Search

The global warming is increasing rapidly with the increase in the power generation using non-renewables. Renewables are the best possible solution to overcome the hazardous effects of non-renewable...

Distributed electricity resources (DERs) are power generating sources which are installed to meet the increasing peak demand. Renewable and zilch emission characteristics are making them as a perfect choice in distribution system. But the designing of protection scheme for the fruitful operation of distribution system (DS) places a challenging task for power system engineers. As the population of the solar based electrical DERs increase in the electrical DS, the fault current contribution from these resources becomes comparatively less with the fault current from utility substation. In this research commentary, voltage and current based protection algorithm is offered which can accurately detect the fault current from solar in-feed DS. The proposed algorithm is implemented in IEEE 30 bus reference DS. The relay mis-coordination problem is solved by using differential evolution algorithm (DEA). Keywords: Distributed energy resources (DERs), Voltage based time inverse over current relay characteristics, Solar in-feed distribution systems (DS), Differential evolution algorithm (DEA)

Despite many decades of research on the photovoltaic cells, still it is a great struggle to get efficiencies more than 25%. Transmission of low energy photons & thermalization of high energy photons are the two losses which form the backbone of the Shockley – Queisser limit. In this paper, a way to diminish both these losses along with modified Perturb and Observe MPPT method, which will boost the overall efficiency up to 35% is demonstrated. At first Singlet Exciton Fission is utilized as a down converting process for photons with energy greater than silicon bandgap of 1.12 eV in which a single high energy photon fissions into two photons of half the energy. Then, Triplet-Triplet Annihilation (TTA) is utilized as an up converting process for photons with energy less than 1.12 eV & wavelength more than 1100 nm in which two low-energy photons get converted into a single high-energy photon of twice the energy and finally Modified Perturb & Observe MPPT method with ZVS technique is used to reduce the DC to DC converter losses.

In this paper an analysis of a 15MW system consisting of 6 fully rated converter (FRC) wind turbines and 2 generators connected to a 20kV external grid via a wind farm controller and capacitor bank is carried out. The study includes the power curve, variation of power generation with wind speed and fault studies during the voltage dip for three different systems of operation namely purely wind based, wind based without controller and Hybrid system of wind farm. The capability of system to sustain fault conditions (LVRT) and attain normalcy after fault period is analyzed and hence describing the reliability of system. The designing and results of the case system is done using DIgsilent Powerfactory software tool.

Electrical energy is the most fundamental elements of infrastructure and it is important for economic development and progress of any nation. As a result of population explosion and economic development, energy utilization has been increasing at a dramatically faster rate in India. The rapid growth of a nation’s economy places heavy demand for electric power. A large portion of the electric demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel which discharges harmful gases in the atmosphere. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emission and to develop efficient and reliable ways to harness energy, renewable sources can be viewed as one of the best possible alternatives. The main aim of the power producers should be to develop smart and sustainable energy systems for the country. This paper documents the current status and potential of renewable energy in India along with role of private power producers. This paper also reviews the major operations and contribution of private power producers in the power sector.

The solar photovoltaic system plays vital role in the modern DC micro grid systems due to clean power and freely available in nature. The abundant and day variability solar power is intermittent in nature. The availability of solar power efficiently and effectively utilizes with the use of battery storage systems. In this work, the solar photovoltaic with the battery storage system is investigated. The stochastic nature of solar power is extracted using intelligent controller based maximum power point tracking method. The battery storage system is interface with the DC link through the bi-directional DC-DC converter. The battery charge controller is implemented with the proportional and integral control. The solar photovoltaic with battery storage system provides the flexible power to the load continuously based on the battery state of the charge. The dynamic variations in the source and load performance are simulated in the MATLAB-Simulink software.

In the present trend, the grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems are playing a major role in supporting the utility peak power and providing the quality of power supply. The installation of solar photovoltaic system is reasonable cost for producing the power. But the solar power may not meet the utility peak demand continuously due to the intermittent nature of solar power. To make continuous supply, the battery storage system is proposed with the bidirectional convert using PI controller. In this work, the grid integration of solar photovoltaic with battery storage system is proposed using the hysteresis current controller for conditioning the electrical power. The solar power is extracted using fuzzy-based maximum power point tracking methods under dynamic variations in the irradiance and temperature. The extracted power is integrate with DC link, and the voltage at DC link is stabilized with the help of battery storage system. The DC link is integrated with the grid through the inverter using a hysteresis current control technique with the PI controller. The inverter and battery storage controllers are used for providing quality of power supply and can meet the necessary peak demand. The performance of the grid-connected solar photovoltaic and battery storage systems is simulated in MATLAB–Simulink software under the dynamic irradiance and the temperature variations.

This research paper presents a novel sequential wavelet-artificial neural network (ANN) with embedded ANN-particle swarm optimization (PSO) for short-term day-ahead forecasting of market clearing price (MCP) in the Indian energy exchange. A precise price forecasting helps suppliers to set up bidding strategies, make investment decisions and be cautious against risks. Conversely, consumers can use price forecasting to exploit appropriate power purchasing strategies for maximum utility utilization. Here the most influential historical data, namely purchase bid and MCP, are considered for training the feed-forward back-propagation neural network. The proposed model involves three sequential phases. Initially, the raw historical data are smoothened by removing the high-frequency components using a wavelet transform method which may enable better training of neural network. Then, ANN is used to train historical patterns. More number of trials is carried out, and the final weights that give the least training error are stored. In the final phase, the stored weights that are obtained from various trials are used as the initial population for the embedded ANN-PSO model. Here the performance of the proposed forecasting model is carried out using three error indices, namely mean absolute percentage error, normalized mean square error and error variance.

Background/Objectives: Vivaldi antenna is a prime candidate for wide band applications. This work involves a design of miniaturized tapered slot antenna operating with X-band frequency to achieve wide scan capability, wide beam, maximum gain and minimum return loss for active phased array antenna. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The design of Vivaldi Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna (VETSA) and analysis of radiation patterns, return loss, beam width and scan angle are done through the use of electromagnetic simulation software HFSS. The analysis was carried out in 3D and 2D. Further, testing and measurement of fabricated Vivaldi antenna using Vector Network Analyzer and radiation patterns are observed in Anechoic Chamber. Design of linear array and planar array is also presented. Findings: VETSA satisfies the requirements on the maximum reflection coefficient < -10 dB for ±60o scan from broadside in E-and H-planes. The realized antenna showed a symmetric pattern, minimum return loss, better 3-dB beam width in principal planes with gain of 3-dB, and VSWR ≤ 2 in X-band frequency. The result of linear array with 9-elements demonstrates good radiation characteristics with gain of 13 dB with low SLL including coupling effects in the X-band operating frequency. The uniformly illuminated array beam pattern shows that the array can scan over the desired scan volume of ±60o in E-plane and ±55o in H-plane. VETSA is a promising candidate to operate in wideband frequency with wide scanning performance in airborne radar applications. Application/Improvements: The designed antenna structure and array are good candidates and is expected to find applications in integration with monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuits on combat aircraft.

Smart grid software integrates various software components in Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Smart Metering and Cloud systems. The smart grid architecture is evolving with new features and to accommodate legacy software elements. Smart grid integrated software is an evolving approach in line with modern Information and Communication technology. In this paper, the authors propose a software requirement framework for the smart grid architecture with a focus on Embedded Systems. A state of art idea is considered, to extract software development practices in automotive domain for smart grid systems. Multi layered software architecture to implement the proposed requirements, is also analyzed. Complete analysis of sub-systems, devices and their operations are done to derive the framework. Master-Slave software architecture model is considered amongst the various Electronic Control Units (ECUs) present in the smart grid environment. All the smart grid software modules and their data exchange attributes are also evaluated. Interface requirements within the smart grid sub-systems are dealt in details.

This paper focuses on efficient hybrid microgrid which consists of wind and solar power generating sources with an efficient and reliable grid connection. The proposed system will execute modified Perturb and observe maximum power point tracking technique for both wind and solar generating unit to maximize the simultaneous extraction of energy from the entire power generation unit under different weather and load conditions. This system eliminates the need to synchronize the system frequency, phase and voltage, which allows flexible operation of multiple parallel connected wind and solar generators at the grid. The simulation output of proposed system will be demonstrated under different weather and load conditions.

Micro turbine generators are often used these modern days as distributed energy resource which is connected to distribution system. The main reason using micro turbine generators operated with waste fuels suiting most of the industrial loads of small scale to medium due to advantages like compact size, high speed, good efficiency, less maintenance, low emissions. Permanent magnet turbo generators are required to couple with the micro turbine. The generated output power from turbo PM generator is of high frequency, so AC/DC/AC converter is been used to convert the output AC power of high frequency into the grid frequency for grid interconnection. A huge increase in the loss and temperature of high speed machine is been noticed especially due to the high frequency harmonic currents produced by the power conversion system. This paper presents a multifunctional three phase active power filter(APF) which is used as PWM inverter to start micro turbine and then it is used as active power filter to mitigate current harmonics produced by AC-DC converter. A Synchronous reference frame(SRF) theory based control strategy is implemented for both PWM inverter and active power filter. The complete system is modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink software.

In this research, we propose an image security scheme using hybrid compression techniques. In this scheme, the data is being provided two-fold security by both encryption stage and hiding stage. The data/message which has to be secured undergoes encryption technique at the initial stage. In this stage, the permutation algorithm is employed which requires a pair of numbers as a key to permute the original message. Following the encryption stage, the deformed message is then embedded onto a JPEG image by considering the low and high quantization tables. The main motivation behind this research work is to provide image security through compression. The final result is an encrypted and compressed JPEG image with a different image quality. The receiver has to perform the reverse process to extract the original data/information. The performance analysis is performed in terms of PSNR for different quantization tables.

A novel channel based rescheduling scheme for modern turbo convolution code is proposed by the inclusi on of suboptimal and low-complex max-log-MAP algorithm. Demands for dedicated custom solutions in mobile communications and its related applications leads t o a reconfigurable architecture for Turbo convoluti on code. This study comprises the design and performance evolution of the proposed reconfigurable architecture for channel coding scheme in MIMO-High Speed Downlink Packet Access (MIMO-HSDPA). To attain effective performance close to shannon limit in a multi chann el system, flexible reconfigurable architecture is realized with 28 nm cyclone V GX 5CGXFC5C6 FPGA. We achieved throughput of 13.5 Mbps compared with the conventional HSDPA standards while consuming 53 mW.

In this study, an efficient computer aided classification of brain tissue in to Gray Matter (GM), White Matter (WM) and Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) is proposed. The proposed work consists of the following sub blocks like denosing, feature extraction and Classifier. This initial partition is performed by ANFIS after extracting the textural features like local binary pattern and histogram features. The main motivation behind this research work is to classify the brain tissue. By comparing the proposed method with other conventional methods, it is clear that our algorithm can estimate the correct tissues WM, GM and CSF much more accurately than the existing algorithms with respect to ground truth image patterns. We achieved an accuracy rate of 98.9% for Gray matter segmentation, 94.1% for White matter segmentation and 90.8% for CSF segmentation.

Congestion management is the technical challenges in a deregulated power system environment. In Congestion Management the allocation of Congestion cost, Generation cost, losses are a main issue. In this research paper optimal generation levels in deregulated markets are determined. The major problem in deregulated system is congestion in the transmission lines, which limits transfer ability of a power system with existing generation capacity. Locational marginal price (LMP) of every generator at every bus is to determine by using nodal pricing method. Determination of Locational Marginal Price and maximization of the social welfare are objective functions in congestion management. The Simulations are done by using power system analysis tool box(PSAT-MATLAB)software in IEEE 6 bus test system and IEEE 14 bus system.

Problem statement: The visual effects of blocking artifacts can be reduce by using deblocking filter. Also with out smoothing the natural edges,the perceived quality of video sequence can be enchanced. This study propose a method to remove blocking artifacts in low bit-rate block based video coding. Approach: The proposed algorithm has two separate filtering modes, which are selected by pixel behavior around the block boundary. In each mode, proper one-dimensional filtering operations are performed across the block boundary along horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. In the first mode corresponding flat regions, a strong filter is applied inside the block as well as on the block boundary, because the flat regions are more sensitive to the Human Visual System (HVS) and the artifacts propagated from the previous frame due to motion compensation are distributed inside the block. In the second mode corresponding to other regions, a sophisticated smoothing filter, which is based on the frequency information around block boundaries, is used to reduce blocking artifacts adaptively without introducing undesired blur. Even though the proposed deblocking filter is quite simple, it improves both subjective and objective image quality for various image features. Results and Conclusion: Deblocking filter improves the PSNR of about 0.1 dB for video encoded using MPEG-4 and H.264 without using its own in-loop deblocking filter. It has proven to be good in the reduction of the very annoying blocking artifacts caused by video compression.

A wind power plant meets many power quality issues when it is connected with a microgrid, because the voltage and frequency are not stable in a microgrid. This article envisages a new power quality conditioner to regulate the supply frequency, control the power flow, minimize current harmonics, and regulate the voltage for a fixed-speed induction generator type wind generator. The proposed new power line conditioner is called a universal power line manager. The control circuit of the universal power line manager is a combination of the control system of a unified power quality conditioner, power flow control, and a frequency regulator. For these reasons, the proposed universal power line manager is very suitable for wind power generators. The universal power line manager's matrix converter controls the windmill power flow with respect to the microgrid frequency and voltage. Hence, the microgrid can maintain constant voltage and frequency. The complete system has been developed, analyzed, and vali...

A wind power plant meets so many power quality issues when it is connected to a microgrid. This paper envisages a new power quality conditioner to regulate the supply frequency, to control the power flow, to minimize the current harmonics and to regulate the voltage for a fixed-speed induction-type wind generator. The proposed new power line conditioner is called the universal power line manager (UPLM). The control circuit of the UPLM is the combination of the control system of the unified power quality conditioner, power flow control and a frequency regulator. For these reasons, the compensator proposed here is called the UPLM. The complete system has been developed, analysed and validated by Matlab/Simulink study. Simulation results are presented to confirm that the new approach has a better performance for wind turbine generation.

Background/Objectives: Vivaldi antenna is a main candidate for phased array antenna. This paper presents the design, testing and measurement of tapered slot antenna with strip line feed which works at X-band frequency. Methods/Statistical analysis: The design of Vivaldi Tapered Slot Antenna (VTSA) and the results of radiation patterns and return loss are obtained through the use of electromagnetic simulation software HFSS. Further, testing and measurement of fabricated Vivaldi antenna using Vector Network Analyzer and radiation patterns are observed in Anechoic Chamber. Findings: The designed VTSA satisfies the requirements on the maximum reflection coefficient which is less than -10dB. The half power beam width of 120o in H-plane and 110o in E-plane with gain of 3-dB for single element is obtained, and satisfies the requirements of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio < 2 for X-band frequency. The S-parameter, radiation characteristics, and gain simulations for the VTSA are given to verify the design concepts. The measured beam width around 90o is achieved in vertical polarization at X-band frequency. Design of linear array of 7-elements is presented and simulated return loss for center element is achieved less than -10dB including mutual coupling effects. The good radiation characteristics are obtained with gain 9.2 dB for linear array. In this work a Vivaldi notch antenna element is fed by Stripline and may be coupled electromagnetically by tapered transitions. The simulated and fabricated results are in good agreement. Application/ Improvements: The results established that the designed Vivaldi Tapered Slot Antenna is a suitable candidate for X-band active phased array for airborne radar applications.

Congestion management is the technical challenge in a Deregulated power system environment. Two types of Methodologies used in congestion Management are non-cost free methods and cost free methods. In this research work congestion is relieved by using cost-free methods considering FACTS Devices. The performance and analysis of UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller, TCSC (Thyristor-controlled series compensator) and SSSC (Static Synchronous series compensator) are used to enhance the transient stability and the results are compared in the IEEE 14 bus test system. This work is done by using PSAT (Power System analysis toolbox) MATLAB software. Three phase fault is created at bus 5and the best location of FACTS Devices are found through the sensitivity based Eigen value analysis. The results show that the proposed approach has a capability to improve transient Stability in the deregulated power system.

This paper discuss the performance of a microcontroller based charge controller coupled with an solar Photovoltaic (PV) system for improving the charging/discharging control of battery. The solar charge controller will prevent the overcharging of the battery hence will be useful for lengthening the lifespan of the battery. It will also help prevent electricity from flowing from the batteries to the solar panels at night. Solar charge controller will prove to be useful in blocking the reverse current flow which otherwise may lead to discharge of the batteries at night. The results obtained demonstrate the good performance of the charge controller as well as the benefits of its use in the power quality improvement.

This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner to minimize the power quality impact present in the matrix converter instead of a passive filter. A matrix converter produces significant harmonics and converts non-standard frequency components into load. The proposed approach eliminates the total harmonic distortions (THD) efficiently, and mitigates sag and swell present in the matrix converter′s load voltage. Because of the smaller THD, the harmonic pollution in the power system will be reduced and the power quality will be increased. The proposed approach has been tested and validated on the matrix converter using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results are shown to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed scheme.

A comparative study has been made on the solutions obtained using combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) problem considering line flow constraints using different intelligent techniques for the regulated power system to ensure a practical, economical and secure generation schedule. The objective of the paper is to minimize the total production cost of the power generation. Economic load dispatch (ELD) and economic emission dispatch (EED) have been applied to obtain optimal fuel cost of generating units. Combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) is obtained by considering both the economic and emission objectives. This bi-objective CEED problem is converted into single objective function using price penalty factor approach. In this paper, intelligent techniques such as genetic algorithm (GA), evolutionary programming (EP), particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE) are applied to obtain CEED solutions for the IEEE 30-bus system and 15-unit system. This proposed algorithm introduces an efficient CEED approach that obtains the minimum operating cost satisfying unit, emission and network constraints. The proposed algorithm has been tested on two sample systems viz the IEEE 30-bus system and a 15-unit system. The results obtained by the various artificial intelligent techniques are compared with respect to the solution time, total production cost and convergence criteria. The solutions obtained are quite encouraging and useful in the economic emission environment. The algorithm and simulation are carried out using Matlab software.

Application of Distributed Generation (DG) to supply the demands of a diverse customer base plays a vital role in the renewable energy environment. Various DG technologies are being integrated into power systems to provide alterna-tives to energy sources and to improve reliability of the system. Power Evacuation from these remotely located DG’s remains a major concern for the power utilities these days. The main cause of concern regarding evacuation is con-sumption of reactive power for excitation by Induction Generators (IG) used in wind power production which affects the power system in variety of ways. This paper deals with the issues related to reactive power consumption by Induc-tion generators during power evacuation. Induction generator based wind turbine model using MATLAB/SIMULINK is simulated and its impact on the grid is observed. The simulated results are analyzed and validated with the real time results for the system considered. A wind farm is also modeled and simulations are carried out to study the various im-pacts it has on the grid & nearby wind turbines during Islanding and system event especially on 3-Phase to ground fault.

Robotics is one of the emerging fields in today's industries and the motion of a manipulator can be expressed based on the kinematical approach. Generally the process of computing the inverse kinematics solution is a tough assignment. By this method the joint angles of the end effector can be retrieved corresponding to the position and orientation which is provided as input. Here the Neural Network approach is adopted and the algorithms employed are Feed forward and Elman Back propagation Neural Network. Since these algorithms are put to use, the inverse kinematics of a five DOF robot can solved and the fetched result will be more precise and less complex, thus finally it can analyzed and compared.

Improved dc bus utilization of voltage and its easier realization in digital domain has made Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) quite popular in AC drives application. The classical Space vector pulse width modulation involves sector calculation and region estimation which results in more computational burden and complexity. A new simplified and generalized SVPWM algorithm is developed for a cascaded H bridge multilevel inverter using sampled values of reference phase voltages. The discussed method has a close similarity with Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). Implementation of the proposed SVPWM is not laborious and extension to n level is simple and straight forward. The proposed method is validated using a five level cascaded H bridge multilevel inverter driving an Induction motor.

Assessment of market power becomes an important issue when more than one firm/supplier and buyer enters the market. As the electricity market has moved from the conventional bundled system to the deregulated environment, the market power assessment has become vital. Most of the researchers have used Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and must-run share (MRS) as an index in their literatures for determining the market power of a generation company. In this paper, a comparative study is made on the market power indices such as HHI, MRS with nodal must-run share (NMRS) under various system constraints such as generation and transmission line outages, and loading conditions. To illustrate and for better understanding, IEEE 24-bus reliability test system (RTS) is taken for which the indices are calculated and compared. It is found that NMRS reflects the complete information about the generation company’s market power on any load at any bus. All simulations are carried out using MATLAB (R2009a) version.

This paper presents an approach to the application of Support Vector Machines (SVM) in estimating market power with the perspective of generation companies (Gencos). By choosing proper attributes and criterion for classification, SVM can be effectively used as a tool for market power estimation in the deregulated electricity market. In this paper, an analysis has been made to infer how effective the SVM technique is in predicting whether market power can be exercised by an entity or not. The person who is handling the technique i.e. Gencos decides the attributes chosen and the classifying criterion. Nodal Must Run Share Index is used in estimating market power. A simple three bus system with two generators and one load/two loads is chosen for the study. Performance of both linear and non-linear kernels is also compared.

The proposed method predicts the grade of astrocytoma based on certain features extracted from magnetic resonant images. MR brain images of three views namely Axial, Sagittal and Coronal are considered for perfect grade evaluation of astrocytoma. Gray level co-occurrence matrix is utilized for feature extraction. The extracted features are subjected to classification through a classifier which predicts the grade. Fuzzy logic classifier and K-Clustering network are the most used classifiers for prediction of grades among many available. The performances of the techniques are evaluated through discussions with neuroradiologist to find their accuracies. A modified K-Clustering network is developed to give a better diagnosis for predicting the grades of astrocytoma.

This paper presents the application of improved SFLA to solve the unit commitment problem including operational and power flow constraints to ensure system security. The SFLA combines both memetic and social behavior of genetic PSO techniques. It includes both deterministic and random techniques for effective use of the search space. The introduction of cognitive component speeds up the local search process by widening the search space. In this proposed model the optimal power flow is carried out for every frog to obtain the minimal operating cost generator scheduling while satisfying the operational and network constraints. Gaussian random noises are introduced for hourly load variations. The proposed algorithm has been applied for IEEE 6 bus and IEEE 30 bus test systems for 24 h. The proposed algorithm is simulated using MATLAB’11 software and the results are quite encouraging because of its excellent convergence.

Astrocytoma is the most common primary tumor which develops from glial cells of brain. They are generally classified as low grade (Grade I and Grade II) and high grade (Grade III and Grade IV), and these classifications are very important in clinical practice which signifies the rate of growth. Grading of astrocytoma relies on magnetic resonant images, and pathological information is also available in clinical settings. In this proposed method, we introduce a novel approach to grade the tumor using first- and second-order image statistical parameters combined with a tool termed as ‘XLMiner.’ The actual grade of astrocytoma and the predicted grade by the classifiers are compared and the accuracy of the classifiers is summarized based on the classifier-predicted output. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The accuracy of Naives Bayes, discriminant analysis, regression tree, and classification tree classifiers for the prediction of grades from lower (I, II) to higher (III, IV) are 100, 81, 76, and 78 % for all the views, respectively.

With a limit to the available conventional sources of energy in India accompanied by a continuous increase in pressure for more energy due to rise in population each year, a shift in the focus from conventional sources to the renewable sources of energy is inevitable. The gap between energy required and energy produced will tend to increase in the coming years if our country depends only upon these limited sources of energy. This paper takes into account India's current energy scenario and forecasts India's energy situation in the year 2020. Furthermore, it clearly depicts the widening gap between the demand and supply and also shows that any attempt to fill this increasing gap with the over use of conventional sources of energy will exhaust them even before their estimated time leaving nothing for the future generations thereby preparing us by predicting a picture of India with its approximate increased demand. Moreover the paper focusses on enhancing the use of renewable sources of energy due to its large untapped potential, concern for the environment, increased demand-supply gap with population increase and pressure on high-emission industry sectors.

The forward kinematic solution for a five joint robot manipulator deals with the coordinate frame with the use of known joint angle values. Forward kinematic solution use the transformation matrix for the calculation of the desired coordinate values. In this paper an artificial neural network is used to solve the forward kinematic problem of a five joint robot.

Phased arrays when mounted on aircraft and missiles will be capable of allowing only the desired signals to be received and simultaneously suppress all other unwanted ones incident from hostile sources. This in turn will make them invisible for the radars at the enemy base or on their aircraft. The paper discusses about the Phased array antenna, Mechanically Steered Planar Array, Passive Electronically Scanned Array, Active Electronically Scanned Array, Wide angle scanning phased array, Mutual coupling effects in phased array and MEMS Electronically steerable antennas. The main aim is analysis of antenna elements suitable for wide-angle scanning array antennas which are useful in airborne radar applications and considers problems related to the design and the analysis of wide-angle scanning phased arrays. The antenna aperture consists many radiating elements used for beam-forming and hence through the adjustment of elemental phases steer the beam efficiently. Moreover, they are capable of rejecting all the unwanted components of the received signals while maintaining at the same time sufficient pattern gain in the desired directions. These characteristics can be implemented for stealth applications.

In the deregulated environment, the economic related problems like generation dispatch, unit commitment, network cost allocation, congestion management, market clearing prices etc. are all associated with the geographical location of the generation companies and the consumers. The number of transmission lines, the distance and the voltage levels are some of the predominant factors in deciding the solution for the above problems for which electrical distance between the utilities is widely used as a tool by the power system researchers. In this paper, a complete analysis has been made on the concept of electrical distance and on the various factors affecting it. A sample five bus system is taken for analysis. The results are quite encouraging and help the researchers to extend the application of electrical distance in various domains.

In power system studies, congestion in transmission lines and utilization of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices are closely associated and it is very important due to their role in power delivery system enhancement. It is to be noted that the generation companies can exercise their market power which depends on the line flows and the line constraints, generators' location and its share to the individual loads. This issue cannot be overlooked as it creates monopoliness which is a threat to the deregulated market policy. The objective of this paper is to show how the generation companies' market power gets enhanced due the FACTS devices. FACTS devices like Thyristor Controlled Switching Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR) are taken and used under steady state operation. The market power is determined using Nodal Must Run Share (NMRS) index for the standard IEEE 14-bus system with and without the above FACTS devices and the results obtained are compared. All the above simulations are carried out in MATLAB 7.9- R2009b environment.

Many applications such as bias network circuits, temperature sensing circuits etc. require current source. Programmable current sources are required for many industrial applications. Implementation of a programmable current source varies depending on the type of application. In measurement field voltage controlled current sources are widely used. In this paper, Howland model is simulated and various characteristics are studied. The analytical and simulated results are matching. The simulation is carried out using Tina 7 Simulation software.

The operating performance of wind electric generators has considerable stress on the quality of electric power and reliability in the performance power systems [1]. Power quality issues such as voltage dip, harmonic distortion and reliability problems are main considerations in this work. The voltage distortion & reactive power issues are also considered. The powerful MATLAB tool is used to analyse the power quality issues and other reliability problems in this paper and also the performance of induction generator connected with grid is also analyzed for power quality problems. The compensator is designed to inject reactive power to overcome power quality problems and also for better grid operation. There is a continuous variation in terminal voltage because of the varying wind speed. The addition of STATCOM into the system supports to maintain the active power, reactive power and terminal voltage as constant. The wind turbine generators have power electronic based converters can be effectively utilized for efficient control of power, but they generate harmonics. The modified STATCOM as shunt active filter which is used for reducing system harmonics and to improve the system performance [4]. The STATCOM model is implemented using PIC controller.

To maximize the benefits on installation of distributed generation (DG) units, it is necessary to determine optimal number, rating and position in the power system. Improper sizing and location can cause harm to the stability of the power system. To solve these issues, numerous techniques have been presented by researchers over the years. In this paper, a complete survey has been made on various methodologies employed in obtaining the optimal location and sizing of DG units.

With the growing demand for energy we changeover to renewable energy from non-renewable energy. Solar energy with its abundant infusion in to earth's atmosphere, it makes lot of sense to utilize the potential of sun and use it for growing requirements. First promising candidature for the large scale spreading of renewable energy source is the photovoltaic technology. The amount of power generated from a photovoltaic (PV) system mainly depends on the following factors, such as temperatures and solar irradiances. According to the high cost and low efficiency of a PV system, it should be operated at the maximum power point (MPP) which changes with solar irradiances or load variations. This paper is aimed to study the behavior of different incremental algorithm in Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques applied to solar modules. Technique such as fixed-step Incremental conductance, variable-step incremental Conductance and Variable Step size incremental Resistance are considered in this work and analyzed. In this paper, a comparative study will be made on the above technique considering criteria such as simplicity of implementation and capability to follow irradiance variations. All the simulation work were performed on MATLAB platform.

In micro grid many power quality issues like voltage sag, swell, power frequency variation, and harmonics are present. This paper proposes a new power line conditioner called Universal Power Line Manager for micro grid. The power circuit of a general universal power line manager (UPLM) is based on the combination of UPQC, UPFC and frequency changer (matrix converter). This equipment incorporates compensation functions like voltage sag, voltage swell, reactive power compensation, current harmonic rejection, real power flow control, damping the system and also provides frequency regulation. For this integration, the compensator proposed in this paper will be called as the Universal Power Line Manager (UPLM). Simulation results are presented to confirm that the new approach has better performance over the existing power quality conditioners in micro grid.

Wind power plant meets so many power quality issues when it is connected with strong grid. This paper proposes a new power quality conditioner to regulate the supply frequency, to control the power flow, to minimize the current harmonics, and to regulate the voltage for fixed speed induction generator type wind generator. The name of the proposed new power line conditioner is called as Universal Power Line Manager. The control circuit of a Universal Power Line Manager (UPLM) is the combination of the control system of UPQC, Power flow control and frequency regulator. For these reasons, the compensator proposed here is called as the Universal Power Line manager (UPLM). The complete system has been developed, analyzed and validated by matlab/simulink study. Simulation results are presented to confirm that the new approach has better performance for wind turbine generator.

The paper proposes the application of constant frequency unified power quality conditioner to overcome the power quality issues in fixed speed wind mill connected with the micro grid. The power circuit of a constant frequency unified power quality conditioner (CF-UPQC) is based on a combination of UPQC, and frequency regulator (matrix converter). This equipment incorporates compensation functions like voltage sag, voltage swell, reactive power compensation, current harmonic rejection, and also provides frequency regulation. Integrated series and parallel active filter (UPQC) is a universal solution for the most power quality problems. The main drawback is that it cannot regulate the supply frequency variation. Here CF_UPQC the matrix converter is used for frequency regulation. This integration, the compensator compensates all the power quality issue for fixed speed induction wind generator. Simulation results are presented to confirm that this approach has better performance over the existing power quality conditioners for FSIWG connected with micro grid.

In recent years, the home environment has seen a rapid introduction of network enabled digital technology. This technology offers new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home for the purpose of home automation. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the added potential for the remote control and monitoring of such network enabled devices. However, the adoption of home automation systems has been slow. This paper identifies the reasons for this slow adoption and evaluates the potential of Zig-Bee for addressing these problems through the design and implementation of flexible home automation architecture. Device control is a process that is done in the day to day life of mankind. Usually there are a number of devices associated with home and an efficient control of these systems is a tedious task. The rapidly advancing mobile communication technology and the decrease in costs make it possible to incorporate mobile technology into home automation systems.

The aim of this paper is to maintain the constant frequency in the utility using constant frequency unified power quality conditioner. A constant frequency unified power quality conditioning system (CF-UPQC) consists of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) and a Matrix converter based frequency changer. UPQC is a combination of series active and shunt active filter. The series active filter and shunt active filters are used to compensate the voltage, current imbalance and harmonics. Frequency converter(Matrix converter) is used to regulate the supply frequency when it varies beyond the power quality limit. The performance of the CF-UPQC which is composed by UPQC and matrix converter has been verified based on the simulation results.

This paper presents a novel control strategy for the case of 3-phase 3-wire Unified Power-Quality Conditioner (UPQC) based on the concepts of instantaneous active and reactive Power theory. The UPQCs is one of the major custom power solutions capable of mitigating the effect of supply voltage sags / swells, distortion, unbalance voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) as well as load harmonics, unbalance load and reactive power requirement of load. Using this control strategy harmonic detection, reactive power compensation, voltage sag and swell have been simulated and the results are analyzed. The operation and capability of the proposed system was analyzed through simulations with MATLAB / SIMULINK