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An athlete’s decision to use technology depends on trust in the automation, and confidence in their abilities. Distance measuring devices (DMD) are used in golf to estimate yardage. The purpose of these studies was to examine how DMD usage affects trust in the DMD, confidence in determining yardage manually, and golf performance over time. In study 1, DMD non-users played four rounds of golf, two with the DMD and two without. In study 2, DMD users played five rounds, three with the device, and two without. Participants’ trust in automation, confidence, and performance were recorded by online survey at baseline and following each round. Giving a DMD to non-users influenced trust in automation and confidence. When DMD users relinquished the device, confidence decreased briefly but rebounded quickly, trust in automation was unaffected. Performance was unchanged in both groups. These studies provide information about how confidence in abilities and trust in automation interact.

Retrospective studies suggest that adolescents with craniopharyngioma and hypothalamic obesity have increased sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).The objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of SDB in adolescents with craniopharyngioma-related obesity compared with body mass index (BMI)-matched controls and to explore possible relationships between SDB, insulin resistance, and adipocytokines.This was a cross-sectional study of obese craniopharyngioma and obese control adolescents.Subjects were evaluated in the clinical investigation unit at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.Fifteen patients with craniopharyngioma-related obesity and 15 BMI-matched controls were recruited and tested.Each subject underwent fasting blood work, frequent sampled iv glucose tolerance test, polysomnography, and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging with calculation of visceral and sc adipose tissue.Main measures included insulin sensitivity, sleep efficiency, and fragmentation.Insulin sensitivity was lower in craniopharyngioma subjects compared with control subjects (0.96 +/- 0.34 vs. 1.67 +/- 0.7, P = 0.01). Sleep-onset latency (19.3 +/- 27.8 vs. 31.9 +/- 23.4, P = 0.03) and oxygen saturations (rapid eye movement sleep: 89.0 +/- 5.1 vs. 94.2 +/- 2.3, P0.001; non-rapid eye movement sleep: 88.4 +/- 5.6 vs. 94.3 +/- 1.5, P0.001) were lower in craniopharyngioma. Obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) (7.5 +/- 9.0 vs. 1.5 +/- 1.5, P = 0.03) was higher in craniopharyngioma. Respiratory distress index and OAHI correlated negatively with adiponectin concentrations (r = -0.61, P = 0.03, r = -0.71, P = 0.006, respectively) in craniopharyngioma. On multiple regression, TNF-alpha and craniopharyngioma were independent positive predictors of sleep-onset latency and adiponectin and craniopharyngioma were significant predictors (negative and positive, respectively) of OAHI.SDB is increased in adolescents with craniopharyngioma-related obesity compared with BMI-matched controls. Routine polysomnography should be considered in obese patients with craniopharyngioma and appropriate treatment initiated.