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The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has emphasized more than ever the relevance of wildlife as a potential source of pathogens for other species, including humans, and the potential importance that interactions with wildlife can have on global health. Nevertheless, in the veterinary world, the concept of wildlife as a potential reservoir and source of pathogens detrimental to livestock production and health has been known for centuries. Well-known examples of livestock diseases in which the interface with wildlife plays, or has played, an important role include rinderpest, avian influenza, foot and mouth disease (FMD), and African swine fever (ASF). Rinderpest, caused by a morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of only two diseases that have been globally eradicated (the other being smallpox in humans), after having caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and wild artiodactyl species for centuries. After a globally coordinated eradication campaign, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations announced in 2011 that rinderpest virus had been eliminated from livestock, thus declaring global freedom from this disease (Hamilton et al., 2017). Circulation of rinderpest virus in endemic regions in wild susceptible species was an important consideration in the eradication campaign, and lack of recognition of wildlife reservoirs was one of the factors to which failure of initial campaigns in the 1960s and 70s was attributed (Morens et al., 2011). Other diseases, such as ASF and FMD, are still endemic and expanding across different regions of the world. FMD is estimated to be endemic in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, Asia, and some parts of South America (OIE, 2021a) and ASF is becoming endemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and some parts of Oceania (OIE, 2021b). Efforts to control or eradicate these diseases are challenging, particularly in those areas where wild reservoir hosts contribute to their maintenance and spread. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been known for more than a century to be maintained in the soft tick-warthog sylvatic cycle in natural savannah environments in East and Southern Africa. Occasional interactions between ASFV-infected ticks and domestic pigs have facilitated the dissemination of several ASFV genotypes into the domestic pig value-chain in Africa and subsequently into other parts of the world (Dixon et al., 2020). During the currently ongoing pandemic of ASF, the wild boar population in Europe has played a central role in the propagation of the virus into new areas. While most ASF spread appears to occur within domestic pig populations due to anthropogenic factors, incursions of ASFV into low biosecurity domestic pig farming systems from wild boar are also important (Brookes et al., 2021). Likewise, transboundary spread of FMD in susceptible domestic livestock such as cattle and pigs is commonly mediated by anthropogenic factors, such as movement of infected livestock, or the feeding of infected products to susceptible species (Di Nardo et al., 2011). However, in East and Southern Africa, the African buffalo interface plays an important role in maintaining FMD virus (FMDV) strains and disseminating them to adjacent susceptible livestock populations (Jori and Etter, 2016). These examples provide only a snapshot illustration of the potential role of wildlife on livestock disease and demonstrate the importance of the wildlife–livestock interface. At a planetary scale, several factors act as major drivers of increased wildlife–livestock interactions at these interfaces (Magouras et al., 2020). Critical drivers include the need to feed an ever-increasing world human population, which has altered the way in which livestock are farmed, the way in which we interact with the ecosystem, and climate change. These drivers not only increase the intensity and frequency of interactions between wildlife and potential spillover populations (e.g., humans and domesticated animals such as livestock) but also facilitate new transmission pathways for potential emerging pathogens. Some of the impacts of these interactions have been well-described in the literature, particularly those affecting livestock production and health. However, these interactions can also have very significant and devastating effects on wildlife populations and the environment. Importantly, circulation of undetected pathogens in the domestic and wild animal compartments also provides opportunity for the development of potentially dangerous emerging infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the drivers of wildlife–livestock interactions and their potential impacts on terrestrial livestock production. We define wildlife as any domesticated or non-domesticated species that is free-ranging and does not depend on mankind for food or reproduction. In addition, we present and discuss the major tools and methods to reduce wildlife–livestock contact and to mitigate its health implications, including biosecurity measures and the approaches and potential solutions for improved cohabitation between livestock and wildlife to encourage biodiversity and reduce negative impacts such as disease spillover.

This work reports strategies for improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by capitalizing on temporal changes through the storage effect and immediate improvements by interface passivation. It is demonstrated that both strategies can be combined as shown by PCE improvement in passivated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) upon ambient storage because of trap density reduction. By analyzing the dominant charge recombination process, we find that lead-related traps in perovskite bulk, rather than at the surface, are the recombination centers in both as-fabricated and ambient-stored passivated PSCs. This emphasizes the necessity to reduce intrinsic defects in the perovskite bulk. Furthermore, storage causes temporal changes in band alignment even in passivated PSCs, contributing to PCE improvement. Building on these findings, composition engineering was employed to produce further immediate PCE improvements because of defect reduction in the bulk, achieving a PCE of 22.2%. These results show that understanding the dominant recombination mechanisms within a PSC is important to inform strategies for producing immediate and temporal PCE enhancements either by interface passivation, storage, composition engineering, or a combination of them all to fabricate highly efficient PSCs.

This paper set out to advance our understanding of how to improve service design and service provider-customer relationships in business-to-business (B2B) environments. Drawing on the theoretical lenses of service design and institutional theory, we investigate how and why problems occur in B2B relationships between service co-creating actors in the professional service sector and propose how these problems can be avoided. The study takes place in an international setting and employs an in-depth single embedded case study of a relationship between a German creative agency and a German industrial client operating in China. Our work chronicles how the relationship between the agency and the client developed overtime eventually resulting in a breakdown. The findings captured in a framework highlight an array of contributing factors beyond the differences in adherence to Service-Dominant logic (S-D logic). Propositions are made on how a more stable and robust agency-client relationship can be built and the dark side of B2B relationships defeated.

Antimony chalcogenides, including Sb2S3, Sb2Se3, and Sb2(S,Se)3, have been developed as attractive non‐toxic and earth‐abundant solar absorber candidates among the thin‐film photovoltaic devices. Presently, a record certified power conversion efficiency of 10.5% has been demonstrated for antimony chalcogenide solar cells, which is significantly lower than that of Cu2(In,Ga)Se2 (23.35%) and CdTe (22.1%) thin‐film solar cells. The inferior performance in antimony chalcogenide solar cells is mainly owing to a large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit resulted from the defect and interface‐assisted recombination. Herein, a comprehensive review on the recent advancements interface band alignment and defect passivation are carried out. This review will provide a solid understanding on the interfaces and defects of antimony chalcogenide solar cells, which is beneficial to the research and development of such kind of solar cells.

This article describes two research methods that are currently used in the study of graphical interfaces. The examined aspect is human-computer interaction (HCI), which is carried out by means of manipulators, which are input devices, and by means of which the tester performs the tasks set in the research scenario, which are presented using a graphical interface (GUI). The analysis covers the path the cursor follows, its speed and time. The path that the cursor takes is also drawn, and it is divided into stages because there are intermediate elements between the start and end elements. Due to the fact that it is impossible to describe numerically the feelings of the examined person, and these feelings are important for the study, the so-called usability tests, in which, among others, the ergonomics of controllers and the graphic interface itself was examined.

Vector II slab was tested on a natural scale (a slab with a dimension of 6.30 × 6.30 m) and a strip 6.30 m long and 1.20 m wide. The Vector II slab is built by precast panel 60 cm wide, 4 cm thick and 14-20 cm thick concrete overtopping on the construction site. The main purpose of the slab tests on a natural scale was to observe the “faulting” effect and temporary deflections. During the tests, the displacements in the area of the panel joints in the middle of the slab span were recorded. The maximum difference in displacement between adjacent panels of the slab model was 0.16 mm, and the vertical displacement was 1.9 mm. The strip model had no cracks that could indicate a interface cracks between the precast element and the concrete overlay. After completion of the field tests, the load was left on the slab model to verify long-term effects.

Metallic nano multilayers were usually prepared by dual targets alternating deposition method. In this paper, a series of self-assembled Cu–W nano multilayers with different modulation periods were deposited on single crystal silicon substrate by dual targets confocal magnetron sputtering technique. The self-assembled film presented an alternation of W-rich layer and Cu-rich layer. The degree of coherence of the layered interface can be adjusted by controlling both the solid solubility of W-rich and Cu-rich layers. The film resistance increment of the self-assembled Cu–W multilayers is only 14% when the modulation period decreases from 68.2 nm to 5.3 nm, having less size effect compared to the film prepared by alternating deposition method. It noticed that the film resistance even decreased slightly when the modulation period decreased to below 5.3 nm. These results suggested that the coherence could weak the interface scattering ability to electrons, so the self-assembled Cu–W multilayers have lower resistance than the multilayer prepared by alternating deposition technique. This study presented a new pathway to enhance the conductivity of the multilayers.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of three different non-invasive ventilation (NIV) interfaces on the subjective discomfort of healthy individuals, and on a set of physiological parameters hypothesized to change in correspondence to discomfort. Methods Continuous pressure NIV was applied to 20 subjects using Total Face, Nasal, and Face masks for 10 min each. Tidal volume (VT) and respiratory period (RP) were estimated from respiratory inductance plethysmography. Electrodermal activity was estimated from conductance signals. Heart rate variability was measured using the time-domain indices SDNN and RMSSD, and the respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitude (RSAp). Parameters were referenced to 5-min rest periods at beginning and end of protocol. A Likert-like scale of subjective discomfort with the masks and the ventilation was applied after 1, 5, and 9 min using each mask. Results RP and VT increased with the three mask models. Whereas the mean heart rate and RSAp did not change, both SDNN and RMSSD increased during NIV with Nasal and Face masks. Spontaneous electrodermal activity fluctuations were less frequent during NIV than at rest, with significant differences for Total Face and Nasal masks. Discomfort with all masks increased from minutes 1 to 9, markedly in the Total Face mask, considered most uncomfortable by 11 subjects. Conclusion In healthy subjects, the three masks resulted in similar respiratory responses to NIV. Correspondence between changes in physiological parameters and discomfort with NIV interface could not be detected, whereas self-report with the Likert-like scale identified progressive discomfort and the Total Face mask as the most uncomfortable interface. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42600-020-00114-3.

Al/n-Si/Ti1-xO2CdxO/Al photodiodes were produced using sol-gel and spin coating methods where CdO dopant was applied on different concentrations (x = 0.0; x = 0.01; x = 0.05; x = 0.10). Cd dopant effect upon structural, optical, photodiode and electrical properties was assessed. Scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectra were used in the structural investigation. Optic properties were assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and bandgap energies of the photodiodes were calculated which were found to be between 3.25 and 3.36 eV. Increased bandgap energy was observed with increased CdO doping rate. Photodiode properties were assessed under varying daylight illuminations. Barrier height, ideality factor, dark current, linear dynamic rate, photosensitivity, photoresponsivity of the photodiodes were calculated. Electrical properties of the Al/n-Si/Ti1-xO2CdxO/Al photodiodes were calculated where conductance-voltage and capacitance-voltage plots were obtained. Corrective conductance-voltage and corrective capacitance-voltage graphs confirm that the electrical properties of the photodiodes depend on AC signal frequency. Frequency-dependent electrical characteristics were attributed to the density of interface states which were found to be between 10(11) and 10(12). Decreased density of interface state was found for increased AC signal frequency.

The discovery of ferroelectricity in hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) thin films has attracted wide attention from academia to industry due to the application in ferroelectric non-volatile random access memories (FeRAM) with prominent performance in scalability and CMOS process compatibility. Dielectric behavior of ferroelectric HZO thin films is a key factor affecting the dynamic effect, piezoelectric and electrostrictive effect. Interface between HZO and capping electrodes plays an important role in regulating the dielectric properties. In this paper, the impedance frequency response and dielectric spectrum of ferroelectric HZO thin films were analyzed. Parameters of the interface were extracted to analyze the regulating effect on the dielectric properties based on an impedance model with constant phase element (CPE). Besides, dielectric spectrums at elevated temperatures were identified to verify this analysis.

The interface mechanism in a tsunami early warning system (TEWS) occurs between receiving tsunami information at the country level and disseminating warning and evacuation orders to the public. Three crucial actions take place during the interface: issuing the warning, disseminating it, and ordering an evacuation. Using two case studies in Indonesia and Sri Lanka, a study was undertaken to understand the nature of the interface mechanism and the social, cultural and political dynamics of its operationalisation. In this article, a comparative analysis of the two case studies is presented, focusing on the role of governance, institutions and people in this interface. The nature of governance, hierarchies and structures influence the interface mechanism and the associated decision-making mechanisms. The institutions who act as key stakeholders are also shaped by the governance structures and hierarchies within it. The efficiency of the institutions is determined by the nature of their human resources and are affected by political factors. The communities are also affected by the overall governance structure, the political dynamics and the institutional factors. The complex relationships between governance, institutions and officers that exist in the two countries affect the communities in different ways. Yet, the overall governance and institutional dynamics of TEWSs lead to a common thread of decisions and actions when operationalising the interface. The results are presented in a framework that illustrates the complex relationships between governance, institutions, officers and communities. The framework provides a basis for future research on how the interface of TEWS can be operationalised to effectively protect communities at risk from tsunami.

BackgroundLivestock have been implicated as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that can spread to humans. Close proximity and ecological interfaces involving livestock have been posited as risk factors for transmission of AMR. In spite of this, there are sparse data and limited agreement on the transmission dynamics that occur.ObjectivesTo identify how genome sequencing approaches can be used to quantify the dynamics of AMR transmission at the human-livestock interface, and where current knowledge can be improved to better understand the impact of transmission on the spread of AMR.SourcesKey articles investigating various aspects of AMR transmission at the human-livestock interface are discussed, with a focus on Escherichia coli.ContentWe recapitulate the current understanding of the transmission of AMR between humans and livestock based on current genomic and epidemiological approaches. We discuss how the use of well-designed, high-resolution genome sequencing studies can improve our understanding of the human-livestock interface.ImplicationsA better understanding of the human-livestock interface will aid in the development of evidence-based and effective One Health interventions that can ultimately reduce the burden of AMR in humans.

Introduction: Sensor-feedback systems can be used to support people after stroke during independent practice of gait. The main aim of the study was to describe the user-centred approach to (re)design the user interface of the sensor feedback system "Stappy" for people after stroke, and share the deliverables and key observations from this process.Methods: The user-centred approach was structured around four phases (the discovery, definition, development and delivery phase) which were fundamental to the design process. Fifteen participants with cognitive and/or physical limitations participated (10 women, 2/3 older than 65). Prototypes were evaluated in multiple test rounds, consisting of 2-7 individual test sessions.Results: Seven deliverables were created: a list of design requirements, a personae, a user flow, a low-, medium- and high-fidelity prototype and the character "Stappy". The first six deliverables were necessary tools to design the user interface, whereas the character was a solution resulting from this design process. Key observations related to "readability and contrast of visual information", "understanding and remembering information", "physical limitations" were confirmed by and "empathy" was additionally derived from the design process.Conclusions: The study offers a structured methodology resulting in deliverables and key observations, which can be used to (re)design meaningful user interfaces for people after stroke. Additionally, the study provides a technique that may promote "empathy" through the creation of the character Stappy. The description may provide guidance for health care professionals, researchers or designers in future user interface design projects in which existing products are redesigned for people after stroke.Implications for rehabilitationThe case study provides a structured methodology and seven deliverables that may contribute to the (re)design of interfaces of existing supportive technologies for stroke rehabilitation.For supportive technologies in stroke rehabilitation important aspects to consider are the provision or presence of "feedback" (sensor-feedback system), "readability and contrast of visual information", "understanding and remembering information", "physical limitations" and "empathy".Apart from functional requirements and an understandable user interface, i.e., good usability, our case study demonstrates that the inclusion of a (fictional) character like "Stappy" may lead to a more meaningful and enjoyable user experience.

To monitoring and optimization the operation of merchant vessels, remote access to the ship's systems, the so-called "ship-shore" networks, is being established. This requires the use of new complex digital electrical metering devices. Choosing the right and optimal device from the available on the current market is not an easy task. This article provides an overview of the typical electrical value analyzers used to create online data collection and transmission systems. A comparative review of the three devices currently widely used by different manufacturers (Phoenix Contact, Germany; ABB, Switzerland; DEIF, Denmark). The data reviewed is compiled into a table. Examples of the usage of these devices on specific vessels are given.

Incidence and clinical results of intraoperative flap and interface-related complications were investigated after Femtosecond-LASIK surgery, where flap creation was performed with VisuMax® femtosecond laser. A retrospective 10-year cohort study was conducted including all eyes treated for all refractive errors by Femtosecond-LASIK technique. All the flaps were made by the same refractive surgeon with the VisuMax® (Carl Zeiss Meditec) femtosecond laser. We report the intraoperative flap and interface-related complications in these eyes, also describing their management. The study included 4,032 eyes. Flap and interface-related complications were: opaque bubble layer (OBL) 21.18%, suction loss 1.29%, difficult docking 0.69%, difficult dissection of the flap 0.59%, bleeding from limbal blood vessels 0.35%, de-epithelialization of the flap 0.12%, and interface debris 0.025%. These situations were appropriately addressed, with favorable outcomes. Flap creation is an important step in LASIK surgery. The predictability and safety have improved since the flap incision is assisted by a femtosecond laser, but complications of the flap and interface can still occur during the flap creation. Refractive surgeons should be aware and properly manage any unusual situation.

Background The substitution of healthcare is a way to control rising healthcare costs. The Primary Care Plus (PC+) intervention of the Dutch ‘Blue Care’ pioneer site aims to achieve this feat by facilitating consultations with medical specialists in the primary care setting. One of the specialties involved is dermatology. This study explores referral decisions following dermatology care in PC+ and the influence of predictive patient and consultation characteristics on this decision. Methods This retrospective study used clinical data of patients who received dermatology care in PC+ between January 2015 and March 2017. The referral decision following PC+, (i.e., referral back to the general practitioner (GP) or referral to outpatient hospital care) was the primary outcome. Stepwise logistic regression modelling was used to describe variations in the referral decisions following PC+, with patient age and gender, number of PC+ consultations, patient diagnosis and treatment specialist as the predicting factors. Results A total of 2952 patients visited PC+ for dermatology care. Of those patients with a registered referral, 80.2% (N = 2254) were referred back to the GP, and 19.8% (N = 558) were referred to outpatient hospital care. In the multivariable model, only the treating specialist and patient’s diagnosis independently influenced the referral decisions following PC+. Conclusion The aim of PC+ is to reduce the number of referrals to outpatient hospital care. According to the results, the treating specialist and patient diagnosis influence referral decisions. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to discuss and improve specialist and patient profiles for PC+ to further optimise the effectiveness of the initiative.

The paper deals with ensuring the accuracy of integrity of spacecraft components reference surfaces at various stages of design. It is shown that the main problem consists in the fact that the accuracy of integrity of the reference surfaces of the components making up the complex is maintained in the framework of the internal structure of a part. We propose a method of control over ensuring the accuracy of integrity of spacecraft components reference surfaces at various stages of design in the framework of their external structures. The method is implemented by introducing the coordinate system of the complex into the scheme of the complex of components that perform interrelated service functions. Concepts and definitions are introduced in the framework of the method that make possible formal representation of accuracy of integrity of the components reference surfaces in the form of a set of pairs of points the appropriate annotated dimensions are fixed on. Graphical interpretation of the method at the stages of development of technical requirements for the components is presented. An example of potential implementation of the method at the stage of design documentation development is given.

The metal–organic interface between polycrystalline gold and hexafluorotetracyanonaphthoquinodimethane (F6TCNNQ) was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy with the focus on the charge transfer characteristics from the metal to the molecule. The valence levels, as well as the core levels of the heterojunction, indicate a full electron transfer and a change in the chemical environment. The changes are observed in the first F6TCNNQ layers, whereas for further film growth, only neutral F6TCNNQ molecules could be detected. New occupied states below the Fermi level were observed in the valence levels, indicating a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) occupation due to the charge transfer. A fitting of the spectra reveals the presence of a neutral and a charged F6TCNNQ molecules, but no further species were present.

У статті проводиться аналіз сучасних умов праці працівників сфери інформаційних технологій, а саме – визначено недоліки роботи в розгалужених (віртуальних) командах. Подається варіант програмного продукту, який має на меті поліпшити співпрацю фахівців. Це програмне забезпечення завоювало безліч нагород і продовжує свій розвиток. Воно пропонує широкий набір інструментів для управління проектами, а також створює і призначає завдання співробітникам, групує завдання за проектами, контролює їх виконання і здійснює логування витраченого часу. The article proposes to consider the problems of interaction of the members of virtual teams. Virtual team is a team whose members can be located in different offices, cities, countries. In modern business conditions, IT companies often choose such type of organization. The authors have analyzed the researches and articles and made the following conclusions. There are several problems in such a team: psychological, communication and control problems. Each issue is the topic of a separate article. Moreover, the authors have chosen to consider the issues of communication of team members. Authors have analyzed and tested various software products carried out to assist the manager in organizing the work. As a result, the Wrike online software, which solves a whole range of tasks for project management and teamwork, namely: work planning, appointment of the person responsible for the task, file storage, accounting of work resources, fast communication within the team, has been chosen. Wrike allows to organize a multi-level hierarchy of projects and a hierarchy within projects in the form of folders and tasks, providing tools for creating folders, projects, and tasks. In addition, each component listed above may have several important attributes, namely, the contractor, status (new, in progress, completed, pending, rejected) The issue of access to project components is solved by providing a security tool. Either an individual person, a group, or public can access each part of the project. The availability of tools that visually depict the execution of tasks in time, namely, the classic Gantt chart and the usual table rendering, is an important moment of using the product. When working with a temporary stream, you can use various filters. The authors have tested and analyzed the software product and revealed its strengths and weaknesses, as well as the ability to be used in business processes

Nanoparticle self-assembly and epitaxy are utilized extensively to make 1D and 2D structures with complex shapes. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has shown that single-crystalline interfaces can form, but little is known about the strain and dislocations at these interfaces. Such information is critically important for applications: drastically reducing dislocation density was the key breakthrough enabling widespread implementation of light-emitting diodes, while strain engineering has been fundamental to modern high-performance transistors, solar cells, and thermoelectrics. In this work, the interfacial defect and strain formation after self-assembly and room temperature epitaxy of 7 nm Pd nanocubes capped with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is examined. It is observed that, during ligand removal, the cubes move over large distances on the substrate, leading to both spontaneous self-assembly and epitaxy to form single crystals. Subsequently, atomically resolved images are used to quantify the strain and dislocation density at the epitaxial interfaces between cubes with different lateral and angular misorientations. It is shown that dislocation- and strain-free interfaces form when the nanocubes align parallel to each other. Angular misalignment between adjacent cubes does not necessarily lead to grain boundaries but does cause dislocations, with higher densities associated with larger rotations.

The prehospital use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) by emergency medical services is increasing. Applying NIV in the prehospital setting began to gain more attention in the late 1990s when the primary form of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation emerged as a substitute to endotracheal intubation. For the last several years, NIV has become the standard of care for acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in the prehospital setting. A remarkable number of studies demonstrate a reduction in mortality and intubation rates in comparison to standard care when NIV is initiated in the prehospital setting, though there is a lack of evidence to strongly recommend the use of prehospital NIV as a first choice. An in-depth understanding of the science and technological background of NIV machines and interfaces can help attending clinicians in the prehospital setting and thus enhance therapeutic effectiveness by maximizing patient comfort, safety, and stability. Selections of the patients, devices, and interfaces, as well as achieving good patient-ventilator synchrony, are the key aspects of a successful outcome.

Vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky barrier diodes based on as-grown and regrown samples were fabricated to investigate the effects of the etch-then-regrow process on device performance. The surface roughness increased slightly after dry etching and decreased after regrowth. According to X-ray diffraction results, the etch-then-regrow process caused a slight increase of defect density due to increased edge dislocations. Schottky parameters extracted from forward current-voltage curves, such as turn-on voltages of 0.74 V and 0.72 V, ideality factors of 1.07 and 1.10, and barrier heights of 1.07 eV and 1.05 eV, were obtained for diodes based on the regrown and as-grown samples, respectively. The breakdown voltage of the regrown sample was much lower than the as-grown sample. The regrowth interface can be regarded as a n-doping GaN layer due to the high interface charge density after the etch-then-regrown process. This equivalent ${n}$ -doping GaN layer reduced the effective thickness of the UID-GaN under the Schottky contact thus causing lower breakdown voltage for the regrown sample. Poole-Frenkel emission and trap-assisted tunneling processes were responsible for the leakage of both as-grown and regrown samples according to the temperature dependence of the reverse currents.

A multiscale model for the analysis of the in-plane response of periodic masonry walls is presented. The overall constitutive behavior of the composite material is derived through a homogenization procedure based on the Transformation Field Analysis properly extended to the case of interfaces. At micro level, masonry is modeled as the assembly of expanded units and interfaces representing both mortar and unit-mortar interaction. A nonlinear constitutive law accounting for damage and friction phenomena is considered for joints, whereas a linear elastic constitutive relationship is assumed for the blocks. The proposed multiscale procedure is implemented into a Finite Element code, where the mesh-dependency occurring in presence of strain softening response is overcome by adopting a nonlocal integral formulation at macro level. Validation examples are carried out: first, the response of a representative masonry Unit Cell is analyzed comparing results obtained with the presented homogenization procedure with those recovered by detailed nonlinear finite element analyses. Then, the structural behavior of masonry panels subjected to compression-shear loads is studied. The results obtained with the multiscale model, in terms of global force-displacement response curves and damage distributions, are compared with both micromechanical and experimental outcomes.

Non-invasive ventilation is a form of mechanical ventilatory support that doesn't require endotracheal intubation of the patient. The interface (mask) is a connection between the device and the patient that allows the set pressure gradient supplied by the ventilator to be transmitted to the airways. Today, there are different types of interfaces, which differ in shape, size, mechanical properties, and comfort. Despite the wide of different mask, common reasons for poor patient adaptation to NIV are related to side effects of the interface such as air loss, skin damage, and mask discomfort. We can prevent these side effects with a basic knowledge of the principles of handling and selecting the optimal interface.

Optimizing surface passivation Unproductive charge recombination at surface defects can limit the efficiency of hybrid perovskite solar cells, but these defects can be passivated by the binding of small molecules. Wang et al. studied three such small molecules—theophylline, caffeine, and theobromine—that bear both carbonyl and amino groups. For theophylline, hydrogen bonding of the amino hydrogen to surface iodide optimized the carbonyl interaction with a lead antisite defect and improved the efficiency of a perovskite cell from 21 to 22.6%. Science , this issue p. 1509

International audience; The band alignment, interface states, interface coupling, and carrier transport of semiconductor heterojunctions (SHs) need to be well understood for the design and fabrication of various important semiconductor structures and devices. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with high spatial resolution and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) with high energy resolution are significantly contributing to the understanding on the important properties of SHs. In this work, the recent progress on the use of STM and STS to study lateral, vertical and bulk SHs is reviewed. The spatial structures of SHs with atomically flat surface have been examined with STM. The electronic band structures (e. g., the band offset, interface state, and space charge region) of SHs are measured with STS. Combined with the spatial structures and the tunneling spectra features, the mechanism for the carrier transport in the SH may be proposed. © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH

According to aired TV announcements, any accidents are caused by the improper installation of electrical and control devices. Therefore, a person highly skilled with a certificate of expertise specifically in installing electrical and control systems is needed to carry out the installation to avoid the danger of short circuits. Therefore, this research aims to develop software capable of controlling all electrical devices of a house based on a raspberry-based control system with the tools executed by a smartphone to ensure adequate securities. The results showed that the raspberry-based electrical control system functions properly, both on the security system (MCB) and various controlled loads. This was further determined by carrying out research trials using smartphones and a manual switch button on the boarding house, which also showed that the application and interface of the raspberry-based electrical control system function properly, as evidenced by the results of the full system trial, using local IP, internet networks, and smartphones.

"Available online 30 September 2021", The assessment and modelling of unreinforced masonry structures require an adequate understanding of ma- sonry behaviour under shear loading. In particular, the behaviour of the interfaces connecting, brick and mortar, are of key importance during seismic actions. This is because the unit-joint interface may act as the main plane of weakness in the masonry composite. It has been observed that the inelastic behaviour of masonry structural elements subjected to shear loading depends largely on this interface behaviour. Hence, different experimental techniques available to observe in-situ or in a laboratory the behaviour of masonry under shear loading are reviewed and a suitable experimental campaign, also employing DIC as optical monitoring system is undertaken and shear tests are performed. After visualisation and discussion of novel displacement and shear strain maps and graphs, the experimental masonry behaviour is replicated via different numerical models based on the finite element approach. Models are used for better characterising the behaviour of the interface between brick and mortar. Further, the main parameters affecting the numerical models are discussed., The experimental part of this research work has received financial support for materials by the European Commission through the FP7- ENV-2007-1 research project “SMooHS - Smart Monitoring of Historical Structures”, (2008–2011) under grant 212939. The experimental facilities and technical personnel of the LISG laboratory of DICAM Department and of CIRI-EC lab both of the University of Bologna are acknowledged. The modelling part of this work was partly financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), under reference UIDB/04029/2020.

The Cat, the Reverend and the Slave is a documentary directed by Alain Della Negra and Kaori Kinoshita (2010). It portrays three users of Second Life and offers an unprecedented view on an interfaced, mediated way of life. In the film, the cinema screen opens on the connected screen in a staging symbolizing this interface. The screen is the place where users of Second Life and spectators alike can observe how interactions with the technical device (the avatar) but also with others, materialize. If the body is not obsolete yet, the documentary manages to alternate online and offline perspectives. It offers a tragicomic view of these dual beings, these distributed-selves and questions how digital technology reconfigures our modes of presence to ourselves, to others, and to the world. The film literally re-incarnates these avatars, which are both traces of a presence to oneself as well as a tool enabling communication. The connected screen seems to be so in more ways than one since it appears in the film as a vector of social linking. The Cat, the Reverend and the Slave, documentaire d’Alain Della Negra et Kaori Kinoshita (2010), dresse le portrait de trois adeptes de Second Life et offre une fenêtre inédite sur un mode d’existence interfacé, médiatisé. Dans le film, l’écran de cinéma s’ouvre sur l’écran d’ordinateur, dit ici « relié » dans une mise en scène symbolisant cette interface. L’écran est le lieu où se concrétise pour les usagers de Second Life comme pour le spectateur l’interaction avec le dispositif technique (l’avatar), mais aussi avec l’autre. Si l’adieu au corps n’a pas eu lieu, le tour de force du documentaire est d’alterner les perspectives en-ligne et hors-ligne. Il propose un regard tragi-comique sur ces être doubles, ces sujets distribués et interroge l’étendue des modes de présence à soi, aux autres, au monde. Le film redonne littéralement corps à ces avatars à la fois traces d’une présence à soi et outils de communication. « L’écran relié » semble alors l’être à plus d’un titre puisqu’il s’offre dans le film comme vecteur de lien social.

We study the low-temperature phase equilibria of a fluid confined in an open capillary slit formed by two parallel walls separated by a distance $L$ which are in contact with a reservoir of gas. The top wall of the capillary is of finite length $H$ while the bottom wall is considered of macroscopic extent. This system shows rich phase equilibria arising from the competition between two different types of capillary condensation, corner filling, and meniscus depinning transitions depending on the value of the aspect ratio $a=L/H$ and divides into three regimes: For long capillaries, with $al2/\ensuremath{\pi}$, the condensation is of type I involving menisci which are pinned at the top edges at the ends of the capillary. For intermediate capillaries, with $2/\ensuremath{\pi}lal1$, depending on the value of the contact angle the condensation may be of type I or of type II, in which the menisci overspill into the reservoir and there is no pinning. For short capillaries, with $ag1$, condensation is always of type II. In all regimes, capillary condensation is completely suppressed for sufficiently large contact angles which is determined explicitly. For long and intermediate capillaries, we show that there is an additional continuous phase transition in the condensed liquid-like phase, associated with the depinning of each meniscus as they round the upper open edges of the slit. Meniscus depinning is third-order for complete wetting and second-order for partial wetting. Detailed scaling theories are developed for these transitions and phase boundaries which connect with the theories of wedge (corner) filling and wetting encompassing interfacial fluctuation effects and the direct influence of intermolecular forces. We test several of our predictions using a fully microscopic density functional theory which allows us to study the two types of capillary condensation and its suppression at the molecular level for different aspect ratios and contact angles.

The quality of provider-interaction determines client satisfaction and decision to seek health care. This research aimed to determine the women clients’ perception of their quality of interaction with the health care providers in a government reproductive health clinic in one of the municipalities in northern Philippines. Respondents consisted of 30 pregnant women who had visited the clinic for prenatal health care check-up were interviewed. A structured questionnaire and a semi-structured guided for probing served as the study’s research instruments. Women perceived the health care providers to possess good communication skills, and had displayed behavior that showed a regard for them. However, the provider-interaction was considered to be unilinear, with the provider perceived to have dominated the interface, The women also perceived only a somewhat evident show of sympathy/empathy. Hostile words were heard frequently. Creation of a two-way interaction with respect for their clients must be considered by the health care providers. Policies must also be formulated to improve the quality of provider-client interaction inside reproductive health clinics.

The bond strength between ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and normal-strength concrete (NC) plays an important role in governing the composite specimens’ overall behaviors. Unfortunately, there are still no widely accepted formulas targeting UHPC–NC interfacial strength, either in their specifications or in research papers. To this end, this study constructs an experimental database, consisting of 563 and 338 specimens for splitting and slant shear tests, respectively. Moreover, an additional 35 specimens for “improved” slant shear tests were performed, which could circumvent concrete crushing and trigger interfacial debonding. Additionally, for the first time in our tests, the effect of casting sequence on UHPC–NC bond strength was identified. Based on the database, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is proposed with the following inputs: namely, the normal stress perpendicular to the interface, the interface roughness, and the compressive strengths of the UHPC and NC materials. Based on the ANN analyses, the explicit expression of UHPC–NC bond strength is proposed, which significantly lowers the prediction error. To be fully compatible with the specifications, the conventional shear-friction formula is modified. By splitting the total force into adhesion and friction forces, the modified formula additionally takes the casting sequence into account. Although sacrificing accuracy to some extent compared to the ANN model, the modified formula relies on a solid physical basis and its accuracy is enhanced significantly compared to the existing formulas in specifications or research papers.

The prosthetic socket is commonly considered to be the most important part of the prosthesis and lack of fit can lead to skin breakdown, reduction in wear, reduction in activity, and consequential deleterious health effects. Furthermore, approximately 90% of amputations are due to a vascular etiology, which affect fluid retention regularity, and even small limb volume fluctuations can lead to lack of fit. Adjustability in the socket volume has been suggested as a potential solution to common fit issues but has lacked market penetration mostly due to lack of reimbursement. Despite this there are several adjustable-volume sockets emerging on the market today including prefabricated, modular, custom with adjustable-volume component, custom with adjustable-volume feature, and adjustable-hybrid sockets. Prefabricated sockets are mass produced in common sizes and fit directly to the patient by a prosthetist using pad kits, BOA dials, or straps. Modular sockets are assembled to a patient or model with panels or struts attached to an adjustable base. Custom sockets with adjustable-volume elements are traditionally-fabricated sockets made to a model of a patient’s limb with a volume-adjustable component added or volume-adjustable feature built in. Custom-hybrid sockets are made custom to a model of the patient’s limb and incorporate several aspects of the previous socket types and include some radically-unique design aspects which cannot be limited to one category. These adjustable-volume sockets offer several advantages to traditional rigid-volume sockets for the patient, prosthetist, and providing clinic. The micro-adjustability for the patient allows them to alter fit without removing the socket, maintaining a more intimate fit throughout the day than traditional sockets. The macro-adjustability for the prosthetist allows for increased options for fit customization including the ability to reverse or undo changes without necessarily re-making the socket. This allows for the most optimal fit for the patient. Adjustable volume also present efficiencies in the fitting process by simplifying or eliminating steps including residual limb shape capture, form modification, diagnostic fabrication, iterative alteration, and definitive fabrication with the different socket types affecting different steps. Due to these factors, adjustable-volume sockets have disrupted the market to the point where reimbursement reform is needed including additional L-codes in the United States and fee-for-service or fee-for-outcome associated with prosthetic follow-up care. Prosthetic care should also be separated from durable medical equipment to allow for alternative reimbursement models. As reimbursement adapts prosthetists must adapt correspondingly to differentiate their skillset from other allied health providers including incorporating more objective methods to show superior care outcomes. This adaptation should include a continued push for state and municipal licensure of prosthetists. Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/35208/28346 How To Cite: Klenow TD, Schulz J. Adjustable-volume prosthetic sockets: market overview and value propositions. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2021; Volume 4, Issue 2, No.17 https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i2.35208

Electroforming-free resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) devices employing magnesium fluoride (MgFx) as the resistive switching layer are reported. The electroforming-free MgFx based RRAM devices exhibit bipolar SET/RESET operational characteristics with an on/off ratio higher than 102 and good data retention of &gt, 104 s. The resistive switching mechanism in the Ti/MgFx/Pt devices combines two processes as well as trap-controlled space charge limited conduction (SCLC), which is governed by pre-existing defects of fluoride vacancies in the bulk MgFx layer. In addition, filamentary switching mode at the interface between the MgFx and Ti layers is assisted by O–H group-related defects on the surface of the active layer.

Path-aware networking (PAN) architectures promise to support practical multipath communication with increased availability and to accommodate heterogeneous communication requirements. However, at a time when most applications merely rely on "HTTP(S) as a Substrate" for their networking requirements, the quick adoption and effective use of such new communication capabilities at the application level is challenged from a deployment standpoint. This raises the question of how to create an adequate application programming interface for a path-aware Internet that comes with measurable improvements in network communication. Using concepts from current IETF-IRTF in-progress documents, our work reasons about the demands and implications of path-aware application programming, sketches a possible approach and provides an early glimpse of our practical implementation of a suitably abstract interface to a next-generation networking stack.

Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) are reliant on the interface between electrodes and neurons to function. The foreign body reaction (FBR) that occurs in response to electrodes in the brain alters this interface and may pollute detected signals, ultimately impeding BCI function. The size of the FBR is influenced by several key factors explored in this review; namely, (a) the size of the animal tested, (b) anatomical location of the BCI, (c) the electrode morphology and coating, (d) the mechanics of electrode insertion, and (e) pharmacological modification (e.g., drug eluting electrodes). Trialing methods to reduce FBR in vivo, particularly in large models, is important to enable further translation in humans, and we systematically reviewed the literature to this effect. The OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Scholar databases were searched. Compiled results were analysed qualitatively. Out of 8388 yielded articles, 13 were included for analysis, with most excluded studies experimenting on murine models. Cats, rabbits, and a variety of breeds of minipig/marmoset were trialed. On average, over 30% reduction in inflammatory cells of FBR on post mortem histology was noted across intervention groups. Similar strategies to those used in rodent models, including tip modification and flexible and sinusoidal electrode configurations, all produced good effects in histology; however, a notable absence of trials examining the effect on BCI end-function was noted. Future studies should assess whether the reduction in FBR correlates to an improvement in the functional effect of the intended BCI.

Light wood roof-to-wall connections are vulnerable when subjected to high-speed winds. In lieu of traditional metal connections, the present finite element analysis (FEA) study focuses on the use of epoxy and easy-to-apply, noncorrosive FRP ties to connect the roof and the walls in wood frames. The FEA models of the wood roof-to-wall GFRP connection were validated with an experimental study in the literature. Subsequently parametric study was performed on the validated FEA models. Parameters considered were the addition of anchorages to secure the GFRP ties for FEA models of shear and uplift tests, and various FRP types. Wood roof-to-wall connection uplift model was subjected to monotonic cyclic loading to simulate the effect of wind load. In addition, carbon and basalt FRP ties were also examined under monotonic cyclic loading. To evaluate the efficiency of GFRP ties with and without anchorages, the shear and uplift design loads specified in ASCE 7-16 were calculated. Finally, a formula was proposed to approximate the shear strength of GFRP connection in comparison with double shear bolted metal plate connections. The FEA models and experimental results were in good agreement. The finite element results revealed that anchorage increased the uplift load capacity by 15% but the increase in shear capacity was insignificant. Comparing glass, carbon, and basalt FRP ties, BFRP was superior in deformation capacity and CFRP provided more stiffness on uplift test simulation. GFRP ties were found to be approximately nine times stronger in shear and two times stronger in uplift resistance than hurricane clips. Finally, the proposed formula could predict the shear strength of GFRP tie connection which in turns contributes to the design and future research.

Using a controlled bromine etching on kesterite absorbers, two major results are obtained. We establish the first defect depth profiling and secondary phases depth profiling of a state of the art Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) film by using surface sensitive characterization methods (XPS and Raman spectroscopy) on successively etched samples, obtaining a direct insight on the factors hampering the performance of this class of absorber. In a second step, we demonstrate the possibility of significant improvement to the p-n interface in Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe)/CdS solar cells when a short bromine etching of the absorber is performed, with the Fill Factor improving by more than 7 points. This method offers a simple improvement pathway for state of the art kesterite devices, with a potentially broader application to thin film solar cells where the p-n interface is limiting.

With the spread of devices equipped with touch panels, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, the opportunity for users to perform touch interaction has increased. In this paper, we constructed a device that generates multi-touch interactions to realize high-speed, continuous, or hands-free touch input on a touch panel. The proposed device consists of an electrode sheet printed with multiple electrodes using conductive ink and a voltage control board, and generates eight multi-touch interactions: tap, double-tap, long-press, press-and-tap, swipe, pinch-in, pinch-out, and rotation, by changing the capacitance of the touch panel in time and space. In preliminary experiments, we investigated the appropriate electrode size and spacing for generating multi-touch interactions, and then implemented the device. From the evaluation experiments, it was confirmed that the proposed device can generate multi-touch interactions with high accuracy. As a result, tap, press-and-tap, swipe, pinch-in, pinch-out, and rotation can be generated with a success rate of 100%. It was confirmed that all the multi-touch interactions evaluated by the proposed device could be generated with high accuracy and acceptable speed.

BACKGROUND: Amputation at the transfemoral (TF) level reduces the rate of successful prosthetic fitting, functional outcome, and quality of life (QoL) compared with transtibial amputation. The TF socket interface is considered the most critical part of the prosthesis, but socket discomfort is still the most common user complaint. Direct Socket for transfemoral prosthesis users is a novel interface fabrication process where the socket is shaped and laminated directly on the residual limb and delivered in a single visit. OBJECTIVE(S): The aim of this study was to investigate if prosthetic users' quality of life (QoL), comfort, and mobility with a Direct Socket TF interface were comparable to their experience with their previous prostheses. METHODOLOGY: The pre/post design prospective cohort study included 47 subjects. From this cohort, 36 subjects completed the 6-months follow-up (mean age 58 years, 27 males). Outcomes at baseline included EQ-5D-5L®, PLUS-M™, CLASS, ABC, AMPPRO, and TUG. At 6-weeks and 6-months, subjects repeated all measures. Seven Certified Prosthetist (CP) investigators performed observations and data collection at six different sites (from July 2018 to April 2020). FINDINGS: Results showed significant improvement in all outcome measures for the 36 subjects that completed both 6-weeks and 6-months follow-ups. CLASS sub-scales showed significantly improved stability, suspension, comfort, and socket appearance. Improvement in K-Level and less use of assistive devices were observed with the AMPPRO instrument, indicating improved user mobility and performance. QoL was also increased, as measured in Quality-Adjusted-Life-Years (QALY) from the EQ-5D-5L. CONCLUSION: Evidence from the findings demonstrate that the Direct Socket TF system and procedure can be a good alternative to the traditional method of prosthetic interface delivery. Layman's Abstract After lower limb amputation, the goal for most people is to regain mobility and independence and return to normal daily activities. Typically, people with transfemoral amputation are less likely to receive a prosthesis or fully use a prosthesis as compared to people with transtibial amputation. Moreover, their quality of life is also lower. The Direct Socket TF method is a new way of fabricating a prosthetic socket for users with above-knee amputation, enabling fabrication directly onto the residual limb and delivery of the socket in a single visit. In this study, we wanted to understand how the effect of Direct Socket TF on prosthetic 'user's quality of life, health, mobility level, and balance would compare to their previous prosthesis. This new Direct Socket TF procedure was implemented in six different prosthetic clinics across the United States and used by 36 prosthetic users for six months. Our first article on this study describes increased user satisfaction with their new interface and the single visit service model. This second article on the same clinical investigation documents the significant improvement in outcomes compared to their original interface in terms of quality of life, confidence, mobility, comfort, stability, and activity level. Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/36065/27923 Direct Socket TF – Summary (YouTube): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fvVFqjgxjo How To Cite: Walker J, Marable W.R, Smith C, Sigurjónsson B.Þ, Atlason I.F, Johannesson G.A. Clinical outcome of transfemoral direct socket interface (part 2). Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2021;Volume 4, Issue 1, No.6. https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i1.36065 Corresponding Author: Anton Johannesson, PhDTeamOlmed, Kistagången 12, 164 40 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden.E-mail: ajohannesson@teamolmed.seORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-458X

Contains fulltext : 235781.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Background Medication management is jeopardized during a patient's transition from hospital to home. Insight is required from both hospital and primary healthcare providers on how care should be organised to achieve continuity of medication management. Objective This study aimed to identify perspectives of hospital and primary healthcare providers on barriers to the continuity of medication management during a patient's transition from hospital to home and facilitators to overcome these. Setting A qualitative descriptive study was conducted within hospital and primary healthcare settings in the Netherlands. Method Two focus groups were performed with two community care registered nurses, two community pharmacists, four general practitioners, two hospital nurses, two hospital pharmacists, four outpatient pharmacists, two pharmacy technicians, and one physician. A semi-structured interview guide was used to identify perspectives of participants on barriers to continuity of medication management and facilitators to overcome these. Data were analysed following thematic content analysis. Main outcome measure Barriers to the continuity of medication management during a patient's transition from hospital to home would be enumerated, along with facilitators to overcome these barriers. Results Three main themes of barriers and facilitators were identified: (1) healthcare provider collaboration, including the transfer of medication information and effective collaboration; (2) patient's medication use, including information about medication, personalised care, and supervision after discharge; and (3) organisation of healthcare, including the connection between information systems and the supply of medication. Conclusion Barriers and facilitators to continuity of medication management during the transition from hospital to home occur at the provider, patient, and healthcare-system levels. Future interventions should focus on all levels through interprofessional healthcare teams, tailoring care to patient needs, and on the use of a uniform, nationwide patient electronic health record.

The electronic packaging shell, the necessary material for hermetic packaging of large microelectronic device chips, is made by mechanical processing of a uniform block. However, the property variety requirements at different positions of the shell due to the performance have not been solved. An independently developed liquid–solid separation technology is applied to fabricate the diamond/Al composites with a graded distribution of diamond particles. The diamond content decreases along a gradient from the bottom of the shell, which houses the chips, to the top of the shell wall, which is welded with the cover plate. The bottom of the shell has a thermal conductivity (TC) of 169 W/mK, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 11.0 × 10−6/K, bending strength of 88 MPa, and diamond content of 48 vol.%. The top of the shell has a TC of 108 W/mK, CTE of 19.3 × 10−6/K, bending strength of 175 MPa, and diamond content of 15 vol.%, which solves the special requirements of different parts of the shell and helps to improve the thermal stability of packaging components. Moreover, the interfacial characteristics are also investigated. This work provides a promising approach for the preparation of packaging shells by near-net shape forming.

The article deals with the analysis of the influence of the psychology of human behaviour on user experience. The evolution of the conceptual apparatus in the field of designing the user interface, taking into account user experience. Based on recent research and publications, psychological concepts that are fundamental in designing software products based on user experience are summarized. The process of the cognitive load formation and its influence on user experience is described. Also, the article discusses the topic of the effect of cognitive load on user experience, and provides examples of how the research results of behavioural psychology improve the practice of developing user experience. The field of UX (user experience) is being studied in an area where design and experimental research are in conflict. Designing UX has gone a long way from commercial websites, where convenience and efficiency have almost never been taken into account for optimized interfaces designed to interact with users. Previously, the goal was to have as much content as possible on the interface, now the field of user experience has been extensively explored and optimized to offer the user the right content, functionality at the right time, and it also takes into account psychological and emotional needs of users. In the article psychological concepts which are fundamental to the design of UX, the formation of cognitive load and the effects on user experience are discussed. Since cognitive load plays an important role in the development of UX models, it is important to understand and take into account the laws that form it. In order to design an effective interface, one must study the psychology of a user who uses psychological concepts and theories. The analysis of user interaction with technology is aimed at developing and testing theories that explain or predict human behaviour. Based on the existing sources, the article describes how user experience is formed, as well as investigates the theory of levels of the emotion system.

None-fullerene solar cells with ternary architecture have attracted much attention because it is an effective approach for boosting the device power conversion efficiency. Here, the crystalline polymer N2200 as the third component is integrated into J71: ITIC bulk heterojunction. A series of characterizations indicate that N2200 could increase photo-harvesting, balanced hole and electron mobilities, enhanced exciton dissociation, and suppressed charge recombination, which result in the comprehensive improvement of open circuit voltage, short circuit current and fill factor in the device. Moreover, after introduction of N2200, the morphology of the ternary active layer is optimized, and the film crystallinity is improved. This work demonstrates that adding a small quantity of high crystallization acceptor into non-fullerene donor: acceptor mixture is a promising strategy toward developing high-performance organic solar cells. Funding Agencies|National Science Foundation of China [11604099, 21875067, 51873138, 51811530011]; Shanghai Rising -Star [19QA1403100]; Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan [17JC1402500]; National Key Project for Basic Research of China [2017YFA0303403]; Swedish Research Council [2016-05498]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009-00971]; STINT grant [CH2017-7163]

Objectives. The aim of the study is to select methods and means for the effective modernization of the security system existing in the enterprise.Method. It is proposed to improve the access control mode using the access control system based on ARDUINO microcontrollers. To highlight the functions of the system and the requirements for it were built UML-diagrams. On the basis of these diagrams, the balls have developed a schematic electrical diagram of the hardware of the system with an indication of all its elements. At the next stage, an algorithm was proposed for the operation of the hardware of the access control system. The implementation of a part of the algorithm for information exchange between the device and the information system is shown in the form of a sketch using the example of packet transmission over an Ethernet network using the TCP protocol. An intuitive interface has been developed for interaction between the access control system and the end user. The necessary information is stored in a database created in a Microsoft SQL Server environment.Result. The developed system was tested at the enterprise by means of sketches and a multimeter. Test results allow us to conclude that the system is ready for implementation. Conclusion. The article describes one of the methods for upgrading the existing access control system through a more user-friendly interface and the addition of entry/exit functions.Acknowledgments. The work was commissioned by the company LLC «Kalinin Baranchinsky Electromechanical Plant».

The article is devoted to the study of the process of creating and designing a site-catalogue of modern web resources for its usage by informatics teacher in his professional activities. Site Directory is a site that contains structured links that lead to other web resources and their short description. Web resources offer wide opportunities for a teacher and students, give access to a large array of relevant diverse information, and its rapid exchange during the lessons of computer science. The article covers the analysis of such concepts as "designing", "information architecture", "style in the design of the site". There were analyzed the draft order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and sites that promote the preparation of teachers for lessons, get them acquainted with modern information and communication technologies in education. The general theoretical foundations of web site creation are considered: their types, structure, methods of data storage and processing. Besides, the key principles of designing web resources are described. The information architecture and its components are described in detail. The design process is described in the general sense as well as one of the stages of creating a website. Proper attention has been paid to the study of web design, its principles and features, and the user interface; its main elements, components and structural blocks and rules of their use were considered. The practical significance of this study is that it can be used for a full design a website-catalog of web resources for informatics teachers.