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Objectives To determine the relative number of acute musculoskeletal injuries sustained by children due to different sports in a region of the UK, and assess the burden upon the NHS, through a cross sectional study. Methods Collection of data for every child aged 6-18 seen at the Peterborough City Hospital fracture clinic, whose sports injury was from 1st September 2018 – 31st August 2019 (1 school year; n=689). Data was gathered throughout the year by three children's orthopaedic surgeons, who consulted the clinic records, notes and x-rays of all children who had attended clinic. Results Boys were 2.7 times more likely to sustain injury than girls. Children aged 6-9 had few injuries (mean 24 injuries each year group), 10-15 had a large number of injuries (mean 84), and 16-18 again had few injuries (mean 35). Football and rugby were responsible for the majority of injuries (61% between them), as well as the majority of physiotherapy appointments (72%). Sports with the highest likelihood that an injury will be sufficiently serious to require surgery were equestrian (42% of injuries required surgery), gymnastics (27%), ice skating (25%) and rugby (22%). Popular sports in which injuries were relatively rare include swimming, athletics, cricket, hockey, tennis and badminton. Conclusion The sports that caused the most injuries were football and rugby. Considering relative participation in different sports, it is clear that rugby has a disproportionate number of musculoskeletal injuries in total, of severe injuries requiring surgery, and requiring rehab from physiotherapy.

Speed skating is a form of ice skating in which the skaters race each other over a variety of standardised distances. Races take place on specialised ice-rinks and the type of track and ice conditions can have a significant impact on race-times. As race distances increase, pacing also plays an important role. In this paper we seek to extend recent work on the application of case-based reasoning to marathon-time prediction by predicting race-times for speed skaters. In particular, we propose and evaluate a number of case-based reasoning variants based on different case and feature representations to generate track-specific race predictions. We show it is possible to improve upon state-of-the-art prediction accuracy by harnessing richer case representations using shorter races and track-adjusted finish and lap-times.

Skating includes several types of ice and roller skating. Injuries from skating are typically traumatic injuries or overuse injuries. Novice and less experienced skaters fall more often and sustain concussions and fractures of the wrist and ankle. Experienced skaters fall when they attempt risky techniques, but tend to get more overuse tendinitis, bursitis, blisters, and patellofemoral pain.

South Africa has a surprisingly long history of the sport perhaps most usually associated with the northern hemisphere: ice hockey. Ice skating was first introduced in the country in the last decade of the nineteenth century as a commercial venture. Entrepreneurs built ice rinks for profit-making purposes and brought showmen from overseas to demonstrate the sport. An ancillary activity was the establishment of ice hockey clubs in 1936 and beyond. Given the strong profit motive, personal and tactical differences between the chief investors and sports administrators inevitably left its imprint on the sport. The extensive involvement of German, Canadian and Swiss immigrants throughout the twentieth century also co-determined the eventual character of the sport. From its inception through to 1991, ice hockey practised racial segregation, operated within apartheid laws and remained an exclusively white activity. Unsurprisingly, the apartheid ice rink also became embroiled in global politics, became a target of the worldwide anti-apartheid sports boycott and was excluded from all international competition from the late 1960s until 1991. This article reclaims some of ice hockey's neglected history in South Africa and investigates the interplay of sport, ice rink entrepreneurship, imperial and foreign identity, and apartheid politics during the twentieth century. Suid Afrika het 'n lang verbintenis met yshokkie - 'n sport wat oor die algemeen met Noord Amerika geassosieer word. Yshokkie se plaaslike teenwoordigheid kan direk verbind word na die vestiging van rolskaatsbane as 'n entrepreneursinisiatief deur sakemanne gedurende die laat-negentiende eeu. In 'n poging om munt te slaan uit die openbare belangstelling in rol- en ysskaats, is vertoonkunstenaars vanaf oorsee ingevoer om deur middel van openbare demonstrasies plaaslike belangstelling aan te wakker wat op hulle beurt, weer tot die stigting van verskeie yshokkie klubs in 1936 aanleiding gegee het. Gegewe die sterk winsoogmerke agter die inisiatief, was dit feitlik onafwendbaar dat verskille en geskille tussen sakevennote en administrateurs, die ontwikkelingsgang en uiteindelike karakter van die sport direk sou beïnvloed. Suid Afrika se lang geskiedenis van rasseskeiding, apartheid (1948-1991) en die betrokkenheid van 'n groot groep oorsese spelers (Duitsers, Switsers en Kanadese) het eweneens Suid Afrikaanse yshokkie se finale identiteit help vorm. Gegewe die sport se slegs-blankes aard gedurende die apartheidsera, het dit soos ander sportsoorte 'n teiken van die internasionale anti-apartheid boikot-veldtog geword. Hierdie artikel poog eerstens om elemente van yshokkie se Suid Afrikaanse verlede aan die vergeteldheid te ontruk en tweedens, om die wisselwerking tussen die sport, entrepreneurskap, imperiale- en buitelandse-identiteite en apartheid gedurende die 20ste eeu bloot te lê.

District heating enables an economical use of energy sources that would otherwise be wasted to cover the heating demands of buildings in urban areas. For efficient utilization of local waste heat and renewable heat sources, low distribution temperatures are of crucial importance. This study evaluates a local heating network being planned for a new building area in Trondheim, Norway, with waste heat available from a nearby ice skating rink. Two alternative supply temperature levels have been evaluated with dynamic simulations: low temperature (40 °C), with direct utilization of waste heat and decentralized domestic hot water (DHW) production using heat pumps; and medium temperature (70 °C), applying a centralized heat pump to lift the temperature of the waste heat. The local network will be connected to the primary district heating network to cover the remaining heat demand. The simulation results show that with a medium temperature supply, the peak power demand is up to three times higher than with a low temperature supply. This results from the fact that the centralized heat pump lifts the temperature for the entire network, including space and DHW heating demands. With a low temperature supply, heat pumps are applied only for DHW production, which enables a low and even electricity demand. On the other hand, with a low temperature supply, the district heating demand is high in the wintertime, in particular if the waste heat temperature is low. The choice of a suitable supply temperature level for a local heating network is hence strongly dependent on the temperature of the available waste heat, but also on the costs and emissions related to the production of district heating and electricity in the different seasons c 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Muscle strength and core endurance are both factors contributing to athletes' performance and prevalence of injuries. There are no studies indicating the relationship between muscle strength around the shoulder and knee joints and core endurance. The aim of our study is to determine the relationship between core endurance and isokinetic muscle strength of knees and shoulders of elite athletes. Seventy-one elite athletes (weight lifting, boxing, taekwondo, biathlon, and ice skating) (age, 18.13±2.9 years) were included in the study. Isokinetic muscle strength of shoulder internal-external rotation and knee flexion-extension were determined by using an Isomed 2000 device. Core endurance of athletes was assessed using the Mcgill Core Endurance Tests. There was a relationship between the shoulder internal rotation and external rotation peak torque/body weight (PT/W) and all endurance tests except extension endurance tests. There was also a relationship between knee flexion PT/W and all core endurance tests. While there was a relationship between knee extension PT/W and extension endurance and the lateral bridge test, this relationship was not found with the flexor endurance test. These results indicate that the upper and lower extremity muscle strength and core endurance of athletes are related with each other and must be evaluated and trained as a whole with each other.

Peroneal tendons dislocation is an uncommon sports-related injury. The injury is frequently associated with sports with cutting maneuvers such as judo, gymnastics, soccer, rugby, basketball, ice skating, skiing, water skiing, and mountaineering. Acute subluxation usually occurs while the foot is dorsiflexed with the peroneal muscles strongly contracted.

Winter sports define a wide variety of different activities, which are adopted especially in northern countries. The winter context sets special requirements for designing interactive systems, as the activities are typically conducted in cold temperatures, with heavier clothing and equipment than summer sports. This chapter describes the authors’ experiences when designing, prototyping, and evaluating computational enhancements for use in outdoor winter sports. The chapter presents four case studies addressing different winter sports, namely cross-country skiing, downhill skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating. As a conclusion, we discuss the common themes, challenges, and lessons learnt from the case studies as a whole.

ObjectivesCross-country (CC) skiing consists of two main techniques: classic and skating. Hip motion during the skating technique is similar to that in ice skating and is considered a risk factor for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in ice hockey players. We aimed to compare the presence of CAM-type FAI in a cohort of elite junior CC (EJCC) skiers with a control group of non-athlete (NA) high school students.MethodsObservational cohort study: EJCC skiers and NAs were recruited from a sports school and a regular high school, respectively. Baseline demographics and training history were obtained via a questionnaire. Bilateral hip MRI was performed and the alpha angle was measured in three planes. CAM deformity was defined as an alpha angle>55° on at least two MRI planes per hip.ResultsA total of 20 EJCC skiers and 10 NAs participated. All participants were male, aged 16–19 years. Average training volume was 528.10±68.34 hours per year for the EJCC skiers compared with 153.50±57.09 for the NAs (pConclusionRadiographic evidence of CAM-type FAI was not more common in the CC skiers compared with NAs. The type, rather than volume or intensity of training, maybe a more important risk factor for the development of CAM-type FAI in young athletes.