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The research work, through its structure, aims to achieve several objectives: following the evolution of the insurance market in Romania during the period 2015 - 2022, a period in which the pandemic generated by Covid-19 left its mark on several sectors of activity, the analysis the correlation between the indicators that define the insurance market and GDP/capita, and finally, with the help of the statistical program Eviews, we will create a multiple linear regression model.

The evolution of the insurance market in relation to certain economic, social, educational factors is the central point of our research work. Thus, starting from statistical data from the period 2015 – 2022 on the eight development regions in Romania, we analyzed the existing correlation level between the insurance market represented by the density of gross premiums in the case of general insurance, viewed as a dependent variable and other factors such as: growth economic represented by GDP/capita; the standard of living reflected by the average net salary and the average/family income, but also the level of education of people from a certain region on bachelor's, master's and doctoral study cycles, as independent variables. With the help of the statistical program Eviews, we highlighted the level and type of correlation between the variables, at the same time, after testing with certain statistical methods, reaching the outline of a regression model.

This article demonstrates how, and provides all necessary material, to utilize experiential classroom integration of an earthquake insurance policy as an engaging and immersive tool to introduce business law students to applied contract analysis and interpretation. Students also gain an understanding of insurance concepts through this exercise. This exercise engages students in collaborative problem-solving via a small group project and is designed for use in a single class session, combining teamwork, communication, and contract analysis skills. Through detailed detective work to locate relevant contract terms and application of various factual scenarios, this project involves the applied development of problem-solving skills associated with multiple scenarios and reinforces logic practices by requiring students to justify their conclusions. Most importantly, students gain skills in navigating a complex contract like an insurance policy that translate into a valuable talent for the nascent businessperson.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for health insurance measures the price of health insurance services directly provided by insurance companies, but it excludes the price of indirectly purchased medical goods [...]

The aim of the article is to evaluate the indicators of the insurance market of Ukraine as part of the financial sector, analyze the patterns of its development and determine the impact of full-scale military operations on its dynamics. Analyzing trends in the development of the insurance market of Ukraine its active recovery in 2023 was noted as evidenced by an increase in gross premiums by 18.7% and the number of concluded insurance contracts by 7.6% compared to 2022. The article evaluates the structure of the financial sector of Ukraine, defines the place and role of the insurance market. It is revealed that the financial sector of Ukraine is dominated by banking institutions which have increased the volume of their assets over the past 7 years more than 2 times, at the same time, the insurance sector has increased its portfolio of assets by only 29.4%. An analysis of the depth of the insurance market was carried out through the indicator of the level of insurance penetration the value of which reaches 0.8% at the end of 2022. It is noted that in Ukraine, unlike the developed countries of the world, the insurance market is characterized by the dominance of risk insurance companies, the size of their assets significantly exceeds the assets of life-insurers. Along with that, during 2021–2023 life insurance companies have significantly increased their asset portfolios. Quantitative parameters of the insurance market of Ukraine were monitored and it was found that insurers receive the most premiums from automobile types of insurance – about 50% of all premiums, personal types of insurance provide slightly less than 30% of premiums. A list of conditions that would allow insurance companies to more effectively meet the requirements of consumers of insurance services is given. Prospects for further research in this direction are the study of theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between the indicators of the insurance market and economic growth.

The low uptake of life insurance is a matter of significant concern both within Africa and globally due to its aims to investigate the factors contributing to the poor adoption of life insurance products in Botswana. Through a survey conducted among 800 randomly selected individuals representing diverse genders in Botswana, with an 80% response rate, this study sheds light on the factors that hinder the uptake of insurance products in the country. The findings indicate that the low adoption of insurance products in Botswana can be attributed, at least in part, to various factors including low income, pervasive poverty, limited insurance awareness and education, and inadequate regulatory oversight.

Abstract The aim of the current research is to identify the factors affecting the implementation of cyber insurance among insurance companies in Iran. The current research is developmental and applicable in terms of its purpose, and is of qualitative methods. The statistical population of the research is specialists and experts in the field of cyber insurance, who have been identified using the snowball sampling method. Using the interview technique, the data was collected and then the data and categories were coded and classified using the MAXQDA software version 2020. The reliability of the research was measured using the Kappa coefficient. In the last stage, the research model is extracted based on the Strauss and Corbin model. Based on the results of the research, the causal factors were divided into scientific, technical, and network indicators. Insurance perspective with the title of intervening factor, analysis of the external and internal environment as well as marketing and paying attention to the executive arms as foundational factors, ecosystem approach and formulation of insurance strategy as a solution, and finally increasing the level of knowledge of the insurance company, safety and security of data, improvement of services and company income, and uncertainty about the operation of insurance are known as positive and negative consequences of cyber insurance. Extended Abstract Introduction With the emergence of the Internet and related information networks, people's need to use Internet and electronic services has also increased (Kshetri et al, 2020) and has changed the economic, social and cultural aspects of humans (Wang et al. et al., 2019). With the expansion of the Internet in the business of organizations, a space called cyber was created, which boosted business activities and interactions (Swiss Re, 2014; Chief Risk Officers Forum, 2014). On the other hand, the expansion of virtual spaces increased the concern of the managers of Internet companies. The risks caused by cyber-attacks and the care of data and privacy of people caused managers to consider themselves responsible for not properly monitoring the company (Uuganbayar et al, 2020). Furthermore, the emergence of various softwares, the risk of information theft in cyberspace, intrusion into individual lives and sometimes government systems has increased, and such a situation has jeopardized information security (Kshetri et al, 2020). Until now, in Iran, specific and comprehensive coverage for cyber risk has not been provided, and the main reasons for not providing it by insurance companies can be attributed to the lack of information and technical knowledge in the field of providing the plan, the lack of knowledge of these organizations about this type of insurance coverage, and also, lack of sufficient financial transparency on the part of companies applying for such insurance policies. In this regard, the aim of the research, considering the fact that there has not been a comprehensive research on the implementation of cyber insurance in Iran, is to investigate the effective factors on the successful implementation of cyber insurance in Iran and extract a qualitative model using the foundational data theory. Therefore, the main questions of the research will be in line with the data-based theory: How to identify the factors affecting the implementation of cyber insurance in Iran? Besides, the obstacles of cyber insurance as a secondary objective are also examined. Theoretical framework Insurance in cyberspace or cyber insurance is an insurance policy that is provided by insurers through creating market incentives and with the aim of improving the internet security environment. For the first time, cyber insurance was invented in the late 1970s in America in connection with the loss of data caused by unauthorized physical access to computer systems in electronic banking (Kshetri et al, 2020). On the other hand, at the same time as the role of the Internet in banking increased, the role of cyber insurance also did so. Cyber insurance focuses on covering losses and negative events caused by electronic risks against possible risks such as "theft of cash", and it can examine losses caused by business interruption (Wanchun et al, 2018), and It also examines the types of events or conditions that may prevent the organization from reaching its goals (Rezakhani & Dadbeh, 2021). ​Soleymani Rouzbahani & Hoseini (2016) in their research entitled "Study of crime and security insurance in cyberspace" referring to the rapid growth of technology, the introduction of computers and the use of the Internet and the resulting changes in human life, paid attention to Internet insurance as a tool to deal with the emergence of virtual crimes such as information theft in the world of internet communication. wang (2019) in his research entitled "Integrated framework for information security investment and cyber insurance" presented an analytical model for optimizing company cyber security and cyber insurance costs based on the effectiveness of costs and with the aim of reducing threats Cyber, vulnerability and effects. This research shows how the participation of the private sector in dealing with cybercrimes can reduce the overall cyber loss and create economic value. At the micro level, the effectiveness of a company's security costs in dealing with specific cyber threats can be reduced when other related security measures are not implemented. ​ Methodology In terms of the purpose of this research, it is developmental and applicable. Based on the method of data collection, it is considered a descriptive research. The method of gathering information is an in-depth interview with experts. This research has a qualitative approach and collects and analyzes data from the data-based theory research strategy (Bahari & Taheri Rouzbahani, 2023). Research Findings The causal factors of cyber insurance implementation were placed in three main categories of knowledge, technical factors, and network factors. Two factors "internal and external environment analysis" as well as "marketing and the attention of the executive branches" have been identified as the main components of the foundation. Three main categories with the title of "increasing the knowledge level of insurance companies", "data safety and security", and "improving the company's services and income" have been identified as the main and positive categories; and "uncertainty of the functioning of insurance" as the main and negative ones. By examining the primary codes and central categories of experts' interviews, a main category named "insurance perspective" has been identified as the main category. The existence of a database, the role of the government, insurance attitude, insurance company performance, and insurance regulations are known as central categories. The upcoming obstacles are divided into two main categories: "lack of mastery of the subject", and "lack of government support". By examining the extracted codes from the interviews of cyber insurance experts, two main components of "ecosystem approach" and "insurance strategy formulation" were identified as cyber insurance strategies. Conclusion The research results were based on the Strauss and Corbin model. 5 indicators influencing the successful implementation of cyber insurance have been identified, which include the causal factors of cyber insurance, the consequences of implementing cyber insurance, the underlying factors of cyber insurance, hidden and interfering factors, and finally the consequences of implementing cyber insurance (both for insurance companies and for insured companies and organizations). Since there is still no specific definition of the motives of cyber insurance and the services it can cover, the trust of different insurance groups is also weak. Therefore, a single and clear definition of insurance coverage and things outside of insurance coverage can restore trust in insurance organizations. Among related researches, Uuganbayar et al, (2020) has emphasized the single definition of the concept of cyber insurance and the precise definition of the type of coverage. The results have shown that cyber insurance can be influenced by the international environment and vice versa. In the meantime, cultural factors and society's insight into this type of insurance, economic fluctuations resulting from currency challenges, the political stability of the country, and the economic status of society are known as environmental factors affecting cyber insurance. Based on the results of the research, the two central components of the external and internal environment should be recognized as factors of cyber insurance platforms. These factors take into account the technical equipment and cyber infrastructural readiness level, and include hardware capability, software factors, tool power or strength, information content, information technology, human factors, and cyber policies. According to the research results, the consequences of cyber insurance can be divided into two positive and negative sections. In this way, increasing the level of knowledge of insurance companies and increasing the safety and security of data and improving the services and income of the company are recognized as the main and positive components. The experience of dealing with cyber risks, the way of cyber insurance, knowledge of cyber damages, and finally the growth of cyber insurance are factors that can help to increase the understanding and implementation of cyber insurance. This part of the results is also aligned with the research of Wang (2019). The existence of the database, the government and its policies, the insurance attitude, the performance of insurance companies, and insurance regulations as the central and determining components of the insurance landscape (as the main component), have played the role of interventionist in extractive model of the research. According to the results of the research, the lack of mastery over cyber insurance and the lack of government support are known as the two main obstacles to the implementation of cyber insurance. These factors include the lack of mastery of the subject which is related to the unpredictable environment, knowledge weakness, and statistical weakness; and the lack of government support which is related to government communication protocols and cumbersome government laws. This part of the results can be compared with the research of Bahsi, Franke & Friberg (2020) in which the researchers mentioned the support of the public sector in Norway in the two recent years.

Health insurance plays a crucial role in providing financial protection and ensuring access to necessary healthcare services. The awareness of Indonesian society regarding the importance of health insurance continues to grow, as evidenced by a 22% increase in premium income according to AAJI data as of March 2023. Despite the benefits of health insurance, an increasing number of insurance participants raises risks for insurance companies. The Generalized Additive Models (GAM) P-Spline can overcome these problems. The non-linear relationship between claim amount with age, body mass index, and blood pressure can be modelled with GAM P-Spline. The formed GAM model with PIRLS unable to give a clear information of relationship between variables explicitly, but can be seen by the shape of the function of each predictor associated with the link function used.

Introduction/Main Objectives: This research aims to investigate the level of insurance literacy among economics and business students and identify the socio-demographic factors impacting the level of insurance literacy. Background Problems: Low insurance literacy has long been identified as the cause behind the weak insurance penetration growth in Indonesia. College students area potential market for the development and deepening of the insurance sector. Novelty: However, hardly any studies have been published that assess the insurance literacy of university students in Indonesia. This study also presents a unique view of students’ insurance knowledge across different universities in Indonesia, providing an understanding of the factors contributing to their literacy level. Research Methods: We conduct the commonly applied ordinary least squares test on the survey data collected using stratified random sampling. Findings/Results: The test results conclude that students from universities in Java, who have mothers who graduated from college, come from middle-income families, and live in Java have significantly higher insurance literacy levels compared to the rest of the students. However, gender and residency do not seem to significantly impact insurance literacy. Conclusion: Our study shows that socio-demographic factors influence university students’ level of insurance literacy. These findings provide valuable information for policymakers and insurance firms to target this potential market with their insurance products.

Latar Belakang: WHO menetapkan standar sectio caesarea dengan rata-rata sekitar 10-15%. Proporsi persalinan SC di Jawa Timur sebesar 22,4% pada tahun 2018, sedangkan rata-rata nasional sebesar 17,6%. Beban pembiayaan JKN pada persalinan semakin meningkat dan masuk ke dalam 10 besar kasus CBGs terbanyak secara nasional. Sebagai upaya kendali mutu dan kendali biaya, BPJS Kesehatan berkoordinasi dengan Tim Kendali Mutu Kendali Biaya (TKMKB) dengan hasil diterbitkan pedoman dan instrument asesmen diri seksio cesarea (SC) pada tahun 2020. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengeksplorasi gambaran sectio caesarea sebelum dan selama implementasi Instrumen Asesmen Mandiri SC pada pasien Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional wilayah Jawa Timur. Metode: Penelitian analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional pada data sekunder klaim BPJS Kesehatan wilayah Jawa Timur tahun 2018-2021. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat dengan statistik deskriptif untuk menjabarkan proporsi dan distribusi frekuensi dari masing-masing variabel penelitian. Kemudian dilanjutkan analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-Square untuk mengetahui kemaknaan hubungan dengan confident interval/CI 95% dan tingkat kemaknaan p

Under martial law on the territory of Ukraine, insurance of agricultural products becomes particular relevance, since the danger of losing future crops is scaled not only due to the traditional hazards (agronomic, natural and climatic, financial and economic, etc.), but also due to the presence of wartime risks. The scientific novelty of the presented article lies in the substantiation of the expediency of further development of agrarian insurance in Ukraine, taking into account the global experience and European experience in particular. The article identifies the key problems that impede the functioning of the agrarian insurance market in Ukraine. Based on the results of the study, a comparative analysis of the existing models of functioning of agrarian insurance markets in the countries of the European Union is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are substantiated. The importance of insurance for a sustainable development of agribusiness and ensuring the country’s food security is emphasized. Summarizing the current trends in the pan-European agrarian insurance market, the authors of the article emphasize the expediency of diversification of insurance protection of agricultural producers by expanding the range of insurance services (microinsurance, index and classic insurance). On the basis of a generalization, an analysis of the key parameters of the development of the agrarian insurance market in Ukraine for 2019–2022 is carried out, the authors’ proposals aimed at forming a model of public-private partnership are formulated, the expediency of strengthening social responsibility and increasing the stability of communication links between stakeholders of the agrarian insurance market, as well as ensuring comprehensive digitalization of the insurance process, is substantiated. The implementation of these measures is considered in the context of adaptation of the national agrarian insurance market to the pan-European insurance space.

The aim of the study is to find a correlation between indicators such as average wages and gross insurance premiums in the life insurance industry. The purposes of the research are: determination of the main determinants that affect the development of the life insurance market over a twenty-year period, search for the main reasons for the low level of life insurance in Ukraine. The methods of research in this publication are the methods of scientific abstraction, induction and deduction for a comprehensive consideration of the reasons for the low level of development of life insurance in Ukraine, individual provisions of the research are supplemented by methods of economic and correlational analysis. It is found that during the period of its formation, the insurance market of Ukraine in the field of life insurance went through several stages of its formation and continues to be formed and improved. It is determined that in 2022, the share of gross life insurance premiums in GDP equaled 0.09%, which is a very low indicator compared to developed foreign markets. This indicates the weak development of this type of insurance due to a number of reasons. A retrospective analysis of scientific publications and research over a twenty-year period showed that one of the reasons for the low level of development of life insurance is the low income of potential customers of the insurance company, which was indicated by a large number of publications. Since the salary is the main type of income of our compatriots, it is assumed that its level affects the volume of gross insurance premiums. To test this hypothesis, a correlation coefficient of 0.965 was defined. This indicates a direct relationship between wages and gross insurance premiums. The correlation coefficient is determined based on statistical information on average wages and gross life insurance premiums over a twenty-year period. Therefore, it can be predicted that the determinant of the growth of the life insurance market will be the increase in wages of potential consumers of insurance services in real terms. Further research in the field of the life insurance market will concern the forecasting of the salary level of potential consumers of insurance services, at which the volumes of life insurance will be growing.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a customer loyalty model based on the five senses with the mediating role of perceived value in the insurance industry (case study of life and investment insurance). The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of the conducting method. According to the subject nature of the research model and professors' opinions, the statistical population of the research is the insurance buyers; and due to the limited statistical population, 384 people were selected using Cochran's formula; and the random sampling method is simple. The collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, taken from the qualitative part of the research. SPSS and PLS software were used for analysis. Also, confirmatory factor analysis was used to show the reliability of the questionnaire. The results showed that the five senses with the mediating role of perceived value have a positive and direct effect on customer loyalty, and the fit of the proposed model for the relationship of the variables has been confirmed. Extended Abstract Introduction In order to create a positive relationship with customers, businesses must effectively manage marketing strategies as a tool to meet customer needs and build customer loyalty. While customer retention is an essential element in strengthening the company's profitability; loyalty is created with the aim of creating a long-term relationship between companies and their customers (Hwang et al, 2019). The main reason for the importance and loyalty of customers for service companies is that with the increase of loyal customers, the number of visits and purchases increases, which leads to a larger market share for that company. In fact, in order to survive in tough competition and keep existing customers, predicting the potential of loyal customers has become one of the main tasks of strategic managers (Khan et al, 2019). Another factor in customer loyalty research literature is the perceived value of customers, which is assigned to the perception that a person has about a product or service. It is possible that this belief is based on the thought of the experience of the individual's point of view, which is measured according to the ratio of the cost paid for that product or service and the value received (Ashraf et al, 2018). These beliefs, based on past studies of factors, have been effective on customer loyalty An era in which companies, regardless of whether they sell traditional consumer goods or provide services, consider effecting and influencing customers in new, stimulating, innovative and creative ways. Marketing enters this era in a situation where tested ideas and concepts are being revised. Traditional marketing is slowly disappearing and giving way to new methods such as sensory marketing. Sensory marketing emphasizes the use of five human senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) in the field of marketing. The ultimate goal of sensory marketing is to create a sensory experience with the help of the five human senses (Hamacher & Buchkremer, 2022). According to the mentioned points, the researcher is trying to answer the main question of how to present the customer loyalty model based on the five senses with the mediating role of perceived value in the insurance industry. Literature The perceived value of the brand is necessary, through a complex process and a comprehensive approach, to lead towards the desired repeated purchase behavior, and finally the perceived value is the consumer's overall assessment of the desirability of a product based on the perceptions he has of the receipts and payments (Salehi Seghiani et al, 2019). Loyalty is the total amount of feelings and attitude that makes the customer buy again certain goods and services from the company (Shahid et al, 2022). In general, customer loyalty is always defined as a sales frequency with a relative volume of purchases from the same branch (Jenneboer et al, 2022). The goal of most organizations is to achieve customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction with the services provided leads to recommending the product or service to other customers (Chisam et ai, 2022). In the customer's interaction with the company, environmental information is received by the five senses. Compatibility or lack of compatibility of the characteristics of the environment with the sensory tastes of the customer can cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the customer. Bahrami et al, (2022) investigated the impact of citizenship behavior and cooperative behavior of customers on their perceived value and satisfaction. The findings showed that citizenship behavior and cooperative customer behavior have a positive and significant effect on the perceived value of customers. The perceived value of customers has a positive and significant effect on their satisfaction. Also, the mediating role of perceived value in the relationship between citizenship behavior-customer satisfaction and cooperative behavior-customer satisfaction was confirmed. Asgari & Fazeli (2022) investigated the impact of mixed sensory marketing on customer loyalty in Iran's clothing industry. The results of the research showed that all sensory marketing components, except the interaction component, have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. Research methodology This research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. According to the subject nature of the research model and professors' opinions, the statistical population of the research is the insurance buyers, which in the current research is a study on life insurance and investment. According to the obtained statistics, the number of the population was about 384 people, due to the limited statistical population, Cochran's formula was used and the random sampling method is simple. The tool for data-collecting is the questionnaire made by the researcher, which is related to the investigation of the relationship between the dimensions of the five senses and the perceived value on customer loyalty in the insurance industry, and is taken from the qualitative section; which includes 4 dimensions for perceived value (economic value, social value, perceptual value and emotional value), 5 dimensions for five senses (sense of sight, sense of hearing, sense of touch, sense of smell, and sense of taste), and 3 dimensions for customer loyalty (behavioral loyalty, attitudinal loyalty, and emotional loyalty). Research findings Data analysis was done using SPSS and PLS software. The present research has seventeen hypotheses, all of which were confirmed, and the results showed that the five senses with the mediating role of perceived value have a direct and significant effect on customer loyalty, and the fit of the proposed model for the relationship of the variables has been confirmed. Conclusion The current research was conducted with the aim of presenting the customer loyalty model based on the five senses with the mediating role of perceived value in the insurance industry (case study of life and investment insurance). This finding is consistent with research findings of Bahrami et al, (2022), Behruzi & Sohrabi (2022), Asgari & Fazeli (2022), Lv et al, (2020), Hwang et al, (2019), and El-Adly (2018). Lumi et al, (2022) showed that the perceived image and value of customers has a positive and significant effect on the satisfaction and eventually on the attitudinal loyalty of customers, and this causes them to increase the intention to buy again. Ezati & Mazhari (2021) showed that brand equity, brand identity and brand loyalty have a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention. According to the research results, it is suggested: - Customer loyalty can play an important role in the success of organizations; finding out the effective factors on customer loyalty will help managers and employees of organizations to get closer to customers and respond to their needs faster and better. - By specifying the goals of the organization; organizational processes, the support of the managers of the organization to the employees, the system of payments and benefits, and the promotion system in the organization are among the things that can affect the perceived value. Adequate knowledge of buyers and target customers should be done because in order to be able to create excellent and superior value for them, it should be done continuously to ensure the customer's interests.

Medical malpractice insurance has never been cheap, but it's been rising significantly in recent years. Between 2019 and 2021,27% to 30% of such premiums rose from the year prior, according [...]