and followed by rice straw, pulses and barely in 2011. Methane emission by field burning was very little compared with rice cultivation.

Cloud computing is one of the distributed computing environments and utilizes several computing resources. Cloud environment uses a virtual machine to process a requested job. To balance a workload and process a job rapidly, cloud environment uses a provisioning technique and assigns a task with a status of virtual machine. However, a scheduling method for cloud computing requires a definition of virtual machine availabilities, which have an obscure meaning. In this paper, we propose Fuzzy logic driven Virtual machine Provisioning scheduling using Resource Evaluation(FVPRE). FVPRE analyzes a state of every virtual machine and actualizes a value of resource availability. Thus FVPRE provides an efficient provisioning scheduling with a precise evaluation of resource availability. FVPRE shows a high throughput and utilization for job processing on cloud environments.

In order to enhance the performance, rare class prediction are to need the feature selection method for target class-related feature. Traditional data mining algorithms fail to predict rare class, as the class imbalanced data models are inherently built in favor of the majority of class-common characteristics among data instances. In the present paper, we propose the Euclidean distance- and standard deviation-based feature selection and over-sampling for the fault detection prediction model. We study applying the semiconductor manufacturing process control in fault detection prediction. First, the features calculate the MAV (Mean Absolute Value) median values. Secondly, the MeanEuSTDEV (the mean of Euclidean distance and standard deviation) are used to select the most appropriate features of the classification model. Third, to address the rare class over-fitting problem, oversampling is used. Finally, learning generates the fault detection prediction data-mining model. Furthermore, the prediction model is applied to measure the performance.

Recently, special attention has been givento acid rain and its problem to environment such as acid precipitation and air pollution in East Asia.In the present study, rainwater samples werecollected from Apr to Oct (farming period) and from Nov to Mar (non-farming period) in 2009 ~ 2011. The samples were chemically characterized for the assessment of emission sources. Suwon region, a typical agricultural area in Gyeonggi province (South Korea) was chosen as a study site. The content of ionic species and theirtemporal variation were used forfactor analysis, which was used to presume the natural and anthropogenic sources depending upon the farming and non-farming periods. The cationsobserved during farming and non-farming periods were > Na+> Ca2+> K+> H+> Mg2+and Na+> N >Ca2+> H+= Mg2+> K+, respectively. The anions during farming and non-farming periods were > > Cl- and > > Cl-, respectively. While the amounts of sulfate, one of the major dissolved components of rainwater were 113.5 and 177.0 ueq.L-1, the ones of NSS- (Non-Sea Salt sulfate) were 93.7 and 87.1% during farming and non-farming periods, respectively. The comparison of observed pH values (pHobs) with the theoretical pH values (pHthe) showed that the neutralization of rainwater considerably went along during farming and non-farming periods. The highest amountof rainfall throughout the year was310.5 mmin August and its corre sponding nitrogen loading was5.03 kg·ha-1. The major ion contents for crop growth, , Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, were 49.4, 5.5, 18.1,1.4 kg·ha-1from April to October. The major contributions to the existing chemical ions in rainwaters during farming and non-farming periods were from the natural sources (sea and soil) and the anthropogenic sources (human and animal waste, vehicular emission + fossil fuels combustion), respectively.

An interoperable environment requires a structure and framework to build and manage entities of a remotely coupled system. Existing interoperation approach is based on a complicated and rigid procedure with an expertise of that. This feature causes inefficiency in a time and cost of a training and implementation. This paper proposes a consignment technique of a simulation entity to support a plug-in approach for distributed interoperable environment. Proposed consignment technique provides an implied approach for building simulation entities and coupling between those. We expect that our proposal will contribute to improving a building and operation efficiency of a distributed interoperable environment.

An advanced equipment process is an important technological assets to companies. Development of the IT industry has led to an increase in demand for the semiconductor productivity of the high efficiency, steadily. But it is not easy to test using actual process because TAT (as known turnaround time of job) is so long. the test cost is also expensive. This paper proposes a DEVS model for simulation based acquisition in FAB process of semiconductor manufacturing. This model shows FAB process based on DEVS formalism. it will be enable us to reduce the cost of FAB process testing.

A distributed interoperable environment is based on coupled structures with multiple simulation entities. Existing services only uses a limited pool that is pre-configured at build time. Rescaling of the pool is also limited and requires complicated procedures due to this feature. This paper proposes an autonomous scalable protocol to make a service pool for distributed interoperable environment. We design an agent-based network to rescale a service pool. Each agent communicates with other agents to exchange a service pool. Our design configures a consignment service grid through this agent-based network. Our proposed design will contribute to managing a scalable service pool for distributed interoperable environment efficiently.

This study was performed a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) among three rice production systems in order to analyze the difference of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and environment impacts. Its life cycle inventory (LCI) database (DB) was established using data obtained from interview with conventional, without agricultural chemical and organic farming at Gunsan and Iksan, Jeonbuk province in 2011. According to the result of LCI analysis, was mostly emitted from fertilizer production process and rice cropping phase. and were almost emitted from rice cultivation phase. The value of carbon footprint to produce 1 kg rice (unhulled) on conventional rice production system was 1.01E+00 kg -eq. and it was the highest value among three rice production systems. The value of carbon footprints on without agricultural chemical and organic rice production systems were 5.37E-01 -eq. and 6.58E-01 -eq. , respectively. Without agricultural chemical rice production system whose input amount was the smallest had the lowest value of carbon footprint. Although the yield of rice from organic farming was the lowest, its value of carbon footprint less than that of conventional farming. Because there is no compound fertilizer inputs in organic farming. Compound fertilizer production and methane emission during rice cultivation were the main factor to GHGs emission in conventional and without agricultural chemical rice production systems. In organic rice production system, the main factors to GHGs emission were using fossil fuel on machine operation and methane emission from rice paddy field.

We established a top-down methodology to estimate carbon footprint as national mean value (reference) with the statistical data on agri-livestock incomes in 2007. We also established LCI (life cycle inventory) DB by a bottom-up methodology with the data obtained from interview with farmers from 4 large-scale farms at Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do province to estimate carbon footprint in 2011. This study was carried out to compare top-down methodology and bottom-up methodology in performing LCA (life cycle assessment) to analyze the difference in GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and carbon footprint under conventional rice cultivation system. Results of LCI analysis showed that most of was emitted during fertilizer production and rice cultivation, whereas and were mostly emitted during rice cultivation. The carbon footprints on conventional rice production system were 2.39E+00 kg -eq. by top-down methodology, whereas 1.04E+00 kg -eq. by bottom-up methodology. The amount of agro-materials input during the entire rice cultivation for the two methodologies was similar. The amount of agro-materials input for the bottom-up methodology was sometimes greater than that for top-down methodology. While carbon footprint by the bottom-up methodology was smaller than that by the top-down methodology due to higher yield per cropping season by the bottom-up methodology. Under the conventional rice production system, fertilizer production showed the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on most categories except GWP (global warming potential) category. Rice cultivation was the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on GWP category under the conventional rice production system. The main factors of carbon footprints under the conventional rice production system were emission from rice paddy field, the amount of fertilizer input and rice yield. Results of this study will be used for establishing baseline data for estimating carbon footprint from 'low carbon certification pilot project' as well as for developing farming methods of reducing emission from rice paddy fields.

Water competition among domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors has been gradually heightened recently in Korea as the lack of water supply is expected in the near future. About 46% of nation's water use is consumed in paddy farming to produce rice. And the conservation of water resource and quality in agricultural sector is a pending issue in the nation's long term water management plan. New paddy rice farming techniques that use significantly less irrigation water are urgently required. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) that is now well known to produce more rice with less water consumption has not been tried in Korea yet. And environmental effect of SRI on greenhouse gases (GHGs) has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of SRI on GHGs as well as water use and rice yield in a Korean paddy condition. Three experimental runoff plots in size were prepared at an existing paddy field. Runoff, GHGs emission and water quality were measured during the 2011 growing seasons while a Japonica rice variety was cultivated. Rice plants grew better and healthier in SRI plots than in continuously flooded (CF) and intermittently drained (ID) plots. Rice yield from SRI plots increased 112.8 (ID)~116.1 (CF)% compared with CF and ID plots. Irrigation requirement of SRI plots compared to CF plot reduced by 52.6% and ID plot reduced by 62.0%, meaning that about 37.9~47.4% of irrigation water could be saved. GHGs emission from SRI plots reduced by 71.8% compared to that from CF plot and by 18.4% compared to that from ID plot, meaning that SRI could help contribute to ease the greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere. It was believed that SRI is a promising paddy farming technique that could increase rice yield, and reduce irrigation water requirement and GHGs emission not just in Korea but also other rice farming countries all over the world. However, it was recommended that long term studies under different conditions including rice variety, soil texture, water source, climate need to be conducted for reliable data for the development of environmental policies related to GHGs emission control and management.

The importance of environment-friendly agriculture is being magnified as a new growth engine industry in pursuit of low carbon, green growth policies. Since 2010, the Korean government has been promoting the supply of customized fertilizers which were manufactured based on chemical properties of agricultural soils. This aims focused to improve the efficiency of fertilizer used and to protect the agricultural environment. In order to provide technical supports for pushing ahead with the environment-friendly agriculture policies, we have estimated the effects of customized fertilization (CF) on growth and yield of rice and fertilizer reduction compared to conventional fertilization (farm practice fertilization) and single-element fertilization. In rice plant growth and rice yield, no statistically significant difference between the three fertilization treatments was observed. The fertilizer reduction rate with CF compared to conventional fertilization of investigated farms was on average 17%, which covered 6% through 33%. With split ratio, CF 70 reduced the amounts of fertilizer ingredient by 5% compare to CF 50. This paper shows that the customized fertilizer application reduced the amounts of fertilizer used in rice cultivation without decrease of yields.

This study was conducted to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions on local government levels from 1990 to 2010 using 2006 IPCC guideline methodology. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions based on the 16 local governments, emission factor and scaling factor were used with default value and activity data came from the food, agricultural, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook of MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries). The total emissions in crop sector gradually decreased from 1990 to 2010 due to a decline in agricultural land and nitrogen fertilizer usage. The annual average emission of greenhouse gas was the highest in Jeonnam (JN) with 1,698 Gg -eq and following Chungnam (CN), Gyungbuk (GB), Jeonbuk (JB) and Gyunggi (GG). The sum of top-six locals emission had occupied 83.4% of the total emission in cropland sector. The annual average emissions in 1990 by applying 2006 IPCC guideline were approximately 43% less than the national greenhouse gas inventory by 1996 IPCC guideline. Jeonnam (JN) province occupied also the highest results of greenhouse gas emission estimated by gas types (methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide) and emission sources such as rice cultivation, agricultural soil, field burning of crop residue and urea fertilizer.

War-game simulation models the situation of a battlefield and has been used for evaluating fighting power and analyzing the occupation of a troop. However, in war-game simulation environment, it is very complex to consider all factors which can be influenced in real battlefields. To solve the problem of the consideration, we propose an ontology-based path finding model. This model uses an ontology to conceptualize the situation data of a battlefield and represents the relations among the concepts. In addition, we extract new knowledge from the war-game ontology by defining some inference rules and share knowledge by the established rules. For the performance evaluation of the proposed model, we made a limitation on the simulation environment and measure the moving time of a troop, the fighting capability of a troop, and the necessary cost while a troop is moving. Experimental results show that this model provides many advantages in aspects of the moving time, a loss of fighting capability, and the necessary cost.

There is a growing tendency toward a vehicle demand and a utilization of traffic information systems. Due to various kinds of traffic information systems and increasing of communication data, the traffic information service requires a very high IT infrastructure. A cloud computing environment is an essential approach for reducing a IT infrastructure cost. And the traffic information service needs a provisioning scheduling method for managing a resource. So we propose a provisioning scheduling with conditional probability inference (PSCPI) for the traffic information service on cloud environment. PSCPI uses a naive bayse inference technique based on a status of a virtual machine. And PSCPI allocates a job to the virtual machines on the basis of an availability of each virtual machine. Naive bayse based PSCPI provides a high throughput and an high availability of virtual machines for real-time traffic information services.

The face recognition has been used in a variety fields, such as identification and security. The procedure of the face recognition is as follows; extracting face features of face images, learning the extracted face features, and selecting some features among all extracted face features. The selected features have discrimination and are used for face recognition. However, there are numerous face features extracted from face images. If a face recognition system uses all extracted features, a high computing time is required for learning face features and the efficiency of computing resources decreases. To solve this problem, many researchers have proposed various Boosting methods, which improve the performance of learning algorithms. Mutual-Boost is the typical Boosting method and efficiently selects face features by using mutual information between two features. In this paper, we propose a GroupMutual-Boost method for improving Mutual-Boost. Our proposed method can shorten the time required for learning and recognizing face features and use computing resources more effectively since the method does not learn individual features but a feature group.

The importance of environment-friendly agriculture is being magnified as a new growth engine industry in pursuit of low carbon, green growth policies. In order to provide technical supports for pushing ahead with the environment-friendly agriculture policies, we estimated the effects of customized fertilization on growth and yield of rice and fertilizer reduction compared to conventional fertilization and single-element fertilization. In rice plant growth and rice yield, no statistically significant difference between the three fertilization treatments was observed. In contrast, customized fertilization showed high disaster resistance reducing the damage caused by rice lodging during a typhoon. The average N application in farms showing high rice lodging amounted to while was known as the critical range of rice lodging in Korea. The fertilizer reduction rate of customized fertilization compared to conventional fertilization of investigated farms was on average 22.5%. We estimated the short-term effects of customized fertilization in the first year after application. In future, there is need for continuous examination of rice growth and soil environment change due to successive application of customized fertilizer.

Wireless communication technology developed, portable wireless devices based on wireless network including the smartphone rapidly developed, and products with functions similar to highly efficient computer are being launched. Therefore, active studies to enable performance of works, which were previously held in computers, on portable wireless terminal are being held. Until now, simulation was undertaken using computers which satisfy high performance computing resource. Such contains a problem that it cannot break away the limit of space. Portable wireless terminal has the merit that it can break away from the limit of space by using wireless network in comparison to wired environment. In this paper, it suggests a simulator based on wireless devices for distributed simulation. For such purpose, the performance time of simulation will be compared in regards to the case of performing nodes control simulation in a single highly efficient computer and the case of performing distributed similation in many wired and wireless network environments. Through the comparison, the possibility for utility of portable wireless terminal as the object of distributed simulation will be verified, and it will be presented that simulation can be performed in a shorter time by performing distributed simulation under various wired and wireless network environments away from the limit of space.

Internal auditory canal (IAC) metastasis due to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) from gastric cancer (GC) has rarely been reported. Early manifestation of symptoms, such as hearing loss, vertigo and facial paralysis, in cases of IAC metastasis due to LMC may facilitate the early detection of brain metastasis. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report IAC metastasis due to LMC in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-positive GC. This study reports a case of an Her2-positive GC patient with LMC including IAC metastasis, who presented with acute sensorineural hearing loss, ipsilateral facial paralysis and vertigo during trastuzumab containing chemotherapy. The current study also discusses the early diagnosis and management of this complicated condition, demonstrating that clinical suspicion is key for a prompt diagnosis and proper management of LMC including IAC metastasis in Her2-positive GC.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the CIE standard on lighting environments to Korea. In the field study, horizontal and the vertical illuminance was measured at the pedestrian road in the central business district of a city, and the questionnaires were conducted to get information regarding pedestrian`s satisfaction with lighting environment. Four areas were selected for this survey. That areas have different type of pedestrian roads concerning the lighting conditions and the number of walkers. From the results of the measurements, It is known that the illuminance of pedestrian roads is different according to the lighting conditions and the number of poot passengers. Also the results of questionnaires show that the illuminance of the pedestrian roads affect to the pedestrian`s satisfaction. Lastly, the CIE standard on lighting environments is applicable to the central business district of the cities in Korea.

This study was conducted to assess the impact of agricultural land use on the water quality in mountain village farmlands. Two soil types, paddy and upland soil were analysed for their chemical properties. Although, pH and organic matter contents were not significantly different to each other, concentrations of available P and exchangeable K and Ca were much higher in upland soil compared with those in paddy soil. The results of water quality analysis indicated that, in Goseong-cheon watershed, the nutrients contents were much higher in downstream area than in upstream area. Particularly, the elevation of and T-P were significant during rainy season. When paddy fields coexist with upland fields, SS, T-N, and T-P concentrations in paddy fields were lower than those of upland fields. This may indicate that paddy fields possess an water-purifying ability by absorbing nutrients. This effect may reduce excessive nutrients discharged into the neighboring streams which may cause eutrophication problem. The difference between inflow and outflow of nitrogen and phosphorus during the cultivation period were measured as -98.9 kg and -29.7 kg , which means that nutrient outflow was higher than inflow. This may suggest that much nutrient was discharged during the crop harvest period.