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We report fluorescent deep-blue organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with significantly high efficiency by enhancing singlet exciton generation via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). Here, electron transport layers (ETL) and exciton blocking layers (EBL) with different characteristics (especially mobility) are applied to increase singlet harvesting (using TTA process) through appropriate charge carrier injection in the emissive layer. OLED with high electron mobility ETL, 1,4-bis(2-phenyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-4-yl)benzene (p-bPPhenB) and high hole mobility EBL, 9,9-dimethyl-10-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9,10-dihydroacridine (PCzAc) exhibit relatively high external quantum efficiency of 9.18% with deep-blue color coordinates of (0.135, 0.115) at the luminance of 1000 cd/m2 and low driving voltage (4.5 V). The transient electroluminescence measurements are conducted to investigate the relation between prompt fluorescence from the initial singlet excitons and delayed fluorescence from the TTA process. This analysis shows significant enhancement in the singlet exciton generation by TTA process and charge recombination rate.

In this paper, we report a full-color reflective display device by combining reflective electrochromic device (ECD) and different color production units (conventional color filter (CF) and transmittance controllable electrochromic color filter (TCECF)). A full-color reflective device with TCECF showed an excellent diffuse reflectance of 47.2% in the white state owing to the high transmittance of TCECF in the bleached state than that of CF (19.5%). This device structure can easily provide various colors with high brightness and saturation with a broad grayscale. Particularly, in the colored state, TCECF and CF-based full-color reflective device displayed color coordinates of (0.59, 0.34), (0.31, 0.66), (0.24, 0.30) and (0.65, 0.33), (0.27, 0.61), (0.15, 0.06), for red, green and blue, respectively, and alongside also exhibited color gamut of 36.8% (for TCECF) and 73.1% (for CF) for full color reflective devices.

Using a simple esterification reaction of a hydroxyl group with an anhydride group, pristine lignin was successfully converted to a new lignin (COOH-lignin) modified with a terminal carboxyl group. This chemical modification of pristine lignin was confirmed by the appearance of new absorption bands in the FT-IR spectrum. Then, the pristine lignin and COOH-lignin were successfully incorporated into a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix by a typical melt-mixing process. When applied to the COOH-lignin, interfacial adhesion performance between the lignin filler and PLA matrix was better and stronger than pristine lignin. Based on these results for the COOH-lignin/PLA biocomposites, the cost of printing PLA 3D filaments can be reduced without changing their thermal and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the potential of lignin as a component in PLA biocomposites adequate for 3D printing was demonstrated.

Highly efficient single-stack hybrid cool white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) having blue-yellow-blue multiple emitting layers (EMLs) are designed and constructed by utilizing blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) and yellow phosphorescent emitters. The out-coupling efficiencies of yellow and blue emissions are maximized by tuning the ITO and total device thickness that satisfies both of antinode positions for yellow and blue emissions in a limited multiple EML thickness. To obtain a cool white emission, the exciton formation ratio in the blue-yellow-blue multiple EML system is controlled by manipulating the recombination zone through charge conductivity variation of host medium in the blue TADF EML. The resulting device exhibits cool white emission with very high maximum external quantum efficiency of 23.1% and CIE color coordinates of (0.324, 0.337). We anticipate that the studied approach will raise the viability of single-stack hybrid cool white OLEDs for high performance display applications.

Background Computation of reaction similarity is a pre-requisite for several bioinformatics applications including enzyme identification for specific biochemical reactions, enzyme classification and mining for specific inhibitors. Reaction similarity is often assessed at either two levels: (i) comparison across all the constituent substrates and products of a reaction, reaction level similarity, (ii) comparison at the transformation center with various degrees of neighborhood, transformation level similarity. Existing reaction similarity computation tools are designed for specific applications and use different features and similarity measures. A single system integrating these diverse features enables comparison of the impact of different molecular properties on similarity score computation. Results To address these requirements, we present SimCAL, an integrated system to calculate reaction similarity with novel features and capability to perform comparative assessment. SimCAL provides reaction similarity computation at both whole reaction level and transformation level. Novel physicochemical features such as stereochemistry, mass, volume and charge are included in computing reaction fingerprint. Users can choose from four different fingerprint types and nine molecular similarity measures. Further, a comparative assessment of these features is also enabled. The performance of SimCAL is assessed on 3,688,122 reaction pairs with Enzyme Commission (EC) number from MetaCyc and achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of > 0.9. In addition, SimCAL results showed strong correlation with state-of-the-art EC-BLAST and molecular signature based reaction similarity methods. Conclusions SimCAL is developed in java and is available as a standalone tool, with intuitive, user-friendly graphical interface and also as a console application. With its customizable feature selection and similarity calculations, it is expected to cater a wide audience interested in studying and analyzing biochemical reactions and metabolic networks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2248-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this paper, we report two new phenanthroline-based compounds, 1,4-bis(2-phenyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-4-yl)benzene (p-bPPhenB) and 1,3-bis(2-phenyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-4-yl)benzene (m-bPPhenB), for the charge generation unit of tandem organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). These two compounds exhibited high electron mobility of (5.8–4.4) × 10–3 cm2/(V s), a very small injection barrier at the p–n junction interface, a high glass transition temperature of 123.9–182.1 °C, and exceptionally good operational stability. Because of such excellent characteristics, a single-stack red phosphorescent OLED (PhOLED) with p-bPPhenB showed a low driving voltage (2.7 V) and significantly improved maximum power efficiency (56.8 lm/W), external quantum efficiency (30.8%), and device lifetime (LT95, 130 h) compared to those of the control device using bathophenanthroline (Bphen) (3.7 V, 39 lm/W, 27.1%, and 13 h). Furthermore, a two-stack (tandem) red PhOLED using p-bPPhenB in the charge generation unit exhibited superior cha...

Significance This report describes an opportunity for the bacterial cellulose nanofiber (BCNF) membrane, which has recently been attracting much attention due to its sustainability and high thermal stability, as a “single-layer,” good alternative membrane to the existing chemical-derived one in batteries, and thus allows us to find possible solutions to the environmental and safety issues. We achieved highest BCNF yield ever reported so far and fabricated a cylindrical lithium ion battery (LIB) by roll-to-roll process to realize remarkable cycle stability with 80% capacity retention even after 1,000 cycles, which is comparable to those of commercialized batteries. Finally, we introduced a Lewis base to improve thermal safety of the battery to a level comparable to that of a commercial ceramic-coated separator.

AIM: To investigate nasolacrimal duct (NLD) volume in Korean patients and to examine the correlation between NLD volume and obstruction. METHODS: Of patients who underwent orbital computed tomography from March 2013 to January 2016, patients diagnosed with NLD obstruction were classified into the patient group and patients without obstruction were classified into the control group. The NLD volume was measured using the Image J program, which showed the NLD in axial, coronal, and sagittal images on computed tomography. RESULTS: The average value of men’s NLD volume, 265.33±90.57 mm3, was significantly larger than women’s, 211.87±68.61 mm3 (P=0.009). In the patient group, the NLD volume of the obstructed eyes, 242.49±82.93 mm3, and the non-obstructed eyes, 225.20±73.20 mm3, were significantly higher than the control group, 217.61±82.04 mm3 (P

We report on the synergetic effects of silicon (Si) and BaTiO3 (BTO) for applications as the anode of Li-ion batteries. The large expansion of Si during lithiation was exploited as an energy source via piezoelectric BTO nanoparticles. Si and BTO nanoparticles were dispersed in a matrix consisting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a high-energy ball-milling process. The mechanical stress resulting from the expansion of Si was transferred via the CNT matrix to the BTO, which can be poled, so that a piezoelectric potential is generated. We found that this local piezoelectric potential can improve the electrochemical performance of the Si/CNT/BTO nanocomposite anodes. Experimental measurements and simulation results support the increased mobility of Li-ions due to the local piezoelectric potential.

Purpose To investigate the clinical features of young Korean patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), and to compare visual field (VF) defects between patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and those with high-tension glaucoma (HTG). Materials and methods Patients with OAG younger than 40 years of age were divided into NTG and HTG groups based on untreated intraocular pressure (IOP) level. The patients were matched according to the mean deviation of standard automated perimetry. VFs were divided into 2 pairs of corresponding areas across the horizontal meridian, and the depths of VF defects were compared. Tilt ratio and torsion degree of their optic discs were also compared between the 2 groups. Results Thirty-four pairs of NTG and HTG eyes were matched. Although untreated IOP showed intergroup differences, there was no difference in age, refractive error, tilt ratio, torsion degree, and depth of VF defects between the 2 groups. However, NTG eyes showed deeper VF defects in the superior paracentral area than in the inferior paracentral area (-8.29±9.33 vs. -4.45±6.03 dB, P=0.038), whereas the HTG eyes showed symmetric VF defects. Moreover, the superior paracentral area showed deeper VF defects compared with the superior arcuate area in the NTG group (P=0.002). Conclusions Young patients with NTG showed asymmetric VF defects in the paracentral area, whereas those with HTG did not show such asymmetric defects. This suggests that the level of IOP may affect the pattern of VF defects in young patients with OAG. However, these findings may not be generalizable to other populations.

We report a transmittance controllable electrochromic color filter (TCECF) by incorporating new electrochromic leuco dyes and their optimized composition. Each primary color red (R), green (G), and blue (B) electrochromic filter has an excellent transmittance of more than 84% at 650 nm, 540 nm, 450 nm, and the color coordinates are controllable from white (0.332, 0.347) to deep-red (0.621, 0.344), deep-green (0.327, 0.646), and deep-blue (0.179, 0.085), respectively. Also, each TCECF has good coloration efficiencies of 188.7 cm2 C−1 (R), 189.3 cm2 C−1 (G), and 147.8 cm2 C−1 (B) with high optical density change. A full color producible electrochromic color filter (ECF) is designed and fabricated by integrating primary RGB color filters with a refractive index matching adhesive layer. The fabricated three-stack full color producible ECF enables high transmittance of about 61% for clear white light extraction, and it can produce various colors including RGB. This TCECF technology will be very useful for high light out-coupling electro-optical applications, such as smart lighting, smart window, and display.

1) Konkuk UniversityAbstract : Integrated aircraft synthesis process for rapid analysis and design is described in this paper. Data flow between different analysis fields is described in details. All the data are divided into several groups according to importance and source of the data. Analysis of design requirements and certification regulations is carried out to determine baseline configuration of an aircraft. Overall design process can be divided into initial sizing, conceptual and preliminary design phases. Basic data for conceptual design are obtained from initial sizing, CAD and geometry analysis. Basic data are required input for weight, aerodynamics and propulsion analyses. Results of this analysis are used for stability and control, performance, mission, and load analysis. Feasibility of design is verified based on analysis results of each discipline. Design optimization that involves integrated process for aircraft analysis is performed to determine optimum configuration of an aircraft on a conceptual design stage. The process presented in this paper was verified to be used for light aircraft design.Key Words : Aircraft design synthesis, Design requirements, Initial Sizing, CADIS-SA, Very Light Aircraft !" # $ % & &$ $" # '!&$ $ ( $ $ # ! ) *+ $ !$ $ , # , $ $

Purpose To demonstrate the effectiveness of the endoscopic transcaruncular and transconjunctival approach in the repair of combined medial and inferior orbital wall fractures. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on 160 patients with combined medial and inferior orbital wall fractures. All patients underwent surgery via an endoscopic transcaruncular and transconjunctival approach without lateral canthotomy, performed by a single surgeon. Porous polyethylene sheets (1.0 mm in thickness) were implanted to cover the orbital defects. The minimal postoperative follow-up period was 6 months. The authors evaluated enophthalmos, diplopia, and ocular motility pre and postoperatively and report surgical complications. Results A total of 160 patients were included, comprising 121 men and 39 women. The mean patient age was 33.9 ± 14.1 years, and the mean postoperative follow-up period was 12 months. The average enophthalmos was 3.20 mm preoperatively, and the mean improvement at 6 months after surgery was 2.82 mm. One patient suffered a canalicular laceration after surgery, and another retrobulbar hemorrhage; however, both of these complications resolved with appropriate management. Otherwise, there were no significant surgical complications including newly developed diplopia, decreased visual acuity, or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Conclusions The endoscopic transcaruncular and transconjunctival approach is a useful and promising technique to repair combined medial and inferior orbital wall fractures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study characteristics of errors in thickness comparison maps (TCMs) from three-dimensional optical coherence tomography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent three-dimensional optical coherence tomography examinations were included. Errors in TCM were categorized into several types according to common features, and the origins and distributions of errors were investigated. RESULTS: Errors were observed in 25 (22.9%) of 109 TCMs with a normal macula and in 88 (63.3%) of 139 TCMs with an abnormal macula ( P < .001). The errors were categorized into three types: horizontal line-shaped errors that originated from fixation loss by the examinee, jumping errors caused by segmentation error, and two-peaked errors due to mismatching. There were significant differences in the distributions of the error types among different diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Errors in TCM were categorized into several types according to common features. Distributions of these types differed among eyes according to diagnosis.

In this paper we present the design and implementation of a parallel network simulator to manipulate the shared-memory packet buffer in a network interface card (NIC) for a network terminal. The proposed simulator consists of two components, input generator and buffer management simulator. The simulator flexibly accommodates either a dynamic or a static packet buffer management algorithm for a high-speed Ethernet to deliver fast and accurate clock-cycle level data analysis. In addition, it is transparent to trace and analyze the concurrent operations in the packet buffer and, thus, the simulator contributes to developing efficient buffer management algorithms.

There is the uncertain period of the construction in case of the products meeting the quality standard of KS M 6080, the quality is degraded because of the abrasive loss of the paint caused by vehicle tires as the traffic amount increases and of the loss and detachment of the glass beads providing the retroreflective function. The abrupt degradation of visibility causes the high frequency of traffic accidents at night and increases the traffic accident rate. Additional supplementary construction induces the direct material and construction costs. As the more cost induction effect than the direct cost, the traffic jam caused by the additional construction increases the indirect social costs such as time cost and vehicle cost. Hence, the study is concerned with performing the abrasion resistance test based on the EN 1436 standard to check and improve the quality of various road marking materials resulting in improving the durability of road marking materials. However, even though the difference in the durability lifetime of resins(binders) is bibliographically or theoretically clear, there was no difference in the durability lifetime (retroreflectivity aspect) of the road marking paint using these binders. The reason is that the bonding of beads was very insufficient or that the cross density caused by crack or freshness was low. Moreover, the measured wet retroreflectivity was distributed as the Rw3 or higher class in average on the basis of EN 1436 but was very insufficient on the basis of the minimum wet threshold retroreflectivity with 100mcd/() managed overseas.

Sangsin Brake*School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University(Received April 15, 2011; Revised June 5, 2011; Accepted June 15, 2011)Abstract − Yaw brakes are used in wind turbines to control the orientation of blades to be perpendicular to thewind. These devices are very important machine elements because they are closely related to the overall effi-ciency of wind turbines. One unit of yaw brakes is composed of a friction pad and a caliper. In this study, a tan-gential force between the friction pad and the disk is calculated when the brake is acting in 750 kW wind turbine.Then, stress distribution and the deformation of the caliper are calculated using a finite element analysis. Anexperimental equipment is also developed to verify the exactness of calculated results. The analytical and exper-imental results are presented and discussed.Keywords − wind turbine(풍력발전기), brake(브레이크), yaw system(요 시스템), structural analysis(구조해석)

We report the transfer printing of GaN-based microscale vertical-type light-emitting diodes (μ-VLEDs) using a functional layer and a biomimetic stamp. An oxide-based functional layer is inserted onto the structure of a μ-VLED and used to separate the chip from the μ-VLED wafer by absorbing the pulse of a UV pulse laser during pick-up of the transfer printing process. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based biomimetic stamps have been fabricated to mimic the gecko lizard cilia for improved adhesion and repeatability. The biomimetic stamp has an adhesion force of 25.6 N/cm2, which is 12 times the adhesion of a flat stamp; an adhesion force of 10 N/cm2 or more was maintained after 100,000 repeated adhesion tests. A flexible 10 × 10 prototype array on a polyimide substrate was fabricated, and its bending test results indicated that the strain effect on the forward voltage and the output power was less than 1%. The stable bending test results of the prototype indicate that μ-VLEDs using biomimetic stamps allow the necessary stability for practical transfer printing.

Transparent organic light emitting diodes (TOLED) have widespread applications in the next-generation display devices particularly in the large size transparent window and interactive displays. Herein, we report high performance and stable attractive smart window displays using facile process. Advanced smart window display is realized by integrating the high performance light blocking screen and highly transparent white OLED panel. The full smart window display reveals a maximum transmittance as high as 64.2% at the wavelength of 600 nm and extremely good along with tunable ambient contrast ratio (171.94:1) compared to that of normal TOLED (4.54:1). Furthermore, the performance decisive light blocking screen has demonstrated an excellent optical and electrical characteristics such as i) high transmittance (85.56% at 562nm) at light-penetrating state, ii) superior absorbance (2.30 at 562nm) in light interrupting mode, iii) high optical contrast (85.50 at 562 nm), iv) high optical stability for more than 25,000 cycle of driving, v) fast switching time of 1.9 sec, and vi) low driving voltage of 1.7 V. The experimental results of smart window display are also validated using optical simulation. The proposed smart window display technology allows us to adjust the intensity of daylight entering the system quickly and conveniently.

Size and structure controlled, non-agglomerated nanoparticles are essential for many applications, such as electronics and energy storage. In this study, inductively coupled and square wave modulated RF (13.56 MHz) plasma was used to control the nanoparticle size, and a heater was installed inside the substrate to change the structure of Si nanoparticles from amorphous to crystalline. We found that the size of Si nanoparticles can be controlled by the plasma on-time. The nanoparticles were not agglomerated and grown mainly by surface deposition. The Si nanoparticles generated can be used in energy devices, such as secondary batteries, supercapacitors and solar cells.

While the hole transport decreased in the mixed layer in the organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with an Al:lithium quinolate (Liq) mixed layers in the electron transport layer (ETL), the electron injection increased the Al:Liq mixed layer. The enhancement of luminance efficiency in the OLEDs with an Al:Liq mixed layer in the ETL originated from the more balance between the electrons and the holes in the emitting layer due to the decrease in the hole injection and the increase in the electron injection resulting from the existence of the Al:Liq mixed layer.

Many drugs and drug precursors found in natural organisms are rather difficult to synthesize chemically and to extract in large amounts. Metabolic engineering is playing an increasingly important role in the production of these drugs and drug precursors. This is typically achieved by establishing new metabolic pathways leading to the product formation, and enforcing or removing the existing metabolic pathways toward enhanced product formation. Recent advances in system biology and synthetic biology are allowing us to perform metabolic engineering at the whole cell level, thus enabling optimal design of a microorganism for the efficient production of drugs and drug precursors. In this review, we describe the general strategies for the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of drugs and drug precursors. As successful examples of metabolic engineering, the approaches taken toward strain development for the production of artemisinin, an antimalarial drug, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, a family of antibacterial and anticancer drugs, are described in detail. Also, systems metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of L-valine, an important drug precursor, is showcased as an important strategy of future metabolic engineering effort.

The p-version nonlinear finite element model has been developed to analyze the nonlinear behavior of simply supported RC slabs strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic sheets. The shape function is adopted with integral of Legendre polynomials. The compression model of concrete is based on the Kupfer`s yield criterion, hardening rule, and crushing condition. The cracking behavior is modeled by a smeared crack model. In this study, the fixed crack approach is adopted as being geometrically fixed in direction once generated. Each steel layer has a uniaxial behavior resisting only the axial force in the bar direction. Identical behavior is assumed fur tension and compression of steel according to the elastic modulus. The carbon fiber reinforced plastic sheets are considered as reinforced layers of equivalent thickness with uniaxial strength and rigidity properties in the present model. It is shown that the proposed model is able to adequately predicte the displacement and ultimate load of nonlinear simply supported RC slabs by a patch with respect to reinforcement ratio, thickness and angles of CFRP sheets.

This study is focused on modeling to predict the behavior of two-way RC slabs. A new finite element model will be presented to analyze the nonlinear behavior of RC slabs. The numerical approach is based on the p-version degenerate shell element including theory of anisotropic laminated composites, theory of materially and geometrically nonlinear plates. In the nonlinear formulation of this model, the total Lagrangian formulation is adopted with large deflections and moderate rotations being accounted for in the sense of von Karman hypothesis. The material model is based on the Kuper`s yield criterion, hardening rule, and crushing condition. The validity of the proposed p-version nonlinear RC finite element model is demonstrated through the load-deflection curves and the ultimate loads. It is shown that the proposed model is able to adequately predict the deflection and ultimate load of two-way slabs with respect to steel arrangements and steel ratios.

Way-prediction (WP) caches have advantages of reducing power consumption and latency for highly associative data caches and thus are favorable for embedded systems. In this paper, we propose an enhanced way-prediction cache, dual-access way-prediction (DAWP) cache, to cope with the weakness of the WP cache. The prediction logic designed for the DAWP cache contains a scaled index table, a global history register, and a fully associative cache to achieve higher prediction accuracy, which eventually yields less energy consumption and latency. In our practice, performance measurement is done with a simulation model, which is implemented with SimpleScalar and CACTI, and nine SPEC2000 benchmark programs. Our experimental results show that the proposed DAWP cache is highly efficient in power and latency for highly associative cache structures. The efficiency is increased with the increasing associativity, and the testing results with 64 KB cache show that the DAWP cache achieves 16.45% ~ 75.85% power gain and 4.91% ~ 26.96% latency gain for 2-way ~ 32-way structures, respectively. It is also observed that the random replacement policy yields better efficiency in power and latency than the LRU (least recently used) policy with the DAWP cache.

Microorganisms are small but efficient micro-factories for producing bulk and value-added products. Systems biology and synthetic biology advanced during the last decade are enabling us to unravel the underlying complicated intracellular and intercellular mechanisms, to comprehensively understand them as a whole, and to rationally reconstruct metabolic and gene regulatory networks for the optimized production of target materials including non-innate materials. Recent advances in these fields have opened a new way of metabolic engineering, termed systems metabolic engineering. In this article, we review the achievements in systems metabolic engineering for the production of chemical compounds and materials, biofuels, and pharmaceuticals in a widely used microbial platform factory, Escherichia coli.

Hang-back recession and botulinum toxin injection are performed as one treatment option for the correction of large angles of deviation. However, the effect of botulinum toxin on hang-back recession has not been thoroughly evaluated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of botulinum toxin on the hang-back recession of extraocular muscles.Under general anesthesia, 6-mm hang-back recession of the superior rectus muscle (SR) was performed in all eyes of 12 rabbits. Botulinum toxin (5 IU, 0.1 ml) was injected into the SR of one eye in each rabbit. The inferior rectus muscles (IR) of both eyes were excised to model severe paralysis. The distance between the superior limbus and the new insertion was measured immediately after the procedure and 3 months postoperatively. Changes in the location of the insertion were evaluated and compared between both eyes.After excision of the IR, upward deviation was observed in all eyes. The insertion site of the recessed SR immediately after the procedure and 3 months postoperatively were significantly different in all rabbit eyes with or without botulinum injection (P = 0.002, 0.002); SR advancement was observed in both cases. The amount of advancement was 1.38 ± 0.41 mm in the SR without botulinum toxin injection and 2.29 ± 0.45 mm in the SR with injection; this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.002).Botulinum toxin injection reduced the amount of hang-back recession in deviated rabbit eyes. Surgeons should be aware that botulinum toxin can diminish the effects of hang-back recession when used simultaneously.

Random mutagenesis or genetic modification of an organism without consideration of its consequences to the entire system might cause unwanted changes in cellular metabolism. Systems metabolic engineering thus aims to develop strains by performing metabolic engineering within a systems biology framework, in which entire cellular networks are optimized and fermentation and downstream processes are considered at early stages. Thus, regulatory, metabolic and other cellular networks are engineered in an integrated manner. Here, we review the applications of systems biology for the development of strains and bioprocesses by means of several successful examples and, furthermore, discuss future prospects.

Purpose: To report the therapeutic effect of squeezing the punctum and lacrimal canaliculus using Q-tips in canaliculitis patients. Methods: From March 2004 to February 2014, 42 eyes of 42 patients diagnosed with canaliculitis at our clinic were retrospectively analyzed. To remove the discharge and concretions, the punctum and lacrimal canaliculus were squeezed using Q-tips without invasive procedures. Results: The mean patient age was 56.39 years and mean follow-up period was 10.6 months. No statistical significance was observed in terms of rate of disease occurrence and mean age between males and females. Among the eyes analyzed, 30 (71.4%) were cured with only 1 squeezing procedure, 12 eyes (28.6%) required more than 2 procedures; 1 eye (2.3%) recurred and the period until recurrence was 3.8 months. Conclusions: Most studies support surgical management as the definitive therapy for canaliculitis to remove concretions that serve as a reservoir for bacteria. The gold standard treatments are curettage or canaliculotomy; however, these are not safe procedures and may result in epiphora in post-procedure patients due to the risk of lacrimal pump dysfunctioning or scarring of the canalicular system following invasive procedure. Squeezing punctum and lacrimal canaliculus only using Q-tips is effective in removing the canalicular concretions and without causing complications in the canalicular system. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(5):700-704

Being aware of growing needs for wireless communication led to the development of UWB systems, this study proposed an impulse for single band UWB systems which does not count a carrier; analyzed the characteristics and the problems of pulses suggested by the existing pulse of the UWB system; finally, proposed TDMG (time delay multiple Gaussian) pulse that generates signals of UWB without attenuation of pulse width. The hardware structure of the TDMG pulse for the single band UWB system was modeled after describing the pulse in a mathematical method in an attempt to compare with performances of the existing pulses through computer simulation. The outcome of the test unveiled the fact that each center frequency of the TDMG pulse rose approximately 1 GHz, and also each 10 dB fractional bandwidth of the TDMG pulse was widened over 1 GHz. In the case of derivative, center frequencies of the TDMG pulse rose over 1 GHz each. As a consequence, the TDMG pulse appeared to have better quality frequency, satisfying the characteristics of spectrum and the band of frequency recommended by the FCC and decreasing interference with other wireless communication systems.

IPv6 defines relation between surrounding node using Neighbor Discovery protocol. Used Neighbor Discovery messages, grasp surrounding node, included important information about network. These network Information outcrops can give rise in network attack and also service that use network will paralysis. Various kinds of security limitation were found in Present Neighbor Discovery protocol therefore security function to supplement this problem was required. In this thesis, Secure Neighbor Discovery protocol, add with security function, was designed and embodied by CGA module and SEND module.

Purpose: To report a patient with absence of the superior oblique (SO) muscle of the left eye, who showed improvement after anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique muscle for left hyperdeviation and right head tilt. Case summary: A two-year-old boy presented with hypertropia of the left eye and right head tilt. Alternate prism-cover test in the primary position demonstrated 18 prism diopters (PD) of left hypertropia, which increased to 35 PD in the left head tilt position. A version test demonstrated overaction of the left inferior oblique muscle and underaction of the left superior oblique muscle. As an orbit CT scan showed absence of the SO muscle, the patient was diagnosed with congenital absence of SO and left anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique muscle was performed. Three weeks after surgery, the patient presented with orthotropia at distant and near. The version test revealed normal oblique muscles. There was no vertical deviation shown on the Bielschowsky head tilt test. The abnormal head posturing was no longer observed. Conclusions: The authorsreport a patient manifesting abnormal head posture and hypertropia, diagnosed with absence of SO muscle, which was successfully corrected using anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique muscle.