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A practical hyperspectral target characterization task estimates a target signature from imprecisely labeled training data. The imprecisions arise from the characteristics of the real-world tasks. First, accurate pixel-level labels on training data are often unavailable. Second, the subpixel targets and occluded targets cause the training samples to contain mixed data and multiple target types. To address these imprecisions, this paper proposes a new hyperspectral target characterization method to produce diverse multiple hyperspectral target signatures under a multiple instance learning (MIL) framework. The proposed method uses only bag-level training samples and labels, which solves the problems arising from the mixed data and lack of pixel-level labels. Moreover, by formulating a multiple characterization MIL and including a diversity-promoting term, the proposed method can learn a set of diverse target signatures, which solves the problems arising from multiple target types in training samples. The experiments on hyperspectral target detections using the learned multiple target signatures over synthetic and real-world data show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Background. Increasing attention has been paid to electroacupuncture (EA) for promoting postoperative rehabilitation, but the effectiveness of EA for rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains obscure. Objective. To examine the effect of EA on rehabilitation after TKA. Methods. Database searches on PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were carried out to obtain articles, from inception to 15 October 2020. All identified articles were screened, and data from each included study were extracted independently by two investigators. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of acupuncture on pain, range of knee motion, and postoperative vomiting after TKA. Results. In the current study, a total of ten randomized clinical trials were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared to basic treatment, EA combined with basic treatment showed a significantly greater pain reduction on 3, 7, and 14 days postoperatively after TKA. However, we found that EA had no significant improvement in enhancing the range of knee motion and decreasing the percentage of vomiting. Subgroup analysis suggested that a combination of EA and rehabilitation training was superior to rehabilitation training in pain relief, while EA combined with celecoxib capsules showed no significant difference in improving pain compared to celecoxib capsules alone. Conclusions. In the postacute phase after TKA, EA, as a supplementary treatment, could reduce postoperative pain, but no evidence supported the benefits of EA for improving ROM of knee and decreasing the ratio of vomiting. Additional high-quality and large-scale RCTs are warranted.

Recently, multiple instance learning (MIL) tends to be a popular method for hyperspectral target representation since it does not require the detailed information about the target. However, the data imbalance problem occurred in MIL usually has negative effects on the representation of hyperspectral target. To solve the problem, this paper propose a bag-level data balance-inducing multiple instance learning method for hyperspectral target representation. The method aims to balance the positive and negative bags by synthesizing new positive bags since the number of positive bags in the training data set is much smaller than that of negative bags. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the target representation ability and enhance the target detection performance.

Recently, deep models have shown their superiority on the representation of the hyperspectral image. However, the limited number of training samples in hyperspectral image tasks makes it difficult to obtain well-trained deep model. Generally, deep belief network (DBN) which makes use of unsupervised learning can be introduced to partly solve the problem. To further improve the above-mentioned problem, this work feds DBN into deep ensemble. However, traditional deep ensemble usually produces models that tend to be very similar to the MAP solution and each other. To overcome this problem, this work introduces a novel strategy which divides the training samples into several subsets and thus the obtained multiple models would be diversified. Then a special information fusion method is proposed to obtain the final inference. Experiments are conducted over Pavia Unversity dataset to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Due to the high spectral resolution and the similarity of some spectrums between different classes, hyperspectral image classification turns out to be an important but challenging task. Researches show the powerful ability of deep learning for hyperspectral image classification. However, the lack of training samples makes it difficult to extract discriminative features and achieve performance as expected. To solve the problem, a multi-scale CNN which can extract multi-scale features is designed for hyperspectral image classification. Furthermore, D-DSML, a diversified metric, is proposed to further improve the representational ability of deep methods. In this paper, a D-DSML-MSCNN method, which jointly learns deep multi-scale features and diversified metrics for hyperspectral image classification, is proposed to take both advantages of D-DSML and MSCNN. Experiments are conducted on Pavia University data to show the effectiveness of our method for hyperspectral image classification. The results show the advantage of our method when compared with other recent results.