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The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of internal characteristics, such as fashion involvement, personality characteristics, and customer orientation of fashion brand salespeople on the core sales tasks, and how the core sales tasks and internal characteristics differ depending on differences in the way salespeople are remunerated. The data were collected as a questionnaire to fashion brand salespeople in Gwangju from September to October 2020. Using 235 responses, the data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, factor analysis, and regression analysis. The research results were as follows. First, fashion involvement comprises factors such as ‘fashion passion and sense’and ‘fashion trend interest’, and the greater the ‘fashion passion and sense’, the better the ‘sales management’and ‘customer relationship management’jobs. Second, 'esthetic openness', 'responsibility' and 'extroversion' of the big five personality characteristics have a positive impact on 'sales management' and 'customer relationship management' tasks. Third, customer orientation comprises factors such as ‘customer-centric understanding’and ‘gain customer trust’, the greater the customer-orientation, the better the ‘sales management’and ‘customer relationship management’tasks. Fourth, according to the position of the salesperson, the group of professional salespeople at manager level had high responses in core sales tasks, fashion involvement, customer orientation, and characteristics such as ‘agreeableness’, 'esthetic openness', and 'responsibility'.

Background Shift work has well-known adverse effects on health. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between shift work and hepatic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the association between shift work and abnormal level of liver enzymes. Methods The aggregated data from the 2007-2009, 2010-2012, and 2013-2015 cycles of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for this study. The χ2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to assess relationship between shift work and abnormal level of liver enzymes stratified by gender. Results The odds ratio (OR) of abnormal serum level of alanine aminotransferase (abnormal ALT) in female shift workers was higher with 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.71) compared with day workers after adjusting for covariates. After dividing into subgroups of the shift work pattern, the ORs of abnormal liver enzymes for each pattern compared with day work were not significantly higher. Conclusions This study provides limited support for the hypothesis that shift work is related to liver enzyme abnormalities, but offers some evidence in favor of the idea that shift work affects female workers more than males on abnormal ALT. Further studies are needed to define the relationship between shift work and abnormal liver enzymes to be carried out as well as the gender difference in the association.

We investigated whether changes in MetS status over two years modify the 10-year risk of CKD and proteinuria. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 7,251 subjects without CKD at baseline. We categorized subjects according to MetS status over two years: non-MetS (no MetS at either visit), intermittent MetS (positive for MetS at one assessment), and persistent MetS (positive for MetS at two assessments). The hazard ratio (HR) of new-onset CKD over 10-year was calculated using Cox models. During the 10-year follow-up period, 923 (12.7%) developed CKD. Compared to the non-MetS group, the fully adjusted HR for new-onset CKD was the highest in the persistent MetS group (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.23–1.90), followed by the intermittent MetS group (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04–1.59) (P for trend

This qualitative case study examined the experience of middle-aged homemakers with buying and wearing clothes. Clothing benefits and clothing purchase types were observed in the homemakers` daily clothing-related behavior. This study aims to understand clothing consumption values in light of clothing benefits and to determine purchasing methods, purchasing mental states, and personal characteristics according to the clothing purchase types of middle-aged homemakers. The participants of this study were four full-time homemakers and four homemakers with a job outside the home, all in middle age. This study was conducted through in-depth interviews based on an unstructured questionnaire, and the data were collected from January 2010 to October 2010. The results were as follows: first, the clothing benefits were identified as a social stereotype, aesthetic taste, economy, wearing situation, and age perception. The most important clothing consumption values to the middle-aged homemakers based on the observed clothing benefits were, in order: social value, emotional value, epistemic value, functional value, and conditional value. Second, the type of clothing purchase was observed to be planned buying, followed by impulse buying, and compensatory buying. Even when a homemaker planned to shop regularly, when they were exposed to an attractive retailer promotion, they seized on the opportunity on impulse or made a compensatory purchase to divert oneself. Even though homemakers prefer primarily impulse buying, when they went shopping for clothing with their mother-in-law or husband, they made planned purchase also.

Background The primary cause of treatment failure in medulloblastomas (MB) is the development of leptomeningeal dissemination (seeding). For translational research on MB seeding, one of the major challenges is the development of reliable experimental models that simulate the seeding and growth characteristics of MBs. To overcome this obstacle, we improved an experimental mouse model by intracisternal inoculation of human MB cells and monitoring with in vivo live images. Methods Human MB cells (UW426, D283 and MED8A) were transfected with a firefly luciferase gene and a Thy1.1 (CD90.1) marker linked with IRES under the control of the CMV promoter in a retroviral DNA backbone (effLuc). The MB-effLuc cells were injected into the cisterna magna using an intrathecal catheter, and bioluminescence images were captured. We performed histopathological analysis to confirm the extent of tumor seeding. Results The luciferase activity of MB-effLuc cells displayed a gradually increasing pattern, which correlated with a quantitative luminometric assay. Live imaging showed that the MB-effLuc cells were diffusely distributed in the cervical spinal cord and the lumbosacral area. All mice injected with UW426-effLuc, D283-effLuc and MED8A-effLuc died within 51 days. The median survival was 22, 41 and 12 days after injection of 1.2 × 106 UW426-effLuc, D283-effLuc and MED8A-effLuc cells, respectively. The histopathological studies revealed that the MB-effLuc cells spread extensively and diffusely along the leptomeninges of the brain and spinal cord, forming tumor cell-coated layers. The tumor cells in the subarachnoid space expressed a human nuclei marker and Ki-67. Compared with the intracerebellar injection method in which the subfrontal area and distal spinal cord were spared by tumor cell seeding in some mice, the intracisternal injection model more closely resembled the widespread leptomeningeal seeding observed in MB patients. Conclusion The results and described method are valuable resources for further translational research to overcome MB seeding.

This qualitative case study examined what type of clothing image middle aged housewives strive for, and how toclassify the preferred clothing style. Secondly, we examined how their clothing image corresponded to age andobserved the meaning of such changes over time. The participants of this study were eight middle aged housewives.This study was conducted through in-depth interviews that were based on an unstructured questionnaire, and thedata were collected from January to October 2010. The results were as follows: First, result related to preferredclothing image implicated fashion, esthetic sense, and clothing concerns. Preferred clothing image fell into‘intelligent-colorful’ and ‘urban-neat’ categories. The preferred clothing style types of the participants were labeled as‘trendy’, ‘classic’, ‘conservative’, and ‘unique’. Second, the clothing image that participants thought to be of greatervalue in middle age included ‘graceful’ and ‘elegant’ allowing for the expression of age-appropriate style, high quality,and mind of plenty.± ¯ ,FZ 8PSET o ™ ݱ (middle aged housewife), D L(clothing style), D I ·N(clothingimage), Ox E ³(qualitative study)

The objectives of this study were to investigate differences in shopping style and consumption value of apparel product type, and to establish the effects of consumption value on shopping style. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 263 women aged between 20 to 49 in Gwangju on their shopping style and consumption value according to formal and casual product type. Collected data were subjected to frequency analysis, factor analysis, ANOVA, t-test and multiple regression analysis using statistical program SPSS(version 17.0). Results showed that shopping style could be influenced by six factors: fashion-recreational, quality-brand, impulsive, confused, brand-loyal, and price conscious consumer. Clothing consumption value was influenced by five factors: emotional, functional, epistemic, social, and situational value. Shopping style and clothing consumption value were significantly different between a formal product purchaser and a casual product purchaser. Consumption value had a significant influence on shopping style of the formal product purchaser and also the casual product purchaser.

The purposes of this study were to reveal the relation of consumer value variables and to identify the difference of clothing information exploration behaviors on consumer value variables. The data were collected from 267 college women residing in Gwangju using a Questionnaire to general value, clothing value, consumption value and clothing information exploration behaviors. It were analyzed with factor analysis, cluster analysis, T-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis using statistical program SPSS 10.0. The results of this research were as follows: 1. Only one factor of general value had a significant influence on `practical` of clothing value. All of general value and clothing value had a significant influence on the whole consumption value. 2. Clothing information search behaviors was divided into three factors: `variety pursuit` `active information collection` and `uniqueness pursuit`. General value group had a significant difference in `variety pursuit` and `active information collection` behavior. Clothing value and consumption value group had a significant difference in all factors of clothing information search behaviors. By implication, this study could be explain each contributions of consumer values and suggest useful variable of consumer values in future clothing behaviors research.

Background Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel-based stem cell therapies contribute to enhanced therapeutic efficacy in treating diseases, and determining the optimal mechanical strength of the hydrogel in vivo is important for therapeutic success. We evaluated the proliferation of human neural stem cells incorporated within in situ-forming hydrogels and compared the effect of hydrogels with different elastic properties in cell/hydrogel-xenografted mice. Methods The gelatin-polyethylene glycol-tyramine (GPT) hydrogel was fabricated through enzyme-mediated cross-linking reaction using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Results The F3-effluc encapsulated within a soft 1,800 pascal (Pa) hydrogel and stiff 5,800 Pa hydrogel proliferated vigorously in a 24-well plate until day 8. In vitro and in vivo kinetics of luciferase activity showed a slow time-to-peak after d-luciferin administration in the stiff hydrogel. When in vivo proliferation of F3-effluc was observed up to day 21 in both the hydrogel group and cell-only group, F3-effluc within the soft hydrogel proliferated more vigorously, compared to the cells within the stiff hydrogel. Ki-67-specific immunostaining revealed highly proliferative F3-effluc with compactly distributed cell population inside the 1,800 Pa or 5,800 Pa hydrogel. Conclusions We examined the in vivo effectiveness of different elastic types of hydrogels encapsulating viable neural stem cells by successfully monitoring the proliferation of implanted stem cells incorporated within a 3D hydrogel scaffold.