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Objective: to estimate the prevalence in the dynamic of physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, smoking and alcohol abuse in a representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods: the population of eight subjects of the European part of Russia was randomized in 2002. The resulting sample was examined by local doctors. The resulting sample included 19,503 respondents who were examined by local doctors in 2002 and 2017. Results: from 2002 to 2017 the prevalence of smoking has decreased from 23,1 to 20,5% (р < 0,001) (47,9 – 42,6% (р < 0,001) among men and 4,8 – 4,5% (р = 0,323 among women)). The smoking index among men has decreased from 18,8 to 17,8 (р = 0,024) and from women increased from 7,7 to 10,6, р < 0,001. The prevalence of alcohol abuse has decreased from 32,2 to 22,3% (р < 0,001) (51,6 – 39,0% (р < 0,001) among men and 17,4 – 10,1% (р < 0,001) among women). Average dose of ethanol, among drinkers has changed from 84,0 ± 94,4 ml to 75,4 ± 75,5 ml (р < 0,001) (120,6 ± 111,9 – 97,7 ± 85,2 (р < 0,001) among men and 44,7 ± 45,3 – 46,0 ± 46,3 (р < 0,001) among women). Percentage of respondents who are overweight or obese has increased from 46,9 to 60,0% (р < 0,001) (41,6 – 58,2% (р < 0,001) among men and 50,9 – 31,3% (р < 0,001) among women). Although the prevalence of inactivity has decreased from 83,2 to 81,0% (р < 0,001) (79,8 – 78,4% р = 0,045 among men and 85,7 – 83,0% (р < 0,001) among women), the proportion of people without physical activity has increased from 71,5 to 74,0% (р < 0,001), because the proportion of people with low physical activity has decreased. Conclusion: the prevalence of bad habits in Russia is decreasing, but the proportion of people who have inactivity, overweight and obesity is increasing. These facts will not significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Russsia, and require optimization of population prevention programs that will reduce the prevalence of inactivity, overweight and obesity in society.

Aim To study the etiology and the dynamics of prevalence and mortality of CHF; to evaluate the treatment coverage of such patients in a representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation for a 20-year period. Material and methods A representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation followed up for 2002 through 2017 (n=19 276); a representative sample of the population of the Nizhny Novgorod region examined in 1998 (n=1922).Results During the observation period since 2002, the incidence of major CHF symptoms (tachycardia, edema, shortness of breath, weakness) tended to decrease while the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has statistically significantly increased. During the period from 1998 through 2017, the prevalence of I-IV functional class (FC) CHF increased from 6.1 % to 8.2 % whereas III-IV FC CHF increased from 1.8 % to 3.1 %. The main causes for the development of CHF remained arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease; the role of myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus as causes for CHF was noted. For the analyzed period, the number of treatment components and the coverage of basic therapy for patients with CHF increased, which probably accounts for a slower increase in the disease prevalence by 2007–2017. The prognosis of patients was unfavorable: in I-II FC CHF, the median survival was 8.4 (95 % CI: 7.8–9.1) years and in III-IV FC CHF, the median survival was 3.8 (95 % CI: 3.4–4.2) years.

The agreement of experts of the Eurasian Association of Therapists (EAT) discusses pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. Modern data on the characteristics of cardiovascular, kidney, respiratory damage in SARS-infected CoV-2 are presented. The tactics of managing patients initially having cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, chronic kidney disease are discussed in detail. The article presents data on drug interaction of drugs.В соглашении экспертов Евразийской ассоциации терапевтов (ЕАТ) обсуждаются вопросы патогенеза и лечения COVID-19. Представлены современные данные об особенностях поражения сердечно-сосудистой системы, почек, органов дыхания у инфицированных SARS-Cov-2. Подробно обсуждена тактика ведения пациентов, исходно имеющих сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, сахарный диабет, хроническую обструктивную болезнь легких, бронхиальную астму, хроническую болезнь почек. В статье представлены данные о лекарственном взаимодействии препаратов.

This article discusses relevant aspects in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Up-to-date information about principles for administration of statins, antithrombotics, and antiarrhythmics is presented. The authors addressed in detail specific features of reversing heart rhythm disorders in patients with coronavirus infection and the interaction of antiarrhythmic and antiviral drugs. Recommendations are provided for outpatient and inpatient antithrombotic therapy for patients with COVID-19. Issues of antithrombotic and antiviral drug interaction are discussed.

Aim To evaluate compliance with self-monitoring and drug and non-drug treatment of patients after ADHF during the management at a specialized center for CHF treatment (CCHF) or in real-life clinical practice.Material and methods The study included 942 CHF patients after ADHF. In two years, the entire sample of patients was retrospectively divided into 4 groups based on their compliance with the management at the CCHF: group 1, 313 patients who were managed at the CCHF continuously for two years; group 2, 383 patients who choose the management at district outpatient clinics after discharge from a hospital; group 3, 197 patients who visited the CCHF for one year but then stopped the management; and group 4, 49 patients who initially preferred the management at district clinics but then switched to constant management at the CCHF. Compliance with recommendations was analyzed by data of outpatient clinical records or by data of structured telephone calls for patients who did not visit the CCHF or did not follow the visit schedule. Statistics was performed with a Statistica 7.0 for Windows software package.Results Patients of groups 2 (72.4 %) and 3 (88.3 %) performed self-monitoring less frequently whereas patients of groups 1 (94.6 %) and 4 (87.8 %) performed self-monitoring more frequently (р1 / 3=0.01, р1 / 21 / 4=0.07, р2 / 4=0.02, р2 / 34 / 3=0.9). Patients of group 2 (58.1 %) performed self-monitoring of heart rate less frequently than patients of groups 1, 3, and 4 (90.7 %, 81.7 %, and 87.8 %; р1 / 3=0.003, р1 / 21 / 4=0.5, р2 / 42 / 34 / 3=0.3). Patients of group 2 performed body weight self-monitoring less frequently than patients of groups 1, 3, and 4 (78.6 %, 67.9 %, and 72.9 %; р1 / 3=0.008, р1 / 21 / 4=0.4, р2 / 4=0.002, р2 / 34 / 3=0.5). Compliance with the diet and restriction of salt consumption was 32.3 % and 37.5 % in groups 1 and 4, and 24.9 % and 19.9 % in groups 2 and 3 (р1 / 3=0.002, р1 / 2=0.03, р1 / 4=0.5, р2 / 4=0.02, р2 / 3=0.2, and р4 / 3=0.009). Compliance with recommendations on physical rehabilitation was 44.7% in group 1, which was better than in groups 2, 3, and 4 (8.2 %, 21.6 %, and 9.1 %; р1 / 21 / 3=0.0003, р1 / 4=0.002, р2 / 4=0.9, р2 / 3=0.0006, and р4 / 3=0.2). At the end of the second year of follow-up, the actual proportion of patients taking ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor antagonists was low in groups 2, 3, and 4 (43.2 %, 45 %, and 66.7 %) and satisfactory in group 1 (92.4 %; р1 / 21 / 31 / 42 / 3=0.6, р2 / 4=0.05, and р3 / 4=0.05). Proportion of patients taking beta-blockers was greater in group 1 (97.2 %) than in groups 2, 3. and 4 (73.2 %, 71.1 %, and 90.5 %; р1 / 21 / 31 / 4=00.08, р2 / 3=0.6, р2 / 4=0.1, and р3 / 4=0.06). Patients of group 1 (96.2 %) showed good compliance with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment compared to groups 2, 3, and 4 (58.8 %, 55.4 %, and 81.2 %; р1 / 21 / 31 / 42 / 3=0.5, р2 / 4=0.1, and р3 / 4=0.Conclusion Only scheduled management by a cardiologist of the specialized CCHF provided sufficient compliance with self-monitoring and drug and non-drug treatment of CHF during the long-term follow-up.

RelevanceThe number of patients with functional class III-IV chronic heart failure (CHF) characterized by frequent rehospitalization for acute decompensated HF (ADHF) has increased. Rehospitalizations significantly increase the cost of patient management and the burden on health care system.Objective To determine the effect of long-term follow-up at a specialized center for treatment of HF (Center for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, CTCHF) on the risk of rehospitalization for patients after ADHF.Materials and MethodsThe study successively included 942 patients with CHF after ADHF. Group 1 consisted of 510 patients who continued the outpatient follows-up at the CTCHF, and group 2 included 432 patients who refused of the follow-up at the CTCHF and were managed at outpatient clinics at their place of residence. CHF patient compliance with recommendations and frequency of rehospitalization for ADHF were determined by outpatient medical records and structured telephone calls. A rehospitalization for ADHF was recorded if the patient stayed for more than one day in the hospital and required intravenous loop diuretics. The follow-up period was two years. Statistical analyses were performed using a Statistica 7.0 software for Windows, SPSS, and a R statistical package.ResultsPatients of group 2 were significantly older, more frequently had FC III CHF and less frequently had FC I CHF than patients of group 1. Both groups contained more women and HF patients with preserved ejection fraction. Using the method of binary multifactorial logit-regression a mathematical model was created, which showed that risk of rehospitalization during the entire follow-up period did not depend on age and sex but was significantly increased 2.4 times for patients with FC III-IV CHF and 3.4 times for patients of group 2. Multinomial multifactorial logit-regression showed that the risk of one, two, three or more rehospitalizations within two years was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (2.9–4.5 times depending on the number of rehospitalizations) and for patients with FC III-IV CHF compared to patients with FC I-II CHF (2–3.2 times depending on the number of rehospitalizations). Proportion of readmitted patients during the first year of follow-up was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 (55.3 % vs. 39.8 % of patients [odd ratio (OR) =1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4–2.4; рConclusionFollow-up in the system of specialized health care significantly decreases the risk of rehospitalization during the first and second years of follow-up and during two years in total for both patients with FC I-II CHF and FC III-IV CHF. Despite education of patients, personal contacts with medical personnel, and telephone support, main reasons for rehospitalization were avoidable.

The extent of the problem of heart failure determines the priority of the intention of developing and implementing an optimal model of medical care for this group of patients. The article describes the key components of the heart failure medical care (continuity, patient routing, educational activities) and provides examples of documents, protocols, checklists that can be used in real clinical practice by specialists in medical organizations in the regions of the Russian Federation.

An online meeting of experts held on November 6, 2020 describes the results of EMPA-REG OUTCOME and EMPEROR-Reduced trials on sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin. We analyzed cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving empagliflozin. A number of proposals and recommendations have been adopted regarding the further study of the cardiovascular and renal effects of empagliflozin and its practical use in patients with heart failure, regardless of the T2D presence.

Aim To study the effect of regular drug therapy for cardiovascular and other diseases preceding the COVID-19 infection on severity and outcome of COVID-19 based on data of the ACTIVE (Analysis of dynamics of Comorbidities in paTIents who surVived SARS-CoV-2 infEction) registry.Material and methods The ACTIVE registry was created at the initiative of the Eurasian Association of Therapists. The registry includes 5 808 male and female patients diagnosed with COVID-19 treated in a hospital or at home with a due protection of patients’ privacy (data of nasal and throat smears; antibody titer; typical CT imaging features). The register territory included 7 countries: the Russian Federation, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Moldova, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The registry design: a closed, multicenter registry with two nonoverlapping arms (outpatient arm and in-patient arm). The registry scheduled 6 visits, 3 in-person visits during the acute period and 3 virtual visits (telephone calls) at 3, 6, and 12 mos. Patient enrollment started on June 29, 2020 and was completed on October 29, 2020. The registry completion is scheduled for October 29, 2022. The registry ID: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04492384. In this fragment of the study of registry data, the work group analyzed the effect of therapy for comorbidities at baseline on severity and outcomes of the novel coronavirus infection. The study population included only the patients who took their medicines on a regular basis while the comparison population consisted of noncompliant patients (irregular drug intake or not taking drugs at all despite indications for the treatment).ResultsThe analysis of the ACTIVE registry database included 5808 patients. The vast majority of patients with COVID-19 had comorbidities with prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Medicines used for the treatment of COVID-19 comorbidities influenced the course of the infectious disease in different ways. A lower risk of fatal outcome was associated with the statin treatment in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD); with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor antagonists and with beta-blockers in patients with IHD, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure (CHF), and atrial fibrillation; with oral anticoagulants (OAC), primarily direct OAC, clopidogrel/prasugrel/ticagrelor in patients with IHD; with oral antihyperglycemic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM); and with long-acting insulins in patients with type 1 DM. A higher risk of fatal outcome was associated with the spironolactone treatment in patients with CHF and with inhaled corticosteroids (iCS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Conclusion In the epoch of COVID-19 pandemic, a lower risk of severe course of the coronavirus infection was observed for patients with chronic noninfectious comorbidities highly compliant with the base treatment of the comorbidity.

Actuality. The results of the EPOCH study showed that in 16 years in the Russian Federation the number of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) of I–IV FC increased significantly. The main objectives of the treatment of CHF are the stabilization of the patient's condition and the reduction of the risks of cardiovascular mortality, decompensation and repeated hospitalizations for heart failure. But a single concept of “stable” CHF does not exist either in Russian or in foreign recommendations. Objective. To assess how ofen the subjective assessment of a doctor regarding the stability of a patient with CHF coincides with the subjective opinion of the patient with CHF regarding the stability of his condition; and to identify those parametrs that have a leading influence on the assessment of the stability of the state from the point of view of the physician and the patient. Materials and methods. Data collection was carried out in the form of interviews among general practitioners and cardiologists in outpatient clinics (OC) of Nizhny Novgorod, which were randomly selected by the method of blind envelopes. In parallel, a survey was conducted of patients with CHF who applied for outpatient medical care about this syndrome to this OC, which the doctors were not informed about, because patient interviews were conducted after the end of outpatient admission in a separate room. Answers of doctors about a patient with CHF were compared with the answers of the corresponding patient; for this, a single code was assigned to both questionnaires. The study included 211 patients with CHF of any etiology older than 18 years. The study involved 25 doctors. The study was conducted from 11/01/17 to 11/30/17. Results: Analysis of the data suggests that the doctor is more likely to consider the patient more stable in cases when the patient notes a decrease in the severity of shortness of breath, weakness and does not detect edema, while the fact of therapy with loop diuretics (LD) or an increase in them did not affect assessment of stability from the point of view of the doctor. From the point of view of the patient, the absence of the first three signs also testifies to the stability of the condition, however, unlike doctors, patients more often (p Conclusion. Reducing the severity of dyspnea, weakness and lack of edema of the lower extremities are important signs of the stability of the condition, both in the opinion of the doctor and in the opinion of the patient. Unlike the doctor, the patient is more likely to be classified as unstable in those cases when he is forced to receive therapy with loop diuretics at the outpatient stage or to increase their dose. The model for assessing the stability of a patient with CHF from the point of view of a physician more often allows one to confirm the patient’s stable condition, while the model used by patients more often allows to identify patient instability and worsening of the course of CHF.

Aim.To perform a repeated epidemiological study of a representative sample in the European part of the Russian Federation in 2017 and to compare the dynamics of arterial hypertension (AH) prevalence with the effectiveness of blood pressure (BP) control in the population compared to 1998, 2002, and 2007.Materials and methods.A representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation was created in 2002 and re-examined in 2007 and 2017. In 1998, a pilot project was performed for examining a representative sample for the Nizhniy Novgorod region.Results.During 19 years of follow-up, the AH prevalence increased from 35.5 to 43.3%. Te awareness and treatment coverage reached 76.9 and 79.3%, respectively, in 2017. Achievement of the target BP with a single measurement also increased among patients receiving antihypertensive medication from 14.3 to 34.9%. For the treatment of AH, medium-acting antihypertensive drugs are used, ofen at suboptimal doses.Conclusion.Epidemiological indices of awareness, treatment coverage, and number of effectively managed patients with AH have improved. However, the AH prevalence has increased by 7.8% for 19 years, which indicates inefciency of the primary prevention of this disease.

On December 18, 2020, an expert council was held with the participation of members of the Russian Society of Cardiology, the Eurasian Association of Ther-apists, the National Society for Atherothrombosis, the National Society for Evi-dence-Based Pharmacotherapy, and the Russian Heart Failure Society. The event was devoted to the discussion of the correct use of research data of "real clinical practice" in decision making.

The organizer of the registers “Dynamics analysis of comorbidities in SARSCoV-2 survivors” (AKTIV) and “Analysis of hospitalizations of comorbid patients infected during the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak” (AKTIV 2) is the Eurasian Association of Therapists (EAT). Currently, there are no clinical registries in the Eurasian region designed to collect and analyze information on long-term outcomes of COVID-19 survivors with comorbid conditions. The aim of the register is to assess the impact of a novel coronavirus infection on long-term course of chronic non-communicable diseases 3, 6, 12 months after recovery, as well as to obtain information on the effect of comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19. Analysis of hospitalized patients of a possible second wave is planned for register “AKTIV 2”. To achieve this goal, the register will include men and women over 18 years of age diagnosed with COVID-19 who are treated in a hospital or in outpatient basis. The register includes 25 centers in 5 federal districts of the Russian Federation, centers in the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The estimated capacity of the register is 5400 patients.

The article discusses pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. The authors presented state-of-the-art insight into hemostatic disorders in patients with COVID-19 and clinical recommendations on prevention of thrombosis and thromboembolism in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The article discussed in detail a new hypothesis proposed by Chinese physicians about a new component in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, namely, about the effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the hemoglobin beta-chain and the formation of a complex with porphyrin, which results in displacement of the iron ion. Thus, hemoglobin loses the capability for transporting oxygen, which aggravates hypoxia and worsens the prognosis. The article stated rules of hemotransfusion safety in the conditions of COVID-19 pandemic.

Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of adult mortality. Increased risk of death determines need for better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms, predictive risk stratification models and applicable methods to improve prognosis. One of the unfavorable prognostic factors may be an inadequate hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is known to be an independent predictor of many cardiovascular diseases, particularly HF, and death. Singlecenter study of HF population revealed that systolic blood pressure within 3-5 minutes after standing up may be a predictor of long-term unfavorable outcomes. Nevertheless, data about OH in patients with HF are limited and inconsistent due to heterogeneity of populations and different methodology in published studies. In this regard, a population-based study of the orthostatic response in patients with HF (stable and decompensated) is needed. The article describes the rationale and design of a multicenter prospective observational study aimed to assess the clinical and prognostic significance of orthostatic responses in HF patients.

Background Mortality from chronic heart failure (CHF) remains high and entails serious demographic losses worldwide. The most vulnerable group is patients after acute decompensated HF (ADHF) who have a high risk of unfavorable outcome.Aim To analyze risks of all-cause death (ACD), cardiovascular death (CVD), and death from recurrent ADHF in CHF patients during two years following ADHF in long-term follow-up with specialized medical care and in real-life clinical practice.Material and methods The study successively included 942 CHF patients after ADHF. 510 patients continued out-patient treatment in a specialized CHF treatment center (CHFTC) (group 1) and 432 patients refused of the management in the CHFTC and were managed in out-patient clinics at the place of patient’s residence (group 2). Causes of death were determined based on inpatient hospital records, postmortem reports, or outpatient medical records. Cases of ACD, CVD, death from ADHF, and a composite index (CVD and death from ADHF) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed with the software package Statistica 7.0 for Windows, SPSS, and statistical package R.Results Patients of group 2 were older, more frequently had functional class (FC) III CHF and less frequently FC I CHF compared to group 1. Women and patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) prevailed in both groups. Results of the Cox proportional hazards model for ACD, CVD, death from ADHF, and the composite mortality index showed that belonging to group 2 was an independent predictor for increased risk of death (рConclusion The follow-up in the system of specialized medical care reduces risks of ACD, CVD, and death from ADHF. The first 6 months following discharge from the hospital was a vulnerability period for patients after ADHF. The CCS score impaired the prognosis whereas baseline LV EF and CHF FC did not influence the long-term prognosis after ADHF. Protective factors included female gender and higher values of 6MW and systolic BP.

The article presents a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of a rare disease, multiple papillary fibroelastoma associated with a relapse and a complication in the form of cardioembolic stroke. The authors stressed difficulties in diagnostics of this disease and a special role of the physician-patient interaction.

Aim To present clinical characteristics of patients after hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and to analyze hemodynamic indexes and compliance with the treatment at two years depending on the conditions of outpatient follow-up.Material and methods The study included 942 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) older than 18 years who had been hospitalized for ADHF. Based on patients’ decisions, two groups were isolated: patients who continued the outpatient follow-up at the Center of CHF (CCHF) (group 1, n=510) and patients who continued the follow-up in outpatient multidisciplinary clinics (OMC) at their place of residence (group 2, n=432). The clinical portrait of patients was evaluated after ADHF, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated on discharge from the hospital. Also, the patient compliance with the treatment was analyzed during two years of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 7.0 for Windows.Results The leading causes for CHF included arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. With the mean duration of hospitalization of 11 inpatient days, 88.1 % and 88.4 % of patients of groups 1 and 2 were discharged with complaints of shortness of breath; 62 % and 70.4 % complained of palpitations; and 73.6 % and 71.8 % complained of general weakness. On discharge from the hospital, the following obvious signs of congestion remained: peripheral edema in 54.3 % and 57.9 %; pulmonary rales in 28.8 % and 32.4 %; orthopnea in 21.4 % and 26.2 %; and cough in 16,5 % and 15.5 % of patients of groups 1 and 2, respectively. For the time of hospitalization, CHF patients did not achieve their targets of systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and heart rate (HR). Patients of group 1 achieved the recommended values of SBP, DBP and HR already at one year of the follow-up at CCHF. Patients of group 2 had no significant changes in hemodynamic indexes. At one and two years of the follow-up, group 2 showed a considerable impairment of the compliance with the basis therapy for CHF compared to group 1.Conclusions During the short period of hospitalization (11 inpatient days), the patients retained pronounced symptoms of HF and clinical signs of congestion and did not achieve their hemodynamic targets. The patients who were followed up for a long time at CCHF were more compliant with the basis therapy, which resulted in improvement of hemodynamic indexes, compared to the patients who were managed in OMS at the place of residence.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infections by 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.The study has been aimed to evaluate the social and pharmacoeconomic aspects of PCV13 vaccination of 65-year-old patients with various risks of pneumococcal infection.Material and methods. Markov model with 5 and 15 years time horizon was used for the analysis from the position of the health care system.The analysis was carried out for 65-year-old citizens with low (absence of immunocompromized conditions and chronic diseases), moderate (patients with chronic diseases without immunodeficiency) and high (immunocompromized conditions) risk of pneumococcal infection as well as for the entire population of 65-year-old citizens, regardless of the risk level.In base-case assumption has been made that 1 dose of PCV13 should be administered for the patients from low and moderate risk groups and in the high-risk group 1 dose of PCV13 and in 8 weeks a dose of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) should be given.The treatment and physician visit costs have been calculated using CHI rates for St. Petersburg in 2018. Vaccination cost was calculated using the auction price to purchase PCV13 and PPV23 in 2018.Results.Vaccination of 1 cohort of 65-year-old citizens in Russian Federation within 5 years will result in prevention of 2200 deaths, 3900 cases of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) and 48700 cases of community-acquired pneumonia. In 15 years prevention of about 4,3 thousand deaths, 6,6 thousand IPD and 101,1 thousand cases of CAP will be provided.Within 15-year horizon the cost-effectiveness ratio will be RUR 30,3, 82,4 and 410,0 thousand per QALY in high, moderate and low risk groups, respectively. Even if the time horizon is reduced to 5 years the PCV13 vaccination can be considered as an economically high-efficient intervention in moderate and high risk groups (cost-effectiveness ratio - RUR 279,2 and 221,7 thousand / QALY, respectively).In the 15-year-horizon noting the distribution of 65-yearolds by risk levels the cost-effectiveness ratio of PCV13 in population as a whole will be RUR 216,4 thousand / QALY. If moderate and high risk groups only are vaccinated, the average cost-effectiveness ratio will drop to RUR 67,6 thousand /QALY. At universal PCV13 vaccination of 65 years old in 5 year time horizon return of investment to the health care system budget will be 33.2% and at vaccination of persons with moderate and high risk return of investment will be 44.0%. With the assumption of vaccination during the planned physician visit (without additional visit) the return to the budget will be 46.8% and 60.9% for vaccination of all 65-year-olds and patients from the moderate and high risk groups, respectively.Conclusions.Vaccination of the 65-year-old persons against PCV13 pneumococcal infection in Russian Federation can be considered as a highly socially and economically effective intervention resulting in significant reduction of pneumococcal infection incidence and related mortality. The cost-effectiveness of vaccination is increasing along with the level of the risk. PCV13 vaccination of patients with moderate and high risk only provides a significant reduction in the burden for the health care budget in comparison with the vaccination of the entire population of 65-year-olds.

Aim. To determine time-related changes in prevalence, morbidity, and all-cause mortality of patients with CHF depending on the presence of DM in a representative sample of Nizhny Novgorod Region. Materials and methods. In 1998, a representative sample of Nizhny Novgorod Region was created, which included 1922 respondents. From 2000 through 2017, this sample was evaluated three times. Patients with CHF and DM were studied. Results. For 17 years, prevalence of NYHA FC IV CHF increased from 6.88 to 9.1% (р=0.04). Prevalence of NYHA FC III-IV CHF increased considerably from 1.2% to 4.8% (р

AIM To evaluate preparedness of physicians in real clinical practice to strive for stabilizing the course of CHF by control of clinical and hemodynamic indexes both in prevention of admission for decompensated CHF and following discharge from the hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 750 CHF patients with any NYHA FC who were admitted in emergency for decompensated CHF. All patients with CHF were followed up for a year after discharge from the hospital. Medical records of inpatients (MRIP) and outpatients (MROP) were analyzed including determination of clinical symptoms and administered doses of medicines. Changes in clinical parameters during a year were recorded. RESULTS CHF decompensation was evident as pulmonary edema in 1.6% of cases and acute left ventricular failure in 18.5% of cases. All the rest of decompensated CHF cases included ascites or hyposarca (21.1%), or increased edema syndrome with unstable hemodynamics (58.5%). In MROPs, weight control was presented for 1.2% of patients. The composite index of effectively achieved control of hemodynamics and body weight was only 0.2%. Treatment effectiveness decreases due to absence of drug titration and switching therapies, which considerably impairs prognosis for patients. CONCLUSION Outpatient physicians lack alertness for development of CHF decompensation, and control of hemodynamics and body weight of patients remains ineffective. Physicians are not prepared to achieve recommended doses of medicines, which provokes high risk of fatal outcome and/or rehospitalization.

Background. Earlier studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with CHF. It was noticed that tachycardia and hypotension provoked high risks for cardiovascular mortality. The presence of arterial hypertension (AH) in CHF patients also impairs life prognosis. Aim. To determine prognosis for patients based on the control of hemodynamic indexes and titration of pulse-slowing therapy in real-life clinical practice. Materials and methods. This prospective study with a one-year follow-up period included 580 patients after decompensated CHF who were discharged from the Municipal Center for Treatment of CHF. 46.9% of patients had AF. Patients with AF were divided into groups with paroxysmal and persistent AF (combined) and permanent AF. Results. Among patients with CHF and AF, 56.3%, 38.6%, and 5.1% had permanent, persistent, and paroxysmal AF, respectively. Patients with permanent AF had a higher CHF FC. The FC was evaluated using the 6-min walk test and Clinical Condition Scale at baseline and after the one-year follow-up. Incidence of hypotension and tachycardia was higher in the group with permanent AF. In patients without AF, baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) (139.5±24.5 mm Hg) was higher than in patients with any AF type (132.1±24.2 mm Hg, p

Aim.To study the clinical course specifics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and comorbid conditions in COVID-19 survivors 3, 6, 12 months after recovery in the Eurasian region according to the AKTIV register.Material and methods.The AKTIV register was created at the initiative of the Eurasian Association of Therapists. The AKTIV register is divided into 2 parts: AKTIV 1 and AKTIV 2. The AKTIV 1 register currently includes 6300 patients, while in AKTIV 2 — 2770. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 receiving in- and outpatient treatment have been anonymously included on the registry. The following 7 countries participated in the register: Russian Federation, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Uzbekistan. This closed multicenter register with two nonoverlapping branches (in- and outpatient branch) provides 6 visits: 3 in-person visits during the acute period and 3 telephone calls after 3, 6, 12 months. Subject recruitment lasted from June 29, 2020 to October 29, 2020. Register will end on October 29, 2022. A total of 9 fragmentary analyzes of the registry data are planned. This fragment of the study presents the results of the post-hospitalization period in COVID-19 survivors after 3 and 6 months.Results.According to the AKTIV register, patients after COVID-19 are characterized by long-term persistent symptoms and frequent seeking for unscheduled medical care, including rehospitalizations. The most common causes of unplanned medical care are uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or decompensated type 2 diabetes (T2D). During 3- and 6-month follow-up after hospitalization, 5,6% and 6,4% of patients were diagnosed with other diseases, which were more often presented by HTN, T2D, and CAD. The mortality rate of patients in the post-hospitalization period was 1,9% in the first 3 months and 0,2% for 4-6 months. The highest mortality rate was observed in the first 3 months in the group of patients with class II-IV heart failure, as well as in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In the pattern of death causes in the post-hospitalization period, following cardiovascular causes prevailed (31,8%): acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute heart failure.Conclusion.According to the AKTIV register, the health status of patients after COVID-19 in a serious challenge for healthcare system, which requires planning adequate health system capacity to provide care to patients with COVID-19 in both acute and post-hospitalization period.

Presents an analysis of the reception beta-blockers in three epidemiological studies sections of the EPOKhA. Respondents in each slice (2002, 2007, 2017) were stratified into 5 subgroups: only suffering from hypertension - AH (subgroup AH), patients with stable angina pectoris, but in history and clinically has no evidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic heart failure (subgroup of coronary heart disease); after myocardial infarction, but do not have clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure (subgroup myocardial infarction); patients with acute myocardial infarction formed for any reason, but with no previous history of AMI (subgroup chronic heart failure), and patients with clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure after suffering AMI in anamnesis (subgroup myocardial infarction + chronic heart failure). During 15 years in the Russian Federation the frequency of administration of beta-blockers increased from 20% in the section of cardiovascular pathology to 30%. The most sensitive to the use of beta-blockers were patients with a history of AMI and chronic heart failure. Prolonged beta-blockers have been used at the population level only in 2007, but the frequency with any cardiovascular pathology does not exceed the 50% threshold, and the achievement of goals (control heart rate) does not exceed 10% of the level at any pathology. This dependence is associated with low-dose beta-blockers. In any case, the dose of beta-blockers did not exceed 50% of recommended that can be a separate cause of cardiovascular mortality at the population level in Russia.

The international AKTIV register presents a detailed description of out- and inpatients with COVID-19 in the Eurasian region. It was found that hospitalized patients had more comorbidities. In addition, these patients were older and there were more men than among outpatients. Among the traditional risk factors, obesity and hypertension had a significant negative effect on prognosis, which was more significant for patients 60 years of age and older. Among comorbidities, CVDs had the maximum negative effect on prognosis, and this effect was more significant for patients 60 years of age and older. Among other comorbidities, type 2 and 1 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer and anemia had a negative impact on the prognosis. This effect was also more significant (with the exception of type 1 diabetes) for patients 60 years and older. The death risk in patients with COVID-19 depended on the severity and type of multimorbidity. Clusters of diseases typical for deceased patients were identified and their impact on prognosis was determined. The most unfavorable was a cluster of 4 diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. The data obtained should be taken into account when planning measures for prevention (vaccination priority groups), treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors.

Relevance. Data from epidemiological studies indicate an increase in the number of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in the Russian Federation over the past 18 years. The worsening of the prognosis in patients with CHF after the episode of acute heart failure decompensation (AHFD) requires changes in the tactics of treatment and rehabilitation of patients on an outpatient basis. The goal is to identify the differences in the two strategies for monitoring patients with CHF after AHFD and determine the effectiveness of treatment, rehabilitation and life expectancy, depending on the observation of a specialized urban center for the treatment of CHF (CCHF) and real outpatient practice in the system. Materials and methods. The study included 648 patients with CHF of any etiology older than 18 years. The first group consisted of 412 patients with CHF who were observed for AHFD in the stationary department of the CCHF and, after discharge, continued rehabilitation in the outpatient department of the CCHF; the 2 nd - 236 patients with CHF who, after discharge for AHFD from the department of the CCHF, preferred observation in outpatient clinics in Nizhny Novgorod. Results. After one year of follow-up, the overall mortality rate in the 1st group was 4.13%, and in the second group it was 14.83% (odds ratio 4.0, 95% confidence interval 2.2-7.4, p

Aim The present study shows the dynamics of the prevalence different grades of AH and treatment coverage over15 years of observation. Methods 8740 apartments were randomized in 2002 year in eight regions of Russia and 19449 individuals were included. Re-examination was carried out in 2017 year. The representative sample was separated in four groups: Grade 0 – individuals with systolic blood pressure (BP) Results The mean age individuals was 44.4±19.3 years in 2002 year. Grade 0 had 63.3% participants (mean age 36.5±17.1 y.), Grade 1 – 19.5% (mean age 55.2±15.4 y.), Grade 2 – 11.7% (mean age 60.6±13.5 y.) and Grade 3 – 5.6% (mean age 62.4±12.8 y.). 3.0% participants had AHDT and blood pressure meets Grade 0. Patients with AH Grade 1 used drugs in 25.5% cases, with Grade 2 – 49.4% and with Grade 3 – 60.8% patients respectively. The mean age of participants with AHTD was significantly higher than mean age group without AHTD in Grade 0, 1 and 2 (p Structure of samples Grade 2002 2017 AHDT Mean age AHDT P value Mean age 0 63,3% No 35,8±16,8 70,1% 42,6±13,9 Yes 3,0% 57,4±14,5 16,3% Conclusion Over 15 years follow up period the prevalence of hypertension in Russia increased to 41.4%, but the effectiveness of therapy remains low.

Aim. To analyze the effect of introducing new treatment goals in hypertension stated in the 2018 European Society of Cardiology and European Society of Hypertension Guidelines on prevalence and treatment efficacy of arterial hypertension (AH) in a representative sample of patients in the European part of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. A representative sample of population in the European part of Russia was evaluated in 1998, 2002, 2007, and 2017. The structure of patients with AH was compared in these samples according to the 2013 and 2018 European Guidelines. Results. Introduction of new guidelines for the treatment of AH in 2018 resulted in increasing the prevalence of hypertension from 35.5% to 36.9% in 1998, from 39.1% to 39.9% in 2002, from 451.0% to 41.3% in 2007, and from 43.3% to 43.6% in 2017. Proportion of effectively managed patients decreased from 4.7% to 3.5% in 1998, from 7.5% to 6.2% in 2002, from 17.0 to 14.7% in 2007, and from 30.8% to 26.4%. Proportion of patients who required initiation of antihypertensive therapy increased from 59.6% to 61.1% in 1998, from 47.9% to 49.1% in 2002, from 27.9% to 28.2% in 2007, and from 17.5% to 18.2% in 2017. Conclusion. The new requirements to diagnostic and treatment of AH provided by the 2018 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines insignificantly influenced prevalence and treatment efficacy of AH. At the same time, the new guidelines appeared rather difficult for application due to different values of blood pressure used for diagnostics and treatment goals.

Aim. To study effects of gender differences in clinical and epidemiological factors on long-term prognosis for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).Materials and methods. A retrospective, observational analysis of a sample of patients (n=718) hospitalized with signs of ADHF with subsequent collecting information about the endpoint (all-cause death) at four years.Results. Age was a predictor of unfavorable outcome for both men and women (RR, 1.04, 95% CI, 1.02–1.06, pConclusions. Te long-term prognosis was worse for men hospitalized for ADHF. Presence of congestion signs impaired the prediction for both men and women. Patients with higher systolic BP on admission were characterized with beter survival. A history of diabetes mellitus for women and myocardial infarction or community acquired pneumonia for both sexes worsened the long-term prediction

Actuality. In the basic therapy of CHF, drugs that reduce the pulse is one of the leading places. Target values of heart rate with sinus rhythm are established. Tere is still no consensus as to which heart rate is ideal in patients with CHF on the background of the rhythm of atrial fbrillation (AF). Te study of the prognosis in patients with CHF and AF depending on the achieved heart rate is relevant.Objective. To analyze the overall mortality and establish the stratifcation risks of death in patients with CHF and AF depending on the form of AF, functional class of CHF and the presence of tachycardia.Material and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted in a group of patients with CHF who were observed at the City Center for CHF treatment (n = 591) during the year. Of these, 47.4% of patients had CHF and AF (n = 280) and 52.6% of patients with CHF without AF (n = 311).Results. In a year, a permanent AF registered among patients with CHF and AF in 55.4%, persistent – in 36.4%, and paroxysmal – in 8.2% of cases. In 12.2% of patients, the diagnosis of AF was frst diagnosed. According to functional class of CHF, LVEF, assessment of clinical assessment scale, the group with a permanent AF was signifcantly heavier than without AF. Te mortality of patients with tachycardia signifcantly increased as a function of the increase in CHF from I–II to III–IV class: from 3.6% to 14.9% in the group without AF (p=0.04), and in the group with paroxysmal and persistent AF from 6.7% to 25.9% (p = 0.043). Te presence of tachycardia increases the risk of death by 61%, and the transition to a heavier functional class is 4.9 times. With each increase in the clinical assessment scale exponent by 1 point, the mortality rate in the sample is increased by 16%.Conclusion. Heart rate is not an independent predictor of death, but in combination with functional class III–IV CHF tachycardia signifcantly worsens the prognosis.

Aim. To study the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in patients with heart failure (HF) hospitalized in the city HF center.Material and methods. According to the local registry, the study sequentially included 183 patients (99 men and 84 women) hospitalized in the Nizhny Novgorod city HF center from September 1, 2019. The examination and treatment were carried out in accordance with the current clinical guidelines. In the first 48 hours after hospitalization, the concentration of the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, soluble stimulating growth factor 2 (sST2), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, blood creatinine was determined. The glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the СKDEPI equation. To assess the carbohydrate metabolism disorders, all patients were studied for fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fructosamine. Statistical data processing was carried out using the R statistics package (R Core Team (2019)).Results. The incidence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders among patients withdecompensated HF was 75,89%, including previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes in 31,25%, newly diagnosed dysglycemia in 44,64% of patients. Less than one fourth of patients had normal parameters of carbohydrate metabolism according to HbA1c, fructosamine and fasting plasma glucose. The severity of carbohydrate metabolism disorders was significantly correlated with the severity of HF according to the following criteria: 6-minute walk test, HF functional class, sST2 level, and some parameters of cardiac remodeling. Among the criteria used for carbohydrate metabolism disorders, the HbA1c level was most closely associated with the criteria for HF severity.Conclusion. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders in HF patients are widespread and underdiagnosed during routine examination. The interrelation of carbohydrate metabolism parameters and indicators of HF severity is rationale for active detection of dysglycemia in these patients in order to potentially influence the prognosis.

COVID-19 is a severe infection with high mortality. The concept of the disease has been shaped to a greater extent on the basis of large registers from the USA, Spain, Italy, and China. However, there is no information on the disease characteristics in Caucasian patients.Therefore, we created an international register with the estimated capacity of 5,000 patients — Dynamics Analysis of Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Survivors (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2), which brought together professionals from the Russian Federation, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyz Republic. The article presents the first analysis of the register involving 1,003 patients. It was shown that the most significant difference of the Caucasian population was the higher effect of multimorbidity on the mortality risk vs other registers. More pronounced effect on mortality of such diseases as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and age over 60 years was also revealed.

The analysis is presented, of the three epidemiologic studies (EPOCHA-CHF, EPOCHA-Hospital-CHF, EPOCHA-Decompensation-CHF). In 16 years, prevalence of chronic heart failure (CHF) in Russia increased from 4,9% (1998) to 10,2% (2014), p=0,01. However, number of CHF patients with III-IV FC NYHA increased more dramatically: from 1,2% (1998) to 4,1% (2014), p=0,002. This happened due to significant increse of the age of patients selection from 64,0±11, 9 y.o. (1998) to 69,9±12,2 y.o. (2014), p=0,02; increase of the weight of etiological causes of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. Overall mortality of the patients with any CHF is 6% per year. This value depends on low rate of prescription of RAAS blockers and beta-blockers during outpatient stage, with usage of low dosages of medications that does not control BP and heartrate. Patients with CHF decompensation led to hospitalization are significantly older than in general population (72,9±10,5 y.o.), and gender differences are for benefit of women, as in general population. 58,2% of hospitalized patients were admitted with noncontrolled hypertension, and in 70,5% there was heartrate higher than 80 bpm. Overall mortality of CHF patients was 25,1% (46,4% died in 1 year with the formed hypotension and 22,1% with retained level of BP). Hospital mortality was 6,8%. Mortality risks increased by repeated admittances for decompensation, absence of RAAS blockers and beta-blockers in management.

Conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of blood pressure (BP) control in patients after renal transplantation using a two renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade. Within 6 months after kidney transplantation is observed syndrome uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) in 51.6% patients; 13 transplant patients (69.2% men and 30.8% women; mean age 34.7±11.8 years) had chronic glomerulonephritis (100% of cases) as the main cause of end-stage chronic kidney disease. Patients received a dose of aliskiren 150-300 mg in combination with a sartans and calcium antagonist after signing informed consent. Within 2 months of treatment there was a significant deterioration in graft function in achieving optimal BP

The high and growing incidence and mortality of patients with heart failure (HF) should receive priority attention when developing an action plan to reduce cardiovascular mortality in the Russian Federation. The article provides an analysis of the implemented elements of HF care in 40 Russian regions (Northwestern, North Caucasian, Volga, Southern Federal districts), some of the best practices, as well as prospects for implementation of the cardiovascular risk management system.

Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of circulatory diseases in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

To evaluate the impact of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on short-term and long-term prognosis in patients hospitalized with signs of chronic decompensated heart failure (CDHF).A total of 852 cases were admitted to therapy/cardiology hospital with signs of CDHF during a year.Among the patients hospitalized with signs of CDHF, the prevalence of CAP was 16.5%. This indicator did not depend on the age of hospitalized patients. Among the multisystem disorders, hypertension, different forms of coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more common in the patients with CAP. The presence of the latter in a patient with CDHF statistically significantly increased the length of hospital stay (13.1 versus 11.9 days; p = 0.009) and also the probability of rehospitalization during a year (odds ratio (OR) 1.9; p = 0.02). The presence of CAP in a patient with CDHF resulted in an increase in mortality rates (OR 13.5; p0.001); moreover, the highest risk of a fatal outcome was noted on day 1 of hospitalization (12.7%). During one-year follow-up, the risk of death in patients hospitalized with CDHF and concomitant pneumonia proved to be higher (OR 4.8; p0.001) than in those without pneumonia.Цель исследования. Оценить влияние внебольничной пневмонии (ВБП) на краткосрочный и долгосрочный прогноз у больных, госпитализированных с явлениями декомпенсации хронической сердечной недостаточности (ХСН). Материалы и методы. Случаи госпитализации (n=852) в стационар по профилю терапия/кардиология пациентов с явлениями декомпенсации ХСН за 1 год. Результаты. Среди больных, госпитализированных с явлениями декомпенсации ХСН, распространенность ВБП составляла 16,5%. Этот показатель не зависел от возраста пациентов. Из сочетанной патологии у больных ВБП чаще отмечались артериальная гипертония, различные формы ишемической болезни сердца, сахарный диабет, хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких. Наличие ВБП у пациента с декомпенсацией ХСН статистически значимо увеличивало длительность пребывания в стационаре (13,1 дня против 11,9 дня; р=0,009), а также вероятность повторной госпитализации в течение года (отношение шансов - ОШ 1,9; р=0,02). Наличие ВБП у больного с декомпенсацией ХСН приводило к увеличению летальности (ОШ 13,5; р0,001), причем максимальная вероятность летального исхода отмечалась в 1-й день госпитализации (12,7%). Риск смерти в течение года наблюдения у пациентов, госпитализированных с декомпенсацией ХСН и сопутствующей пневмонией, оказался выше (ОШ 4,8; р0,001), чем у пациентов без пневмонии. Заключение. ВБП у больного с декомпенсацией ХСН значительно ухудшает прогноз как в отношении краткосрочной, так и в отношении долгосрочной летальности, повышает риск повторной госпитализации и увеличивает длительность пребывания пациента в стационаре.Резюме Цель исследования. Оценить влияние внебольничной пневмонии (ВБП) на краткосрочный и долгосрочный прогноз у больных, госпитализированных с явлениями декомпенсации хронической сердечной недостаточности (ХСН). Материалы и методы. Случаи госпитализации (n=852) в стационар по профилю терапия/кардиология пациентов с явлениями декомпенсации ХСН за 1 год. Результаты. Среди больных, госпитализированных с явлениями декомпенсации ХСН, распространенность ВБП составляла 16,5%. Этот показатель не зависел от возраста пациентов. Из сочетанной патологии у больных ВБП чаще отмечались артериальная гипертония, различные формы ишемической болезни сердца, сахарный диабет, хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких. Наличие ВБП у пациента с декомпенсацией ХСН статистически значимо увеличивало длительность пребывания в стационаре (13,1 дня против 11,9 дня; р=0,009), а также вероятность повторной госпитализации в течение года (отношение шансов — ОШ 1,9; р=0,02). Наличие ВБП у больного с декомпенсацией ХСН приводило к увеличению летальности (ОШ 13,5; р0,001), причем максимальная вероятность летального исхода отмечалась в 1-й день госпитализации (12,7%). Риск смерти в течение года наблюдения у пациентов, госпитализированных с декомпенсацией ХСН и сопутствующей пневмонией, оказался выше (ОШ 4,8; р0,001), чем у пациентов без пневмонии. Заключение. ВБП у больного с декомпенсацией ХСН значительно ухудшает прогноз как в отношении краткосрочной, так и в отношении долгосрочной летальности, повышает риск повторной госпитализации и увеличивает длительность пребывания пациента в стационаре.