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The IT sector in India is at times having a lot of trouble in providing technical services to the organizations spread across the country. The task is more challenging due to the scarcity of competent engineers in comparison to the number of organizations. A lot of the professionals prefer to serve overseas instead of serving in India. There are a lot of factors that affect the employee retention in the IT sector. The objective of this paper is to study the factors such as Promotion, compensation, conditions of works of the employees, and the type of work that has an effect on the job satisfaction of the employees and that are the causes of reduced employee retention in the IT companies in India. The sample size consists of 200 IT professionals working in different IT companies in Delhi NCR. Out of total 240 Questionnaires distributed to the employees 200 questionnaires were received and were further they have been used for the purpose analysis. For doing the data analysis/results the SPSS 20.0 and SPSS AMOS 23 has been used.

Aim of the study: The current study was aimed to investigate the neuropathic pain attenuating mechanism of pregabalin using chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats.Material and Meth...

This paper describes the development and need of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in manufacturing companies and how it gradually is trending towards Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in leading Indian manufacturing companies. Through elaborate literature review, the various work in the area of sustainability and GSCM have been observed and reflections on the origin of GSCM at global level have been collated. India is seemingly catching up on this global trend and so the paper gives a look out on the Indian government policies and commitment towards sustainability. The paper then synthesises on sustainability reports (2018–19) of top 10 manufacturing companies in India to check on the seriousness and extent of work being carried out by these companies who are supposedly the flag bearers of manufacturing industry in India. Finally, a discussion elaborates on the benefits of sustainability and GSCM as well as the challenges in implementing them in manufacturing environment with reference to India. In the last a conclusion is derived along with a summary to share the related observations and suggestions.

This work presents a study on the surface morphology, structure and optical behavior of stable phase cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis has been employed to study a cluster formation in the aggregated nanoparticles. An image analysis approach using ImageJ has been used to measure the size of nanoparticles from the SEM micrographs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis identified absorption peaks of Cd–S stretching along with moisture content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that CdS nanoparticles crystallized in wurtzite structure with a preferential orientation along (0 0 2) plane. The particle size, microstrain and lattice constants have been evaluated using XRD data. The lattice parameters of these nanoparticles were found to be shorter than the bulk value which led to lattice contraction. The optical absorption study showed a blue shift in the fundamental absorption edge indicating a quantum size effect.

Medical tourism is growing and diversifying at a high rate. The medical tourism in India is poised to be next success story after software industry. This term is used to refer to travel activity that involves a medical procedure or activities that promote the wellbeing of the patient. The term medical tourism is the act of travelling to other countries to obtain medical, dental and surgical care. (Connell 2006) All the beneficiaries of this industry are putting their best foot forward by providing quality services at affordable cost in order to lure medical tourists. It goes without saying that only those health care organizations will survive and succeed in gaining competitive advantage over others that incorporates quality improvement process on a continuous basis. The results show that there is significant growth of medical tourism in India, which is growing at the rate 30% in 2015 (Saravana 2015) The standards of medical treatment and hospital facilities provided to patients have significantly improved in India with 21 hospitals in India already accredited by JCI. In this study hospital chosen for the present study is the hospital one amongst the list of JCI accredited hospitals in India. The objective of this study is to identify the medical tourist's satisfaction level & also to identify the grey areas for better services. The results show that they were quite satisfied with the services availed & are recommending it to others due to the significant treatment services.

Echinococcosis is a preventable but neglected zoonosis in India. Although the disease in domestic animals is usually asymptomatic, huge economic losses have been reported due to cystic echinococcosis in livestock in India. The molecular characterization of Echinococcus from dog populations has not been previously carried out in Punjab (India). A total of 237 pet and stray dog faecal samples were collected and examined for the presence of eggs of the Taeniidae family in Punjab (India). A 255 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was amplified and the presence of sheep strain (G1) of E. granulosus has been reported. We detected eggs of the Taeniidae family in 2.11 per cent of the faecal samples. High prevalence was recorded in stray dogs (9.52 %) living near slaughter shops/post mortem areas. The prevalence of E. granulosus sheep strain (G1) using PCR was found to be 0.84 per cent in naturally infected dogs. This is the first study confirming the presence of E. granulosus (G1) sheep strain in dogs in Punjab (India). The results reveal the presence of sheep strain of E. granulosus and demand implementation of Animal Birth Control programme so as to control the stray dog population of the country.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain state caused by injury of the nervous system, and there are various conditions associated with it such as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia, cervical radiculopathy, and anticancer and anti-HIV-induced neuropathic pain. The pathophysiological role of voltage-gated T-type calcium channels in neuropathic pain has been well documented. ABT-639 is a peripherally acting, selective T-type calcium channel blocker, and it is shown to efficiently reduce nociceptive and neuropathic pain in rats in multiple models. However, three clinical studies exploring the role of single dose or multiple doses of ABT-639 (100 mg) in diabetic neuropathy have not found significant pain-attenuating actions. The present review discusses the unsuccessful clinical trials of peripherally acting ABT-639 in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Neuropathic pain is a complex chronic pain state caused by the dysfunction of somatosensory nervous system, and it affects the millions of people worldwide. At present, there are very few medical treatments available for neuropathic pain management and the intolerable side effects of medications may further worsen the symptoms. Despite the presence of profound knowledge that delineates the pathophysiology and mechanisms leading to neuropathic pain, the unmet clinical needs demand more research in this field that would ultimately assist to ameliorate the pain conditions. Efforts are being made globally to explore and understand the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for somatosensory dysfunction in preclinical pain models. The present review highlights some of the novel molecular targets like D-amino acid oxidase, endoplasmic reticulum stress receptors, sigma receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels, histone deacetylase, Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ryk, ephrins and Eph receptor tyrosine kinase, Cdh-1 and mitochondrial ATPase that are implicated in the induction of neuropathic pain. Studies conducted on the different animal models and observed results have been summarized with an aim to facilitate the efforts made in the drug discovery. The diligent analysis and exploitation of these targets may help in the identification of some promising therapies that can better manage neuropathic pain and improve the health of patients.

Human hydatidosis is an important public health issue in India and many other developing countries. There is lack of data related to occurrence of this disease in certain risk groups. The present study was therefore designed to assess the seroprevalence of human hydatidosis among occupational risk groups in Punjab (India). One hundred and forty nine human serum samples from dog handlers, veterinarians/para veterinarians, dairy farmers, patients with liver disorders, HIV positives and control group (visiting hospital for other problems) were collected and analyzed using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results revealed that 23 (15.43 %) subjects were seropositive for human hydatidosis. High seropositivity were recorded in dog handlers (30 %), followed by the other risk group populations. Relative risk of being infected was found to be 4.80 times high in dog handlers when compared to control group population. Future studies must be planned to determine the significance of these findings and the status of human hydatidosis in India.

The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence and to analyze morphological characteristics from hydatid cysts to test their suitability for strain identification. In the present study, 4,130 animals, including 278 cattle, 298 buffaloes, 760 sheep, 2,439 goat and 355 pigs were examined for the presence of hydatid cysts on post-mortem inspection at different slaughter houses/shops in northern India. Morphological characteristics from hydatid cysts were analyzed to test their suitability for strain identification. For statistical analysis, five variables were considered: number of hooks per rostellum, blade length of large and small hooks, and total length of large and small hooks. Principal component analysis was applied for analysis of morphological parameters. Out of a total of 4,130 animals examined, 66 were positive for hydatid cysts (prevalence 1.598 %). The prevalence of hydatid cysts was highest in cattle (5.39 %) followed by buffaloes (4.36 %), pigs (3.09 %), sheep (2.23 %) and goat (.41 %). The results indicate significant prevalence of hydatidosis in all the food producing animals and further that morphological analysis can also be used as a valid criterion for differentiation of different strains of E. granulosus particularly in developing countries where molecular studies could not be performed due to lack of infrastructure or financial constraints.

The present study was conducted from January 2005 to December 2010 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajaura (Kullu, Himachal Pradesh) to assess the impact of beekeeping training programmes. Two hundred twenty- five trainees of different age groups having rural as well as urban background were selected from Kullu and Mandi districts. For the investigations of study, the interview schedule was developed to access the impact of training with respect to need base and theoretical as well as practical aspects. The results of study showed that majority of the trainees (94%) were satisfied with the training programmes as these were conducted according to their needs. More than eighty per cent participants rated the training as excellent whereas 10.8% rated it as very good and another 6.7% rated it good. The majority of the trainees (85.4%) were satisfied with practical part of training whereas 55.8% of the respondents showed their keenness for theoretical approach of trainings. It was also observed that most of the respondents (34.2%) benefitted in term of enhanced self-confidence, followed by more employment opportunities near the home (25.2%), increased income (21.8%) and acquiring new skills (10.2%). The number of beneficiaries at commercial level was very less (8.6 %). Twenty- eight per cent of the respondents showed their eagerness to go for beekeeping for pollination purpose, whereas only twenty per cent evinced their eagerness for honey production as the area was dominated by horticultural crops like apple. All of them strongly a greed that beekeeping had a significant role in increasing the economic and social status of rural communities.

Myiasis in ENT, once a deadly disease still presents as a significant outdoor problem, though advances in management including supportive therapy has led to early healing with significant reduction in bed occupancy rate. AIMS: To assess the clinico etiology, relationship of myiasis to habit and habitat of patients and to assess the changes in age, seasonal, socioeconomic incidence, nasal bacterial flora and usefulness of certain commonly done tests with reference to a gap of 25 years. MATERIALS & METHODS: The presenting study was conducted on 80 patients selected over a period of two time intervals ; first 40 cases were chosen from 1979 to 1980 and next 40 over 2003 to 2004. Cases were studied in a retrograde manner and data tabulated. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Atrophic turbinates was the commonest pathological finding in nose in 30% of cases . Significant change seen was in the age group 51 and above with a rise of 30%. Mode during 2003-04 was 60 years. Incidence of palatal perforation dropped from 17.88 to 2.5% . Klebsiella emerged as a significant contributor to the nasal microbial flora. VDRL and split skin smear showed poor etiological association for the diseases. Miíase em ORL não é mais uma doença fatal, mas ainda está presente como um significativo problema em ambientes externos. Entretanto, progressos alcançados no tratamento, incluindo terapêutica de suporte, têm levado à cura precoce com significativa redução na taxa de internação hospitalar por causa dessa enfermidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a etiologia clínica e as associações entre miíase e os hábitos e habitats dos pacientes; e avaliar diferenças no tocante à idade, estação do ano, incidência socioeconômica, flora bacteriana nasal e a utilidade de certos exames comumente feitos - um estudo retrospectivo de 25 anos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O presente estudo envolveu 80 pacientes selecionados em dois períodos; os primeiros 40 casos foram selecionados de 1979 a 1980, e os 40 seguintes foram coletados entre 2003 e 2004. Os casos foram estudados de forma retrospectiva e os dados foram analisados em tabelas. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Cornetos atróficos representaram o achado nasal patológico mais comum - em 30% dos casos. Alterações significativas foram encontradas na faixa etária dos 51 anos e acima, com um aumento de 30% nestes. A média etária entre 2003-04 foi de 60 anos. A incidência de perfuração palatina caiu de 17,88% para 2,5%. Klebsiella foi o germe mais significativamente presente na flora microbiana nasal. Os exames de VDRL e teste cutâneo mostraram pobre associação etiológica entre as doenças.

Environmental pollution is one of the greatest challenged for the world now days. The pollution load coming out from the number of sources like land, water and air pollution. By textile mill is mainly coming out the operation in wet processing. Present developments in Textile Wet Processing aim at over all clean environment. The Textile industry being highly water intensive is a major source of water pollution globally. Many dyes and chemicals used in textile processing remain unused after the absorption of dye in yarn or fabric. In this paper we discuss about the Disperse dyes, i.e. their absorption / exhaustion. Polyester dyeing with disperse dyes has been found to give much higher concentration of polluting substances resulting in greater harmful effects. All these chemicals are very hard to biodegrade and some are toxic too. We have studied other eco-friendly alternatives employing chemicals, which are less polluting and studied their effect on color strength (dye-absorption/exhaustion) and pollution load on different parameters in dye bath. Also discussed about dyeing the polyester dyeing with carrier method and their effect on color strength and comparison of pollution load on the different parameters in dye-bath.

Conventional control techniques are not able to accomplish the stable cooling in VCRS (vapour compression refrigeration system) of air conditioning system. This article describes the fuzzy modeling and simulation for intelligent control to regulate the opening area of expansion valve for better and stable refrigerant flow even in the presence of operating condition change. Fuzzy logic control of expansion valve can make a quick response to the abrupt changes of operating parameters in VCRS. The expansion valve opening trend depending upon differential pressure across it (delP) and refrigerant mass flow rate is analyzed with fuzzy modeling using ANFIS. Differential pressures in the range of 3-7 bar are sustained across the valve. Flow rates up to 0.15 kg/sec for the refrigerant R-134a have been demonstrated. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the predicted results with the standard mathematical model.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in detoxification of carcinogenic electrophiles. The null genotypes in GSTM1 and GSTT1 have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Present study was planned to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene loci in cervical carcinogenesis. The study was conducted in Lok Nayak hospital, New Delhi. DNA from clinical scrapes of 482 women with minor gynaecologic complaints attending Gynaecology OPD and tumor biopsies of 135 cervical cancer cases attending the cancer clinic was extracted. HPV DNA was detected by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using L1 consensus primer pair. Polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were analysed by multiplex PCR procedures. Differences in proportions were tested using Pearson's Chi-square test with Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk of cervical cancer was almost three times in women with GSTM1 homozygous null genotype (OR-2.62, 95%CI, 1.77-3.88; p0.0001). No association of GSTM1 or GSTT1 homozygous null genotypes was observed in women with normal, precancerous and cervical cancerous lesions among ≤35 or35 years of age groups. Smokers with null GSTT1 genotype had a higher risk of cervical cancer as compared to non-smokers (OR-3.01, 95% CI, 1.10-8.23; p=0.03). The results further showed that a significant increased risk of cervical cancer was observed in HPV positive smoker women with GSTT1 (OR-4.36, 95% CI, 1.27-15.03; p=0.02) and GSTM1T1 (OR-3.87, 95% CI, 1.05-14.23; p=0.04) homozygous null genotypes as compared to HPV positive non smokers. The results demonstrate that the GST null genotypes were alone not associated with the development of cervical cancer, but interacted with smoking and HPV to exert effects in our Delhi population.

Objective: To determine test characteristics – sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values – of different screening modalities to detect cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions in order to devise an effective alternative strategy for cervical cancer screening in resource-poor settings. Methods: A total of 472 women presenting with nonspecific gynecologic symptoms were screened by cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid application (VIA), VIA with magnification (VIAM) and human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing. Colposcopic examination was performed in all and on-site biopsy was taken if any grade I and above lesion was detected on colposcopy (230). On histopathological examination, 105 showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II and above lesions. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for each test were calculated taking colposcopy and or directed biopsy as the gold standard. Comparisons were made with cytology in order to assess the feasibility of alternative strategies in resource-poor settings. Results: VIA was less sensitive (86.7% versus 91.4%) but more specific (90.7% versus 86.6%) than cytology at low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) threshold but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.01). HPV testing improved the sensitivity over cytology (97.1% versus 91.4%) but there was a nonsignificant loss of specificity (84.2% versus 86.6%). Results of VIAM were more or less similar to VIA. Conclusion: VIA can be used as a mass screening tool for cervical cancer in resource-poor settings.

Animals intended for human food may absorb pesticides from residues in their feed, water or during direct/indirect exposure in the course of pest control. The objective of the present investigation was to monitor organochlorine pesticide residues in poultry feed, chicken muscle and eggs at a selected poultry farm. The samples were Soxhlet extracted for 8 h in 200 mL hexane–acetone (1:1, v/v) mixture. The clean-up of the samples was performed by silica gel column chromatography and analysis was done on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The mean total hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan sulfate and heptachlor epoxide residues were 0.65, 0.91, 0.42 and 0.02 mg kg−1, respectively, in feed while respective values for chicken muscle were 0.11, 0.24, 0.10 and 0.07 mg kg−1. Higher residues were encountered in eggs as compared to muscle. None of the muscle samples exceeded maximum residue limits (MRL) for organochlorine pesticides, while all egg samples had values above the MRL for HCH and heptachlor epoxide and seven egg samples exceeded MRL for DDT residues. The results indicated that poultry feed could be one of the major sources of contamination for chicken and eggs. These residues are present despite complete ban on the use of technical HCH and DDT for agricultural purposes in India. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Introduction The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in fulminant hepatitis (FH) is poorly understood and the available data are conflicting. We have examined the aetiological role of HCV in 50 consecutive patients with sporadic FH by employing serology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Materials and methods A total of 50 consecutive patients with sporadic FH were included. After an initial clinical and biochemical assessment, tests were performed for detection of HBsAg, IgM anti-HBc, IgM anti-HAV, IgM anti-HEV and anti-HCV. RT-PCR was carried out for detection of HCV RNA in sera of all the patients and in post mortem liver biopsy tissue of 20 subjects, using primers selected from the conserved 5' non-coding region of the HCV genome. Results Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was found to be the most common viral infection (21/50; 42%) followed by HBV (14/50; 28%), HCV (7/50; 14%) and HAV (2/50; 4%). No viral markers could be detected in nine patients (18%) and multiple infections were seen in seven (14%). Of the seven subjects who tested positive for HCV-related markers, two had both anti-HCV and HCV RNA, three had HCV RNA alone and the remaining two had anti-HCV alone. Interestingly, all the HCV-infected subjects were co-infected with other hepatotropic viruses and the most common co-infecting agent was found to be HBV (5/7). Liver tissue was available in 20 cases and HCV RNA was detected in three of them. All of these patients were also positive for the viral genome in their serum samples. Comparison of the biological attributes of HCV-positive and HCV-negative cases revealed that haemorrhagic symptomatology (haematemesis, melaena and purpurae) was significantly more common, prothrombin time more deranged and mortality was much higher in the former group. The overall mortality was 68% and the most common cause of death was cerebral oedema (70.6%). No significant correlation was observed between mortality and the duration of the icterus-encephalopathy interval. The study included a total of 21 pregnant females; HEV infection was found to be significantly greater in this group and was associated with a higher mortality rate. Conclusions The results clearly suggest that HCV is not an important aetiological factor for FH in North India. However, it may act as a co-factor in the development of FH leading to a higher mortality. HEV appears to contribute substantially to the causation of sporadic FH in India and advanced stage pregnancy is a potential risk factor for HEV-induced FH and high rate of mortality. Our study also suggests that the length of the icterus-encephalopathy period may not have significant prognostic implications in Indian patients with FH.

Nasal glioma, also known as glial heterptopia or the occurrence of isolated non - leratomatous glial tissue is a rare and benign congenital defect. This condition is diagnosed usually at birth time and requires early treatment to prevent facial deformations. We report here a case of extranasal glioma that was diagnosed and treated at the department of ENT, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. We emphasize on the developmental theory proposed as the etiology and discuss the clinical aspects, treatment and follow up.

In the present paper goal programming technique has been developed to test the empirical relationship between capital structure and cost of capital, financial leverage earning before income taxes (EBIT) and risk. The study was carried out by using balance sheet of the year 1989-90 of nine different companies in India.

In the last couple of decades constructed wetlands (CWs) have drawn considerable interest in Central India. CWs offer an effective means of integrating wastewater treatment and resource enhancement, often at competitive cost in comparison to conventional wastewater treatments, with additional benefits of Green Urban Landscaping and wildlife habitat. This paper describes treatment performances and the design of some Sub Surface Flow CWs (SSFCW) and Artificial Floating Islands (AFIs) in Central India. Central Indian CWs show significant pollution reduction load for total suspended solids (TSS) (62–82%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (40–75%), NH 4 -N (67–78%) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (59–78%). Field scale SSFCWs installed so far in Central India are rectangular, earthen, single/multiple celled having similar depths of 0.60–0.90 m, hydraulic retention capacity 18–221 m 3 with effective size 41.8–1,050 m 2 . The major components of CWs incorporate puddled bottom/side walls, sealed with impermeable low-density polyethylene, a bed of locally available river gravel planted with Phragmites karka , and an inlet distribution and outlet collection system. A new variant on CWs are AFIs working under hydroponics. The field scale experimental AFIs installed in-situ in a slowly flowing local river were composed of hollow bamboo, a bed of coconut coir, floating arrangements and Phragmites karka as nutrient stripping plant species . The AFIs polish the aquatic system by reducing 46.6% of TSS, 45–55% of NH 4 -N, 33–45% of NO 3 -N, 45–50% of TKN and 40–50% of BOD. The study established that there is a need for further research and sufficient data to assist the development of CWs by instilling confidence in policymakers, planners and in the public.

Echinococcosis is an important medical, veterinary and economic concern in India. Ten cysts were randomly selected from each intermediate host species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pigs). Either the germinal layer (sterile cysts) or protoscoleces (fertile cysts) were collected for molecular characterization. A 434 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene was amplified using PCR from each isolate. Ten representative samples (2 from each intermediate host species) were sequenced in both the directions from which readable sequences were obtained from nine for phylogenetic analysis (NCBI, Blast). Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome oxidase I gene revealed that seven (77.7%) isolates, from cattle (2), pigs (2), buffaloes (1) and goat (2) were clustered with the Indian Buffalo (G3) strain of Echinococcus granulosus, while two (22.2%) isolates from sheep were clustered with the sheep strain (G1) of E. granulosus. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome oxidase-1 gene revealed that the buffalo strain (G3) and common sheep strain (G1) are cycling among livestock in north India and that these strains are highly adapted to cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs.

In this paper, effect of visible region wavelengths on the optical parameters such as Oscillator Strength, Dipole moments, Einstein stimulated and Einstein spontaneous coefficients has been studied for pure ZnSe. The present study reflects the strong dependence of emission wavelengths on the optical parameters of ZnSe nanoparticles.

Background. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be the principal causal agent in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Although adenocarcinoma of the cervix originates adjacent to the squamous epithelial neoplastic lesions, the etiopathogenesis of adenocarcinoma is not yet clearly understood. Recent studies have raised more controversy, rather than answering the question of whether specific HPV infection also plays a role in the development of adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Molecular DNA hybridization techniques were used to detect HPV types prevalent in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, which is the most common cancer in Indian women. Methods. Histologically confirmed, formaldehydefixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 12 cases of adenocarcinoma and 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were analyzed retrospectively for the presence of HPV DNA types 6b, 11,16, and 18 by both Southern blot hybridization and in situ hybridization. Of 12 adenocarcinomas, 5 (41.67%) tumors were positive for HPV DNA. All five cases were positive for HPV 16, and two (16.6%) of these were hybridized again to the HPV 18-specific DNA probe. All tumors were negative for HPV 6b and 11. In addition, no biopsy specimens were positive after hybridization with a mixed probe of HPV 31, 33, 35, 39, and 45. These results were compared to those obtained for 30 squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix. Although 20 (66%) were exclusively positive for HPV 16 and 6 (20%), more tumors were of HPV 16 related types as detected under nonstringent conditions of hybridization, only one (3%) was positive for

There are very few reported cases of a foreign body in the tonsillar substan-ce. Pharyngeal foreign bodies get lodged in the mucosa and may not be visible on routine ENT examination. It is always mandatory to give due respect and care to the complaints of the patient and do a proper ear, nose and thro-at examination, get the investigations done as needed so as not to under diagnose the case or leave a foreign body and give cons-tant irritation and misery to the patient

A retropharyngeal abscess is an infection in one of the deep spaces of the neck. An abscess in this location is an immediate life-threatening emergency with potential for airway compromise and other catastrophic complications .In adults, retropharyngeal abscess can occur as a result of local trauma such as foreign body ingestion like fishbones

Objective: To determine the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) 16/18 infection of uterine cervix among women in the reproductive age group, with cytologically normal cervical (Pap) smears; to analyse the risk factors for HR-HPV acquisition and to address their implications for cervical cancer screening and prophylaxis in a low resource setting. Methods: Cervical samples from 769 cytologically negative women (age 18–45 years) attending a tertiary care centre in Delhi were subjected to HPV DNA testing and HR-HPV 16/18 and low-risk (LR)-HPV 6/11 sub-typing by polymerase chain reaction. Univariate risk factor analysis was carried out in HR-HPV positive (n = 86) versus HR-HPV negative women (n = 683) by chi-square test. Results: The overall HPV prevalence among cytologically normal women was 16.6%. HR-HPV16 was detected in 10.1%, whereas HPV18 was detected in 1% of women. HR-HPV 16/18 comprised 67% of the total HPV positives. There was no decline in HR-HPV positivity with age, and women aged 40–44 years were at significantly increased risk for HR-HPV prevalence (P = 0.03). Statistically significant associations of HR-HPV infection were found with risk factors such as high parity (P = 0.04), cervicitis/hypertrophic cervix (P = 0.01), unhealthy cervix (P = 0.04), rural residence (P = 0.03), low socioeconomic status (P = 0.01) and illiteracy (P = 0.07). Conclusions: Although the sample size was small, based on the observation that HR-HPV 16 and 18 contributed significantly to the overall HPV prevalence in our setting, we speculate that testing/prophylaxis for these prevalent high-risk types could perhaps make cervical cancer screening and preventive programmes cost-effective. Larger community-based studies on HPV prevalence and persistence are required to validate these findings before definitive recommendations can be made to the policy makers.

This study used the content analysis approach for analyzing the strategic orientation of companies in India. Recognizing that HRM is no longer an administrative function alone, but assumes strategic importance affecting direction and future potential of any organization, this paper attempted to examine the extent of attention and focus to management of human resources as reflected in the public disclosures by the companies. Using the Economic Times Intelligent Group (ETIG) database of top 500 companies in India, equal numbers of domestic as well as foreign companies identified on the basis of shareholding pattern were analyzed through content analysis of their annual reports. The indicators used to measure the importance included space and coverage to HR issues, future plans and investment related to HR, and communication of HR focus through key HR personnel. These indicators were then linked to dimensions such as administrative activity, employee advocacy and support, change management, competency, strategic development, and employee partnership. The findings highlighted that HR as a strategic asset does not significantly reflect in annual reports of Indian companies. Significant differences were observed in orientation towards HR between domestic and foreign companies operating in India. The results showed no direct linkage between HR orientation as reflected in annual reports with profit after tax, but found a significant relationship with an increase in market capitalization. The study has important implications for HR professionals and strategic leaders in their endeavors to create value.

Meningiomas of sinonasal tract is a rare entity especially in children. Primary sinonasal meningiomas often pose difficulty in diagnosis because of their infrequent occurrence and clinically they appear to be nasal polyp. The final diagnosis rests on the histological examination. Extra cranial meningiomas are rare in children and tend to be more aggressive. Here a case of primary ethmoid sinus meningoma with extension into the nasal cavity is presented and despite of its aggressive behavior it was benign. The importance of complete surgical extirpapion is undoubted and results in a good survival rate. Histological grading of the tumour is not crucial in predicting the rate of recurrence. The paucity of reported cases is the evidence for its rarity.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the prevalence of "high risk" human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS--The study included 10 biopsy specimens from male patients of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder for the detection of HPV DNA sequences. Specimens were collected from the Urology Clinic of the K.G. Medical College Hospital, Lucknow, India. Detection of HPV DNA was carried out by tissue in situ hybridisation (a single copy gene localisation method) using 3H-labelled HPV DNA probe and also by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques using primers to HPV 16 upstream regulatory region (URR). RESULTS--Out of 10 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, "high risk" HPV 16 DNA was detected only in one (10%) by using in situ hybridisation whereas two cases (20%) were found to be positive by polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION--Our results suggest that the rare occurrence of HPV in bladder carcinoma may not have a causal relation with the viral infection.

The extraction of fuzzy information out of raw data is very important and contains saving potential for science and engineering applications. The fuzzy models from this information can be used for different purposes in various applications because of their transparecy. A number of techniques have been introduced to construct fuzzy models from measured data. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the identification of Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) fuzzy models from input-output data. This paper concentrates on the fuzzy modeling and identification of MIMO systems by TS (Takagi-Sugeno) fuzzy models. In this paper product-space fuzzy clustering with adaptive distance measure named as Gustafson-Kessel (GK) algorithm is used. With this approach, the knowledge of the physical structure can be easily incorporated in the structure of the model. Implementation in the MATALAB is briefly described with simulation examples.

Exogenous foreign bodies in the tracheo bronchial tree, are not uncommon particularly in children. Children who are not given proper individual attention at an early age are more liable to ingest or inhale foreign body. Complications are related to site, size, shape, nature and duration of foreign body. Foreign body aspiration is associated with significant morbidity. Awareness of these possible complications and a high index of suspicion is the key to successful management. We report a case of bronchial foreign body in a 12 year old boy who had accidentally aspirated a metallic whistle. The foreign body was removed successfullv without any complications.

In this article, fuzzy model has been identified to study the effect of refrigerant flow and condenser temperature on condenser superheat. Fuzzy model of two input variables, mass flow rate and condenser temperature, one output variable condenser superheat was developed to describe its significance in vapour compression air conditioning system. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used to study the trend of condenser superheat depending upon condensing temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate. To develop an effective Multi Input Single Output (MISO) model, fuzzy rule base was designed for vapour compression air conditioning system. The effect of input parameters on condenser superheat through the developed fuzzy model was studied. Simulation of fuzzy and mathematical model was carried which showed that the MISO control can significantly improve the superheat behaviour at the condenser pressure and hence energy efficiency of vapour compression refrigeration cycle.

A rare case of chronic non specific granulomatous lesion of temporal region is being reported which was treated with antibiotics and Surgery. Histopathological picture showed non specific changes.

Presents an investigation of the filamentation instability of an upper hybrid laser radiation propagating in a magnetoplasma. The non-uniformity of the pump wave causes the redistribution of the electrons in the plasma. This modified density distribution is responsible for the self-focusing of the main beam. The spatial and temporal growth rates of filamentation instability increase with an increase in the magnetic field. For uniform plane waves, the spatial and temporal growth rates increase with an increase in beam power, but for gaussian beams, the growth rates are an oscillatory/decreasing/increasing function of the distance of propagation inside the plasma.

North Maidan consist of seven districts of North Karnataka. It is named after its relatively low and subdued relief or landscape of monoto-nous plateau. Most of the area lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats. The land utilization map shows majority of the area during December and January months is under agriculture with fallow land as the second largest category Large areas of North Maidan are under grassland which look barren by the beginning of summer. A total of nine landuse categories were delineated wifh the help of Landsat data.

Presents an investigation of the generation of a plasma wave at pump wave frequency and second harmonic generation caused by a self induced transverse inhomogeneity introduced by a Gaussian electromagnetic beam in a hot collisionless plasma. In the presence of a Gaussian beam the carriers get redistributed from the high field region to the low field region by ponderomotive force and a transverse density gradient is established in the plasma. When the electric vector of the main beam is parallel to this density gradient, a plasma wave at the pump wave frequency is generated. In addition to this the transverse intensity gradient of the electromagnetic wave also contributes significantly to the plasma wave generation. The power of the plasma wave exhibits a maximum and minimum with the power of the pump wave (at z=0). The generated plasma wave interacts with the electromagnetic wave and leads to the generation of a second harmonic.

Presents an investigation of the effect of the saturating nonlinearity of the pump wave on the spatial growth of the filamentation instability of a Gaussian plane electromagnetic beam in a collisionless magnetoplasma. The nonlinearity is caused by the redistribution of carriers by the ponderomotive force. The growth rate is not a monotonically increasing function of the beam intensity and the optimum size of perturbation increases with the beam intensity beyond a certain value of the beam intensity which is in contrast to the uniform plane beam case. The growth rate decreases with the distance of propagation due to the self-focusing effects and is enhanced with the increase of static magnetic field for extraordinary waves, but the reverse is true for ordinary waves.

A second-order system has been taken for the synthesis of time-optimal control. Important elements in the closed-loop system are the relay element, the controlled element and the controlling device performing time-optimal control. An equation for the switching boundary has been obtained by the phase-space technique and verified by a state-variable approach. The realized time-optimal system is found to give better response than any other non-optimal system.