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With the development of IoT devices, wearable devices are being used to record various types of information. Wearable IoT devices are attached to the user and can collect and transmit user data at all times along with a smartphone. In particular, sensitive information such as location information has an essential value in terms of privacy, and therefore some IoT devices implement data protection by introducing methods such as masking. However, masking can only protect privacy to a certain extent in logs having large numbers of recorded data. However, the effectiveness may decrease if we are linked with other information collected from within the device. Herein, a scenario-based case study on deanonymizing anonymized location information based on logs stored in wearable devices is described. As a result, we combined contextual and direct evidence from the collected information. It was possible to obtain the result in which the user could effectively identify the actual location. Through this study, not only can a deanonymized user location be identified but we can also confirm that cross-validation is possible even when dealing with modified GPS coordinates.

BACKGROUND: Impaired sensory in acute stroke patients results in dynamic balance, gait and activities of daily living (ADL) impairment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of present study was to examine the correlation between somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) parameters and motor recovery in balance, gait and ADL performance in hemiparetic stroke survivors. METHODS: One hundred and one participants with hemiparetic stroke (43 males, 58 females; mean age, 6538 ± 1222 years; post-stroke duration, 199 ± 0.74 month) participated in this study. The Electro Synergy system (Viasys Healthcare; San Diego, CA, USA) was applied to measure SSEP measurement. The 101 stroke survivors were divided into three groups consistent with their SSEP results: sensory normal group; sensory impaired group; sensory absent group. All the subject participated the inpatient rehabilitation intervention for 4 weeks. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to verify the group difference among the three groups after the treatment. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed the significant difference (p< 0.01). The Scheffe test demonstrated that the sensory normal group showed greater increasement in Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Fugl-Myer Assessment (FMA), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) scores than the sensory impaired and absent group (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our research provides therapeutic evidence that correlation of somatosensory functions on motor recovery, balance, gait, and ADL in patients with hemiplegic stroke.

When various optically and/or electronically active materials, such as conjugated polymers, perovskites, metals, and metal oxides, are confined at the nanoscale, they can exhibit unique nano-confined behavior that significantly differs from the behavior observed at the macroscale. Although controlled nano-confinement of functional materials can allow modulation of their electronic properties without the aid of any synthetic methodologies or additional chemical treatments, limited assembly approaches for nano-confinement and insufficient analytical tools for electronic characterization remain critical challenges in the development of novel optoelectronic materials and the investigation of their modulated properties. This review describes how the nano-confined features of organic and inorganic materials are related to the control and improvement of their optoelectronic properties. In particular, we focus on various assembly approaches for effective nano-confinement as well as methods for nano-electronic characterization. Then, we briefly present challenges and perspectives on the direction of nano-confinement in terms of the preparation of optoelectronic materials with desired functionalities. Furthermore, we believe that this review can provide a basis for developing and designing next-generation optoelectronics through nano-confinement.

Due to the increasing energy consumption, smart technologies have been considered to automatically control energy loss. Smart windows, which can use external signals to modulate their transparency, can regulate solar energy by reflecting excess energy and retaining the required energy in a building without using additional energy to cool or heat the interiors of the building. Although many technologies have been developed for smart windows, they still need to be economically optimised. Here, we propose a facile method to synthesise magnetic microrods from magnetic nanoparticles by alignment using a magnetic field. To maximise the transparency difference in the ON and OFF states, we controlled the nanoparticle concentration in a dispersion liquid, magnetic field application time, and viscosity of the dispersant. Interestingly, the magnetic microrods remained stable when we mixed short-chain polymers (polyethylene glycol) with a liquid dispersant (isopropyl alcohol). Furthermore, the Fe2O3 microrods maintained their shape for more than a week, while the Fe3O4 microrods clustered after a day because they became permanent magnets. The anisotropic features of the magnetic rods were used as a light valve to control the transparency of the smart window.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative articular disease. The knee joint space width (JSW) is used for grading the severity of knee OA. However, there is a lack of research on differences in the widths of knee joints between both lower limbs in unilateral OA. The purpose of this research was to examine the radiological difference in the affected knee joint and contralateral knee joint by analyzing unilateral older adults with medial knee OA using both knees’ JSW differences. Twenty-five subjects with unilateral medial knee OA participated. X-ray radiographs were used to assess knee JSW, and the paired [Formula: see text]-test was performed to assess the knee joint gap width between the affected side and the unaffected side in the respective medial and lateral sides. The independent [Formula: see text]-test compared the differences between the lateral and medial knee JSWs on the affected side and unaffected side. The paired [Formula: see text]-test did not show a significant difference in the medial and lateral knee JSW on the affected side compared to the unaffected side ([Formula: see text]; 0.11). Meanwhile, the independent [Formula: see text]-test revealed a significant difference between the affected and unaffected sides ([Formula: see text]). This study showed no significant changes in affected knee JSWs compared to unaffected sides, but the difference between the lateral and medial JSWs was significant between the knees affected and unaffected by OA in the older adults with medial knee OA.

Background: Cervical dysfunction is a common pathomechanical marker in individuals with forward head posture (FHP). To overcome the limitations of the isometric chin-tuck (ICT) exercise, dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS), which emphasizes an entire spinal chain exercise, has recently shown promising clinical results.Objects: Purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects between ICT and DNS techniques. Methods: 43 young subjects (mean age, 24.0±5.0 years) were recruited. Group of subjects with FHP were measured under baseline, ICT, and DNS conditions. Outcome measures included sitting height, longus colli (LC) and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle thickness and LC/SCM thickness ratio. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the continuous dependent variables among FHP, ICT, and DNS conditions at p

The importance of core stabilization exercises for extremities associated with dynamic spinal stabilization prior to movement has been demonstrated. However, no previous studies have investigated the muscle-coordinated effects on the upper trapezius (UT), anterior deltoid (AD), pectoralis major (PM), bilateral transverse abdominis (TrA), bilateral internal oblique (IO), and bilateral external oblique (EO) in healthy adults. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) breathing technique and the abdominal bracing (AB) technique on UT, AD, PM, bilateral IO/TrA, and bilateral EO motor control in healthy participants during horizontal shoulder adduction. Thirty-six participants, eight of whom were female, were randomized into an AB and a DNS group and performed horizontal shoulder adduction with loads (8 and 17 lb). The clinical outcomes were UT, AD, and PM muscle activation and TrA/IO and EO muscle activation. Paired t-tests were used to analyze electromyography (EMG) data to determine statistically significant differences in muscle activity between the two techniques. For the EMG analysis, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction was measured for normalization and then divided by the EMG amplitude value. The results showed that UT, AD, and PM muscle amplitudes were lower and TrA/IO and EO muscle amplitudes were higher with DNS than with AB ([Formula: see text]). Our findings provide clinical evidence that core exercise with DNS is more effective in lessening UT, AD, and PM muscle activation and improving bilateral TrA/IO motor control than with AB.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the degree of dual-task (DT) interference on gait, dual-task cost (DTC), cognitive ability, balance, and fall efficacy in people with stroke. In this cross-sectional study, people with chronic stroke (N = 36) performed a DT gait assessment (gait and cognitive task). During the evaluation, DT interference in motor and cognition was evaluated simultaneously. Thus, the group with severe interference in both tasks (mutual interference) was compared with the group with mild interference in either. The main effects for the degree of motor interference were observed on gait performance, DTC in motor, time up and go, and trail-making test B. In the cognitive interference, the main effects were observed on correct response rate, DTC in cognition, time up and go, and trail-making test B. An interaction effect was observed in the trail-making test B. The degree of motor interference affected gait, balance ability, and executive function (EF), and the degree of cognitive interference influenced the correct response rate in the DT condition, balance ability, and EF. Furthermore, mutual interference led to a significant reduction in EF in people with stroke.

The 3D printing of biocompatible materials is very promising due to their potential for use in biological applications, such as the development of artificial organs. Among various 3D printing methods, stereolithography is a good candidate due to its ability to produce high-resolution structures. Although the 3D printing of hydrogels has been investigated, few studies on printing complex structures have been conducted. In this study, we investigate various challenges during the construction of complex structures such as tilted ratchets and ladders which has T-shapes using UV-curable PEG materials as well as the mechanisms to address these problems. We study the effect of UV absorbing pigments to control the UV penetration depth and the relation with the slice thickness. Also, we design ladder-type structures with different neck widths to verify the mechanical strength of the prepared hydrogel polymers.

Generally, the fabrication of curved structures such as microlens arrays has been regarded as an expensive and complicated process. Here, we propose a facile method to form a microlens array with controlled lens curvature by combining residue-free nanoimprint lithography (NIL) with V-shaped molds and the successive thermal reflow procedure of the printed polymeric structures. The V-shaped molds used in this study enable the bottom substrate to be exposed after the NIL process when the initial thickness is controlled. Then, we use the thermal reflow to realize hemi-cylindrical curved lenses by applying heat. The polymers are self-pinned on the exposed substrate, which is strong enough to fix the boundary to not dewet or be flattened in the broad temperature range of the reflow process, which is essential for a large-area fabrication. Furthermore, we demonstrate the modulation of the focal lengths of the lenses by controlling the initial polymer thickness coated on a substrate.

The fabrication of nanoscale patterns over a large area has been considered important but difficult, because there are few ways to satisfy both conditions. Previously, visually tolerable tiling (VTT) for fabricating nanopatterns for optical applications has been reported as a candidate for large area fabrication. The essence of VTT is the inevitable stitching of the nanoscale optical component, which is not seen by the naked eye if the boundary is very narrow while the tiles are overlapped. However, it had been difficult to control the shape of the spread of liquid prepolymers in the previous work, and there was room for the development of tiling. Here, we propose a method for transferring various shapes of tiles, which can be defined with a shadow mask. The method of using a transparent shadow mask can provide a wide process window, because it allows the spreading of a liquid prepolymer to be more easily controlled. We optimize the coating condition of a liquid prepolymer and the ultraviolet (UV) exposure time. Using this method, we can attach tiles of various shapes without a significant visible trace in the overlapped region.

High-aspect-ratio (HAR) nanopillars are of interest for wetting, adhesion, and energy harvesting due to their superior surface properties, including large surface area and high compliance. However, their intrinsically low mechanical stability has been a major obstacle for practical applications that require repeated use and in wet and humid environments. Herein, we show a method that can recover the clustered or deformed HAR nanopillars to their original shapes by taking advantage of the mechanical compliance of the nanopillars toward pulling during a demolding process. The pillars can be repeatedly clustered and recovered many times. Our method is simple yet powerful to recover the clustered nanopillars over a large area (7 × 10 cm2). By taking advantage of the different optical properties of the clustered pillars vs. the straight ones, we demonstrate display and erasing of patterns and tunable wettability by stamping the nanopillars to induce clustering, followed by shape recovery via demolding of the pillars.

Asymmetric micro/nano structures in nature provide diverse multifunctional properties including directional water transport, light transmission and adhesion. Due to these intriguing features, the fabrication of an anisotropic surface has been extensively studied as a broad research area. Herein, we present a novel strategy to fabricate asymmetric ratchet-like polymeric structures with various tilting angles by using photo-polymerization and controlling light refraction. We used a prism array that allows directional light transmission through the refraction on one face of it. To construct symmetric ratchets by negating the refraction effect in a specific area, we filled the region of the array with a refractive index matching liquid. To make a ratchet structure with a higher tilting angle, we used two films of the designed prism arrays to refract twice. Furthermore, we demonstrate one step fabrication of ratchet structures with tilting angles of 0°, 24.4° and 49.7° through the combination of the refractive index matching method and double-refraction on two layers of prism arrays.

This paper introduces an FPGA self-test architecture reusing FPGA boundary scan chain as self-test circuits. An FPGA boundary scan cell is two or three times bigger than a normal boundary scan cell because it is used for configuring the function of input/output pins functions as well as testing and debugging. Accordingly, we analyze the architecture of an FPGA boundary scan cell in detail and design a set of built-in self-test (BIST) circuits in which FPGA boundary scan chain and a small amount of FPGA logic elements. By reusing FPGA boundary scan chain for self-test, we can reduce area overhead and perform a processor based on-board FPGA testing/monitoring. Experimental results show the area overhead comparison and simulation results.

Directional wetting or spreading on asymmetric structures have received much attention because of their potential to control the liquid flow in microfluidic devices. Although there have been many reports on directional liquid flows, the flow speeds of the directional flows could not be predicted. Here, we present a controllable strategy for directional flow on a multiscale two-face prism array, one face is smooth and the other face is roughened. The polymeric surface of the prism is roughened by oxygen plasma while the other side is blocked by a coated metal film. With the designed structure, we demonstrate a unidirectional liquid flow and manipulate the flow speed in an open channel. From a simplified model suggested here, the flow speed could be predicted quantitatively.

Aims To examine whether adulthood and/or childhood sex-specific socio-economic disparities are associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in a developed non-Western setting. Methods Based on the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 14 888 people aged ≥ 20 years were analysed to evaluate the effect of adult and childhood socio-economic status on metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and each component of metabolic syndrome in later life. Results The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 26.6% for men and 21.3% for women. Compared with the highest level of education, men with the lowest education level were significantly less likely to have metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.60–0.96), whereas the opposite association was found in women (odds ratio 3.29, 95% CI 2.45–4.42). Men who were manual labourers and economically inactive had a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared with those with non-manual jobs (odds ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.69–0.98 and odds ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.64–0.99, respectively), but the reverse association was observed in women (odds ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.04–1.73 and odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.09–1.81, respectively). A significant interaction between combined adulthood and childhood socio-economic status on the presence of metabolic syndrome was observed (P

Undoped ZnO and Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films with different Ga concentrations were prepared by using the sol-gel spin-coating method. The surface morphologies and the growth orientations of the films were measured by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The electrical properties were measured by using the Hall effect. The optical transmittances and reflectances of the films were measured as functions of the wavelength by UV-vis spectroscopy. The undoped ZnO thin films exhibited rough surfaces with particle-like structures. When Ga was incorporated, the particle sizes dramatically decreased without changes in the surface morphologies, and the c-axis growth orientations of the GZO thin films were significantly decreased. The optical transmittances clearly exhibited shifts in the band edge, and those in the visible range gradually increased with increasing Ga concentration. The absorption coefficients, refractive indices, extinction constants, dielectric constants, and optical conductivities of the films gradually decreased with increasing Ga concentration.

Sol-gel spin-coating was used to deposit Co-doped ZnO thin films onto quartz glass substrates. A secondary phase could not be detected in the films from their X-ray diffraction patterns, implying that substituting Co2+ ions into the ZnO matrix did not modify its wurtzite structure. We used an ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrometer to measure the optical properties of the Co-doped ZnO thin films at room temperature to demonstrate that Co2+ ions had been substituted for Zn2+ ions in the wurtzite structure. The UV transmittance spectra for the films showed absorption peaks at 568.1, 609.3, and 660.1 nm. Moreover, the area under the absorption wells between 500 and 700 nm increased with increasing Co concentrations in the films. These results indicate that Co2+ ions had been substituted for Zn2+ ions in the crystal lattice of the films.

Sol–gel dip-coating was used to grow ZnO thin films doped with various concentrations of B ranging from 0 to 2.5 at.% on quartz substrates. The effects of B doping on the absorption coefficient (α), optical band gap (Eg), Urbach energy (EU), refractive index (n), refractive index at infinite wavelength (n∞), extinction coefficient (k), single-oscillator energy (Eo), dispersion energy (Ed), average oscillator strength (So), average oscillator wavelength (λo), moments M−1 and M−3, dielectric constant (e), optical conductivity (σ), and electrical resistivity (ρ) of the BZO thin films were investigated. The transmittance spectra of the ZnO and BZO thin films show that the transmittance of the BZO thin films was significantly higher than that of the ZnO thin films in the visible region of the spectrum and that the absorption edge of the BZO thin films was blue-shifted. The BZO thin films exhibited higher Eg, EU, and Eo and lower Ed, λo, M−1 and M−3 moments, So, n∞, and ρ than the ZnO thin films.

The temperature- and excitation-power-dependence of near-edge emission in a ZnO thin film were studied. The near-band-edge emission peaks at 3.370, 3.355, 3.338, 3.305, 3.254, 3.184, 3.112, and 3.042 eV were attributed to the emission of free excitons (FX); neutral-donor-bound excitons (D 0 X); neutral-acceptor or deep donor excitons; two-electron satellites (TES); donor–acceptor pairs (DAP); and the first-order longitudinal optical (1LO) phonon replica of DAP (DAP-1LO), DAP-2LO, and DAP-3LO, respectively. According to Haynes's rule, the factors a and b are 0.3 and 5 meV, respectively ( E loc = 0.3 E D + 5 meV). The temperature dependence of the FX transition energy was analyzed using both Varshni's formula and Cody's formula for the variation in the band gap with temperature. Varshni's formula yielded a good fit for FX emission. The dependence of the photoluminescence intensity I on the excitation power L can be described by a power law, i.e., I ∼ L α , where α is an exponent. Our results show that α is 0.86 for D 0 X and 0.63 for DAP.

3D TiO2 photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are fabricated by the soft lithographic technique for efficient light trapping. An extended strategy to the construction of randomized pyramid structure is developed by the conventional wet-etching of a silicon wafer for low-cost fabrication. Moreover, the futher enhancement of light absorption resulting in photocurrent increase is achieved by combining the 3D photoanode with a conventional scattering layer.

InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with p-AlGaN electron blocking layers (EBLs) were grown by using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of the EBL thickness on the electrical properties and the luminescent efficiency of the LEDs were investigated by using capacitance-voltage (C–V) measurements, current-voltage (I — V) measurements, electroluminescence (EL), and time-resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL). The EL efficiency of the LEDs increased with increasing thickness of the p-AlGaN EBL. In addition, the EL efficiency of the LEDs also increased with increasing injection current. The carrier lifetime of the LEDs increased with increasing thickness of the p-AlGaN EBL.

We propose a new concept of separating images through a directional guide of multi-visuals by using structured prism or pyramid arrays. By placing prism arrays onto two different image arrays, the two collective images below the facets are guided to different directions. Using optical calculations, we identify a condition for successful image separation. Transparent pyramid arrays are used to separate four images into four directions. The direction of refracted rays can be controlled by the refractive index of prisms and liquid filled into the voids. In addition, the images can be switched by stretching and releasing an elastomeric prism array.

Background Many studies have reported that androgenetic alopecia (AGA) might be a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, and the association of AGA with dyslipidemia has been studied. However, the results were controversial and previous meta-analyses had several critical limitations. Objective We performed a meta-analysis to clarify whether AGA patients have abnormal lipid profiles. Methods A literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and KOREA MED databases. Results We pooled 19 observational studies and performed a meta-analysis to compare serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels between AGA and control groups. The serum total cholesterol, TG, and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the AGA group than in the control group, and the standardized mean differences were 0.377 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.182–0.572, p

The sol-gel dip-coating method is a simple and inexpensive technique compared to molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition. In spite of extensive research over the past several years, the temperature-dependent photoluminescence in ZnO is still not fully understood. The temperaturedependent PL of ZnO thin films grown on quartz substrate by using the dip-coating method are investigated. According to Haynes’ empirical rule, the peak at 3.320 eV could be attributed to two electron satellites (TES). Theoretically, the radiative lifetime of the free excitons increases with temperature. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is theoretically fitted by the experimental data. In the case of exciton-LO phonon coupling, the FWHM value of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) is larger than that of the free-to-neutral-acceptor (e,A0). In the case of the exciton-acoustic-phonon coupling strength, however, the value of the DAP is smaller than that of the (e,A0).

We report a hydrodynamic assisted nanocomposite microfiber spinning method using a UV-curable polymer. In contrast to a large number of previously reported fiber spinning methods, all the fabrication processes in the present method are performed in an aqueous environment, based on a photopolymerization process. The diameter of the spun fiber can be easily controlled at the scale of hundred microns by varying the draw ratio (the ratio of the take-up speed to the extrusion speed). To characterize the hydrodynamic phenomenon of polymer drawing, an analytic model and relevant physical parameters are employed. We also demonstrate QD (quantum dot)-based RGB color-emitting nanocomposite fibers and hetero-structural nanocomposite fibers with an RGB color column showing a rotational symmetry of 120° in one-step fabrication. Our approach is straightforward to implement using a variety of UV-curable polymers and can be applied to fabricate nanocomposite fibers with various physical properties and geometries. The processing features enable diverse possibilities for preparing novel nanocomposite materials and expanding the potential application of spun fibers.

A lithographic patterning method is presented that is based on dewetting induced by sequential molding under an applied pressure. Because of spontaneous dewetting taking place, the window to be opened is free from any residue and the surface exposure is instantaneously assured. This residue-free patterning can be accomplished without any heating process and surface treatment, irrespective of pattern duty ratio. The residue-free patterning is made possible with the use of a rigiflex mold and a roller that is used to bring about pressure-induced thinning leading to spontaneous dewetting. A necessary condition for the method is that the spreading coefficient of spin-coated liquid be negative. The exposed surface can be utilized as a sacrificial layer for etching of underlying layer and/or thin film deposition in a fabrication of electronic and biological devices.

Recently, rapid developments of IT technology lead to development of various platforms. With the development of the new platforms, diverse malicious codes are created to target the new platforms. These new malicious code means critical and new threat to national infrastructure, especially the important ones that can lead to social chaos. In Korea, Korea hydro and nuclear power was hacked and blueprint was stolen, which was later posted on-line. This created great problem as the place was hacked was critical infrastructure. Thus, the vaccine related are searched out as effective method to analyze the malicious codes that are created every day uncontrollably. However, Personals that manage malicious codes are limited compared to newly create malicious codes. How to detect unknown malicious code efficiently that remain to be unanswered? However, to answer this question, malicious code analysis method has to be concerned, especially the critical ones first. In order to analyze the Unknown malicious codes effectively, Unknown malicious code detection model was introduced in the previous paper. However, this model sometimes treated normal file as malicious code. This eventually decreased its effectiveness in finding and analyzing the malicious codes. . Thus it became necessary to decrease the misdetection rate in order to increase the effectiveness of the model. As a result in this research, we created specific conditions that lead to decrease the miss detection rate significantly. Hence in this paper, we presented a method that detects the Unknown malicious codes more efficiently.

Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces inspired from nature have been developed for anti-fogging, anti-reflecting, water-repelling, anti-icing and self-cleaning films. The amplification of the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity originates from surface roughness, particularly from their multiscale geometry. In this paper, we present a strategy to exploit the enhancement of wetting properties on roughened surfaces for switching the direction of unidirectional liquid flow on an opened microchannel. We exploit a unidirectional liquid spreading on a hierarchical two-face prism array, which have the symmetry in microscale while having the asymmetry in nanoscale. Based on the switching the direction of the lower critical angle, the transition of the surface chemistry results in the change of flow directions in an open channel.

A General Data Protection Regulation that has been proposed in European Commission in January 2012 brings about active debate over the rights to be forgotten. If the right to be forgotten is approved, people can protect their personal information through strengthened personal information protect. However, this can lead to restraining the freedom of expression on internet. Thus, this article will present a standard that can protect freedom of expression and right to be forgotten by grading the exposed information on internet. Also, this article will reinterpret the right to be forgotten cases by applying new standard.

An asymmetric ratchet structure within microchannels is demonstrated by directionally guided light transmission for controlled liquid flow. A direct and facile method is presented to realize programmed asymmetric structures, which control the fluid direction and speed.

Sub-100nm structures can be fabricated in tens of seconds with an aspect ratio much larger than unity by the general purpose patterning method presented here. A flexible film mold and a rapid flash heating with an infrared lamp are used in this nonphotolithographic patterning technique. Unlike other unconventional methods, the substrate surface can be made exposed and the resulting pattern height is sufficiently high for subsequent etching of the substrate.

Improving optical property is critical for optimizing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. In the present research, we show that modification of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer with GeO2 leads to 15% improvement of power conversion efficiency in a polymer solar cells through enhancement of short circuit currents. Modified PEDOT:PSS layer with optimized concentration of GeO2 assists active layer absorbing much light by playing a role of optical spacer. Using AFM and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) data, we also present the evidence that an addition of GeO2 does not affect crystallinity of active layer.

Directional and asymmetric properties are attractive features in nature that have proven useful for directional wetting, directional flow of liquids and artificial dry adhesion. Here we demonstrate that an optically asymmetric structure can be exploited to guide light with directionality. The Lucius prism array presented here has two distinct properties: the directional transmission of light and the disproportionation of light intensity. These allow the illumination of objects only in desired directions. Set up as an array, the Lucius prism can function as an autostereoscopic three-dimensional display.

We present a simple method to fabricate a polymer optical sheet with antireflection and antifogging properties. The method consists of two consecutive steps: photocross-linking of UV-curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) resin and reactive ion etching (RIE). During photopolymerization, the cured PUA film is divided into two domains of randomly distributed macromers and oligomers due to a relatively short exposure time of 20 s at ambient conditions. Using the macromer domain as an etch-mask, dry etching was subsequently carried out to remove the oligomer domain, leaving behind a nanoturf surface with tunable roughness. UV-vis spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that transmittance of a nanoturf surface is enhanced up to 92.5% as compared to a flat PUA surface (89.5%). In addition, measurements of contact angle (CA) reveal that the etched surface shows superhydrophilicity with a CA as small as 5 degrees. To seek potential applications, I-V characteristics of a thin film organic solar cell were measured under various testing conditions. It is shown that the efficiency can be increased to 2.9% when a nanoturf film with the surface roughness of 34.73 nm is attached to indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. More importantly, the performance is maintained even in the presence of water owing to superhydrophilic nature of the film.

SF6 plasma treatment of indium tin oxide highly improves the power efficiency and the stability of the organic light-emitting diode based on poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4phenylenevinylene]. The treatment leads to a slight reduction in the surface roughness and a decrease in the surface content of Sn. The major effect, however, has to do with the surface incorporation of fluorine. This fluorinated surface improves the hole injection and thus the device performance.

Quantum dot/conducting polymer hybrid films are used to prepare light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The hybrid films (CdSe@ZnS quantum dots excellently dispersed in a conducting polymer matrix, see figure) are readily prepared by various solution-based processes and are also easily micropatterned. The LEDs exhibit a turn-on voltage of 4 V, an external quantum efficiency greater than 1.5%, and almost pure-green quantum-dot electroluminescence.

We have investigated the growth of ternary CdSSe nanostructures by physical vapor transport, specifically aiming at the synthesis of CdSSe nanosheets. CdSSe nanostructures with various S mole fractions are grown at growth temperatures less than 800 degrees C and photoluminescence from these nanostructures covers the entire visible spectral range. Morphological evolution from nanowires to nanosheets is observed as increasing growth temperatures due to the change of relative dominance in the growth mechanism from vapor-liquid-solid to vapor-solid. Nanosheets whose widths extend several tens of micrometers are successfully synthesized. However, nanosheets show a strong suppression effect of S incorporation when the growth is dominated by the vapor-solid mechanism. A micro-photoluminescence study shows high optical quality of individual CdSSe nanostructures with polarization anisotropy ratios rho ~ 0.1. In addition, lateral heterostructure CdS/CdSe nanosheets are successfully synthesized by two step growth. Strong red and green emissions are observed by selective laser excitations focusing at the center and edge parts of these heterostructure nanosheets, respectively. These heterostructure CdS/CdSe nanosheets may be useful for multicolor light emitting devices.

Robust, processable, and bright quantum dot/organosilicate (QD/OS) hybrid films with uniform QD distribution are successfully demonstrated by grafting thiol-containing polymeric organosilicate (OS) ligands to the surface of QDs. It is found that the surface modified QDs show almost the same optical properties (i.e., in terms of emission PL spectra and quantum yields (QYs)) as those of pristine QDs initially covered with oleic acids. The QD/OS hybrid films based on the surface modified QDs show the uniform distribution of QDs within the films with all the beneficial properties such as high QY, improved environmental resistance against hydrochloric acid, and excellent optical transparency in the visible range. In addition, red, green, blue, and white QD/OS hybrid films with high color purity and a down-conversion film, based on a mixture of red and green QDs, placed on top of a blue LED chip showing white emission were also successfully demonstrated with the QD/OS hybrids. We further demonstrate that cylinder-patterned QD/OS hybrid films are possible simply by applying unconventional imprint lithography. The QD/OS hybrid films with uniform distribution of QDs within the films could thus be applied as practical platforms, which have easy processability, high QY, and environmental stability, for optical devices based on functional nanocrystals.

We present a simple approach to reversibly switch the direction of liquid flow on physically symmetric and chemically asymmetric prism structures by exploiting the reversibility of surface wetting properties of a thermo-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide). Such an asymmetric prism array creates a flow path in the direction of the lower critical contact angle. This allows a unidirectional “step flow” across the ridges of prism channels, which can be made reversible with a suitable temperature change.

We report the synthesis of a cone-shaped bundle composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the gate holes by a multi-step growing method: (1) growth of carbon nanotubes in the gate hole; (2) etching the grown CNTs by in situ plasma treatment; (3) regrowth of CNTs. The new CNT bundle in the gate holes exhibited a turn-on gate voltage of 23.5V, an anode current density of 0.034mA∕cm2 at the gate voltage of 30V, and a transconductance of 2.05×10−4S; these are about 50% enhancement compared to conventional CNTs. The field emitter array with the Spindt-type CNTs in the gate holes shows uniform light emission.