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Despite many successful realizations of laser operations in various micro/nanostructured lead halide perovskites (LHPs), the electron–hole plasma (EHP) lasing dynamics has only rarely been reported...

Understanding the relationships among multiple ecosystem services could improve the landscape capacity to provide benefits to human society. However, the underlying mechanisms shaping ecosystem services relationships are still unclear although some studies have been conducted to explore how natural and socioeconomic factors influence the relationships among ecosystem services. In this study, the karst landscape in southwestern China, a vulnerable system with intensive human activities, was focused on, aiming to explore relationships between ecosystem services and associated social and ecological factors. The results showed that the distribution of eight individual ecosystem services were spatially heterogeneous and clustered based on the characteristics of the karst landscape. The relationships between provisioning services and regulating services, such as grain production and net primary productivity, as well as water yield and soil retention, were quite different between high karst coverage regions and low karst coverage regions. Among five ecosystem service bundles identified, ecosystem services in the urban development bundle were mainly determined by socioeconomic factors, while in the other four bundles of multifunction, grain production, habitat conservation, and carbon sequestration, ecosystem services were dominated by ecological factors. However, socioeconomic factors (i.e. population density and night-time light intensity) appeared to explain the overall ecosystem service delivery more than karst terrain. This study provided insights for sustainable ecosystem management in a vulnerable karst region through exploring social-ecological factors of the relationships among ecosystem services.

Patients with aortic valve disease can suffer from valve insufficiency after valve repair surgery due to aortic root dilatation. The paper investigates the effect of valve height (Hv) on the aortic valve opening and closing in order to select the appropriate range of Hv for smoother blood flow through the aortic valve and valve closure completely in the case of continuous aortic root dilatation. A total of 20 parameterized three-dimensional models of the aortic root were constructed following clinical surgical guidance. Aortic annulus diameter (DAA) was separately set to 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 mm to simulate aortic root dilatation. HV value was separately set to 13.5, 14, 14.5, and 15 mm to simulate aortic valve alterations in surgery. Time-varying pressure loads were applied to the valve, vessel wall of the ascending aorta, and left ventricle. Then, finite element analysis software was employed to simulate the movement and mechanics of the aortic root. The feasible design range of the valve size was evaluated using maximum stress, geometric orifice area (GOA), and leaflet contact force. The results show that the valve was incompletely closed when HV was 13.5 mm and DAA was 29 or 30 mm. The GOA of the valve was small when HV was 15 mm and DAA was 26 or 27 mm. The corresponding values of the other models were within the normal range. Compared with the model with an HV of 14 mm, the model with an HV of 14.5 mm could effectively reduce maximum stress and had relatively larger GOA and less change in contact force. As a result, valve height affects the performance of aortic valve opening and closing. Smaller HV is adapted to smaller DAA and vice versa. When HV is 14.5 mm, the valve is well adapted to the dilatation of the aortic root to enhance repair durability. Therefore, more attention should be paid to HV in surgical planning.

Background: Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) injection has been effectively used for the management of chronic painful diseases. Latent MTrPs can induce autonomic nerve phenomena. In our clinic, we observed that allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms significantly improved when latent MTrPs injection was performed for migraine.Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety between latent MTrPs injection and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in patients with persistent, moderate to severe AR.Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted with 112 patients with AR. Patients were randomized to receive SLIT (n = 56) or latent MTrPs injection. Total nasal symptom score (TNSS, n = 56), nasal symptoms, medication days, and adverse events were evaluated during the 9 months follow-up period after treatment in both groups.Results: Latent MTrPs injection significantly reduced TNSS to a greater level from baseline (from 8.36 ± 1.96 to 4.43 ± 2.18) than SLIT (from 8.66 ± 2.31 to 7.80 ± 2.47) at week 1 (P < 0.001), and sustained the improvement in symptoms throughout to month 9. Latent MTrPs showed statistically significant differences vs. SLIT for the TNSS reduction both at month 2 (6.59 ± 2.37 vs. 2.64 ± 2.38; p < 0.001) and month 3 (4.59 ± 2.77 vs. 2.62 ± 2.43; p Conclusions: Latent MTrPs injection significantly improved symptoms and decreased symptom-relieving medication use in patients with AR and was well tolerated.Clinical Trials Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900020590. Registered 9 January 2019, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.

Ecosystem services are essential for the well-being of humans, and the measurement of ecosystem service provision and consumption is an effective approach for estimating regional sustainability. In this work, an ecosystem service footprint (ESF) model was presented to calculate ecosystem service consumption in China from 2000 to 2014. Seven service footprints were estimated in this model, namely, food provision, raw material provision, freshwater provision, energy (hydropower) provision, air purification, climate regulation, and tourism and leisure. Results showed that from 2000 to 2014, the average annual ESF was 2.78 ha per capita, and the provisioning, regulation, and cultural service footprints were 1.56, 1.20, and 0.02 ha per capita, respectively. ESF exhibited an increasing trend during this period. National ecosystem services presented a slight upward deficit, with the eastern region having the highest deficit and a slight surplus in the western region. Each provincial-level administrative region can be classified into one of four categories based on two dimensions, gross domestic product (GDP) and their ecosystem service surplus (ESS) or deficit (ESD) situation. High GDP values and ESD situation provinces are mainly located in coastal areas, whereas low-GDP and ESS situation provinces are located in the northwest and southwest regions. The model is expected to provide scientific basis and direction for optimizing environmental management.

Long-range ordered macroporous inverse opal hydrogel particles with methanephosphonic acid (MPA) imprinted sites have been designed and prepared through a sacrificial template method for the in situ molecule recognition process. The hydrogel particles showed well specific selectivity to MPA and obvious reflection peak shift which can be recognized by naked eyes. Because of the hydrogen bond interaction between MPA and polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), the macropores of the hydrogel matrix gradually swell during the recognition process. The prepared MPA imprinted crystal colloidal arrays hydrogel particles can be used as the colorimetric sensors for the detection of the existence of the MPA, achieving a 120 nm large red shift of its reflection peak leading to the interaction between the MPA and the imprinting sites. In addition, the size of the hydrogel particles is systematically studied, which inspires us to obtain the appropriate range of MPA sensor by controlling the size of the hydrogel particles to fit the different standard. In combination with food safety, hydrogen affinity molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) inverse opal suspension arrays sensors here are of potential application for the building of the pesticide detection system.

Mondini dysplasia with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is rare in cochlear implantation (CI) candidates but lethal. Detailed evaluation and surgical intervention are needed for these patients.To report our findings of the peristapedial bulb in computer tomography (CT) as diagnostic evidence of spontaneous CSF leak and discuss its clinical value to direct the surgical plan for patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and meningitis.A retrospective review was conducted, including patients' demographic features, radiographic examination, operation records, auditory/speech evaluation. The patients presented with a peristapedial bulb were included.In 2775 CI recipients, 7 out of 219 (3.2%) patients with Mondini anomaly had detectable peristapedial bulbs in HRCT, among whom 6 patients have a history of meningitis. Surgical exploration verified the radiographic findings in 6 out of 7 patients. All patients received CI and vestibular obliteration. Control of meningitis was acceptable. The threshold of hearing significantly decreased from 74.1 dB ± 6.9 dB to 37.1 ± 4.8 dB after CI and the word recognition score elevated from 21.4 ± 14.9% to 78.6 ± 9.3%.Peristapedial bulb is an indicator of spontaneous CSF leak in patients with profound SHNL and Mondini anomaly. Patients will benefit from CI and surgical intervention.

OBJECTIVES Thanks to the advantages of hearing-in-noise and spatial orientation, currently bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) became popular for patients with profound hearing loss. The aim of this study was to investigate vestibular function in bilateral simultaneous CI recipients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Sixteen patients with profound hearing loss were included. INTERVENTIONS Bilateral simultaneous CI with flexible electrode using round window approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vestibular function was evaluated using both objective and subjective measures in the subjects preoperatively and 4 months postoperatively. Differences were analyzed preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS Preoperative vestibular tests revealed that 8 subjects (50%) had abnormal caloric test results, 11 ears (34.4%) had abnormal ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential results, 6 ears (18.8%) had abnormal cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential results, 7 ears (21.9%) in the anterior semicircular canal, and 6 ears (18.8%) in the posterior semicircular canal had gain loss. However, surgery significantly decreased the sums of the maximal slow-phase velocities evidenced by caloric test (p ‹ 0.05). Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormal rate significantly increased to 53.1% after surgery (p ‹ 0.05). The postoperative changes regarding ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential, video head impulse test (vHIT), and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) were not significant among all the patients. Patients diagnosed as large vestibular aqueduct syndrome showed significantly higher DHI scores than others (p ‹ 0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that DHI moderately correlated with the dysfunction of semicircular canals evidenced by vHIT (r = 0.702; p

Background Patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) displayed differential prognosis despite of the same treatment. Thus, identifying unique characteristics in different populations and creating individually customized treatments are necessary. However, studies about the clinical features according to different ages are scarce. Purpose This article compares the differences in VN patients among different age groups. Research Design A prospective study. Study Sample A total of 70 VN patients were enrolled in the present study. Intervention All the patients started vestibular rehabilitation at the time of initial presentation to our clinic. They were followed up at 1-month intervals using the questionnaire until 4 months. Data Collection and Analysis Patients' clinical data including clinical presentation, vestibular testing results, treatment, and recovery was collected and analyzed with Duncan's multiple range test, the sign test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test using SPSS18.0. Results The mean age of the 70 patients was 47.2 ± 17.1, ranging from 10 to 76 years old. The sex ratios (male:female) were 3.5 in the adolescent group, 0.643 in the young adult group, 1.375 in the middle-aged group, and 0.583 in the senior group. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed a significantly increasing trend from young adults to the seniors (p Conclusion The canal response was statistically better for younger patients compared with the elderly. The younger patients demonstrated a greater improvement than patients in the senior group, among whom adolescents improved the most, meanwhile psychological factors played a minor role in adolescents. Self-perceived disability-handicap positively correlated with anxiety and depression in all patients.

Patterned colloidal crystals with stimuli-responsive materials provide sensitive and versatile means for investigating the varying ambiance of heat, light, electricity, magnetism, and stress. However, it remains a challenge to integrate stimuli-responsive materials with colloidal crystals by a simple and efficient method, thus restricting them from being used in general applications. Inspired from chameleons, we present a facile yet high-quality approach for the fabrication of the assembly of colloidal nanoparticles based on the hydrophilic-modified thermosensitive films. Various kinds of integral thermosensitive structural colored (TSSC) films are simply prepared in a high-quality screen on a large scale, with low cost, angle independence, and excellent flexibility. Simply turning on the near-infrared (NIR) laser brings heat to the irradiated region to increase the temperature. Integration of the multi-colored photonic bandgap (PBG) of the thermal-sensitive colloidal crystal and flexible anti-counterfeit labels into the NIR light exciting screens can change the intensity of PBG obviously. This advanced technology not only provides an efficient strategy for the preparation of colloidal crystal but also demonstrates a highly thermosensitive structural colored screen that has great prospect for information storage, anticounterfeiting, and real-time display materials.

Agile analytics can help organizations to gain and sustain a competitive advantage by making timely decisions. Approximate query processing (AQP) is one of the useful approaches in agile analytics, which facilitates fast queries on big data by leveraging a pre-computed sample. One problem such a sample faces is that when new data is being imported, re-sampling is most likely needed to keep the sample fresh and AQP results accurate enough. Re-sampling from scratch for every batch of new data, called the full re-sampling method and adopted by many existing AQP works, is obviously a very costly process, and a much quicker incremental sampling process, such as reservoir sampling, may be used to cover the newly arrived data. However, incremental update methods suffer from the fact that the sample size cannot be increased, which is a problem when the underlying data distribution dramatically changes and the sample needs to be enlarged to maintain the AQP accuracy. This paper proposes an adaptive sample update (ASU) approach that avoids re-sampling from scratch as much as possible by monitoring the data distribution, and uses instead an incremental update method before a re-sampling becomes necessary. The paper also proposes an enhanced approach (T-ASU), which tries to enlarge the sample size without re-sampling from scratch when a bit of query inaccuracy is tolerable to further reduce the sample update cost. These two approaches are integrated into a state-of-the-art AQP engine for an extensive experimental study. Experimental results on both real-world and synthetic datasets show that the two approaches are faster than the full re-sampling method while achieving almost the same AQP accuracy when the underlying data distribution continuously changes.

In this study, we developed a new kind of dual-mode multicolored photonic crystals (PCs), which could be used as a new type of dye, and achieved multicolored patterns. This kind of PCs can exhibit not only distinct structural colors due to Bragg's law of diffraction but also non-structural colors due to fluorescence. We used ultraviolet (UV)-responsive colloidal spheres synthesized by polymerization of semi-continuous emulsions to assemble the PCs. In this synthesis, the fluorescent precursors with carbamate groups were locally restricted to the shell of prepared spheres. UV irradiation can induce photo-decomposition of the carbamate groups in the fluorescent precursors, generating amino groups in the process. This process allowed the assembled PCs to exhibit fluorescence through treatment with fluorescamine. We prepared two-dimensional (2D) multicolored photonic patterns of different sizes, with both reflection and fluorescence modes. These patterns were prepared either by vertical deposition under selective UV irradiation, or by spray coating. In addition, we fabricated three-dimensional (3D) multicolored photonic patterns using 3D templates, as well as through spray coating. The results expand the concept of responsive PCs, and offer potential applications for multicolored photonic crystal patterns (PC patterns) in the field of optical storage, color displays, and anti-counterfeiting.

A series of Zn2GeO4:Tb3+ nanophosphors have been prepared by the high temperature solid state method. The XRD patterns of samples are basically consistent with Zn2GeO4 standard card and the influence of Tb3+ ion on the peak shift is discussed detailedly. The SEM results show that the average sizes of all nanophosphors, whether undoped or doped, are about 50 nm except that some particles in Zn2GeO4 nanophosphor doped with 0.7 mol% terbium take on the cubic structure and the maximum size are about 130 nm. Under 265 nm excitation, there exists a broad blue emission belonging to Zn2GeO4 host. Moreover, the intense photoluminescence peaks at 490, 550 nm and weak peaks at 585, 622 nm of Tb3+ ions are obtained, and optimum Tb3+ doping concentration is 0.7 mol%. The decay curves of host emissions with the varied Tb3+ concentrations are measured, and the mechanisms of photoluminescence and energy transfer from Zn2GeO4 host to Tb3+ ions are analyzed systematically.

We developed a type of dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal, which were used for fluorescence enhancement and dual-mode multicolor patterns. We added dye molecules (BBOT, coumarin 6 (C6) and rhodamine B (RhB)) to liquid crystals, and cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC) exhibited selective reflection characteristics. When the reflection wavelength overlaps with the peak of the fluorescent dye, the luminescence intensity of the dye molecules could be adjusted. We used two methods to adjust the reflection wavelength of the cholesteric liquid crystals by changing the content of chiral additives and the isomerization degree of azo molecules. We used the screen printing and stencil printing methods to combine liquid crystal particles containing different fluorescent colors to prepare multicolor patterns. Moreover, the photoisomerization characteristics of the azo molecules were also used to achieve brilliant firework-like images upon exposure to ultraviolet and visible light. In addition, we also realized a face-changing stunt with facial makeup during a performance in the Sichuan Opera, a traditional Chinese folk art. We made use of the difference between reflection color and luminescence intensity upon light irradiation to present orange, green, blue and dark-blue facial effects.

Bulk software deployment is a tedious and error-prone task. This has prompted concerns by the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) into daily lives requiring recurrent deployment of software to a large number of heterogeneous devices. This work proposes an interactive graphical user interface to simplify common software deployment activities in IoT systems. The results of laboratory usability testing show high system usefulness and overall user satisfaction.

The timing of CI for postmeningitic deafness is controversial and differential outcomes have been reported. To review and share our surgical and auditory outcomes.17 patients with ossified cochleas who received CI were enrolled. Clinical data including the cause of cochlear ossification, preoperative examination, onset of deafness, age at implantation, surgical findings, and relevant auditory outcomes was analysed.Cochlear ossification was observed in 53% of patients with HRCT, whereas the corresponding value for MRI was 59%. Patients in both stage I and II received complete insertion of the electrode array, however, stage III patients only received partial insertion. 1 patient in stage II received bilateral CI. Hearing tests showed increased average hearing threshold for stage III patients than those in stage I and II (P 0.05). CAP scores were much lower for stage III patients than those in stage I and II (P 0.05). Postlingual deafness patients showed higher SIR scores than prelingual deafness children (P 0.05).HRCT and MRI have comparable value in predicting the occurrence of ossification in cochleas. We recommend fast surgical intervention in the patients with bilateral profound postmeningitic deafness. If possible, bilateral cochlear implantation is recommended.

All-inorganic perovskite micro/nanolasers are emerging as a class of miniaturized coherent photonic sources for many potential applications, such as optical communication, computing, and imaging, owing to their ultracompact sizes, highly localized coherent output, and broadband wavelength tunability. However, to achieve single-mode laser emission in the microscale perovskite cavity is still challenging. Herein, we report unprecedented single-mode laser operations at room temperature in self-assembly CsPbX 3 microcavities over an ultrawide pumping wavelength range of 400–2300 nm, covering one- to five-photon absorption processes. The superior frequency down- and upconversion single-mode lasing manifests high multiphoton absorption efficiency and excellent optical gain from the electron–hole plasma state in the perovskite microcavities. Through direct compositional modulation, the wavelength of a single-mode CsPbX 3 microlaser can be continuously tuned from blue-violet to green (427–543 nm). The laser emission remains stable and robust after long-term high-intensity excitation for over 12 h (up to 4.3 × 10 7 excitation cycles) in the ambient atmosphere. Moreover, the pump-wavelength dependence of the threshold, as well as the detailed lasing dynamics such as the gain-switching and electron–hole plasma mechanisms, are systematically investigated to shed insight into the more fundamental issues of the lasing processes in CsPbX 3 perovskite microcavities.

In the ever-competitive global business environment, companies may fail to adapt to the environment due to crisis. In this situation, companies call for self-sacrificing leaders to help companies get out of the woods. Self-sacrificing leadership is a spirit or behavior manifesting the leader’s willingness to take on various kinds of risks and losses for the sake of the benefits of the whole organization and the subordinates. We explored the dimension and measurement methods, In order to clarify the nature of self-sacrificing leadership and the theoretical boundary with other leadership, we make a comparison of self-sacrificing leadership and other leadership. Future research can strengthen the study on the concept, measurement methods of self-sacrificing leadership.

Obtaining whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing with prominent stability and high quality optical cavities is extremely desirable but still a great challenge. Despite the recent surge of reports on microspheres, nanowires and nanoplatelets metal halide crystals, there has few reports on the morphology of Hemispheres (HSs) in the form of uniform, component-tunable microcrystals. Here, CsPbX3 (X = Cl/Br) HSs with smooth surface and regular geometry structure were synthesized on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and the wavelength of laser can be continuously tuned from blue to green (450–540 nm) at room temperature by varying the halide composition. WGM laser with polarization ratio of 0.70 and cavity quality factor Q of 2485 were realized in the CsPbBr3 HS cavity. Besides, the crystal cavity suggested a high photonic and thermal stability for the superb capability of continuous stable lasing output under ambient conditions. All these results illustrate that the synthesis of cesium lead halide perovskite HSs may provide an alternative solution for fundamental researches and applications in optical devices.

The hotspot identification and interaction analyses of the provisioning of multiple ecosystem services (ESs) are basic prerequisites for sustainable ecosystem management. ESs and their interrelationships are determined by ecological processes over time and space. The high-value ES areas is crucial for regional land use management. However, most of hotspots identification are limited to a single point in time and/or in space. Here we proposed a framework for identifying a long-term stable supply area for multiple ESs, namely, an ES multifunctional area (ESMA) to recognize the region that can stably provide high-value ESs. Using Shaanxi Province as an example, four ESs, i.e., net primary productivity (NPP), soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY), and habitat quality (HQ), were quantified from 2000 to 2015 at a pixel scale of 1 km. Then, we identified ESMA in Shaanxi and explored the trade-offs and synergies among ESs within and outside ESMA. Results of the study provided the following conclusions: (1) With the exception of WY, ESs exhibit apparent spatial differentiation in areas bounded by the Qinling Mountains due to terrain and climate differences between the north and south of these mountains. (2) The ES supply areas of NPP accounted for 41.47% of the total area of Shaanxi Province. This finding indicates the NPP provision was relatively stable. (3) The ESMA of Shaanxi Province is largely situated in southern Shaanxi. The primary land use types of ESMA are forest and grassland, and the areas that provide NPP, HQ, and SC services are the largest among all service combinations. (4) The trade-offs and synergies of ESs are more stable in ESMA than those in non-ESMA. This study proposes to provide a long-term provision of multiple stable high-value ESs to a priority protected area, thereby offering support and services for the development of ecosystem differential spatial protection policies.

In this study, we designed the luminescent enhanced composites by combining upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and photonic crystals (PCs), and prepared multi-mode coding patterns through utilizing the optical properties of both materials, respectively. We prepared UCNPs with different luminescence and the composite materials can be quickly obtained by spin-coating the UCNPs on the surface of the PCs. We discover that the composite materials have significant luminescent enhancement and the enhancement of upconversion is attributed to the Bragg reflection of the photonic band gap. We fabricated upconversion luminescent lattices based on the surface of the PCs by dropping and endowed with the meaning of the Morse code so that it can have more information in different modes. In addition, we further obtained the cipher table pattern according to the structural color of the PCs and the luminescence of the UCNPs. The results reveal great potential applications in the field of multi-mode optical imaging and anti-counterfeiting.

Eco-compensation is an important mechanism when applying the theory of ecosystem services to practical development, which translates the external and non-market value of the environment into real financial incentives for local actors. Scientifically formulating feasible and credible compensation standards is the most critical and key step to adjusting the benefits received by environment protectors and beneficiaries. The Inner Mongolia agro-pastoral zone is an important ecological area with an undeveloped economy in Northern China. The implementation of eco-compensation policies contributes to ecological restoration and poverty alleviation. Taking Horqin Left Back Banner, Inner Mongolia, China as a study case, a quantitative model of a non-point source pollution eco-compensation program was established by using emergy synthesis&mdash, a thermodynamics-based method in ecological economic systems&mdash, to create a comprehensive eco-compensation standard. The results showed that the eco-compensation amounts for non-point source pollution were generally below 10% of the regional gross domestic product (GDP). A 11&ndash, 20% reduction in fertilizer would be accepted according to the field investigation and the optimal eco-compensation strategy reduced the phosphate fertilizer application by 20% with a compensation standard of $379.63/ha/year, which was similar to the farmers&rsquo, willingness to accept compensation. For the accurate creation of a non-point source pollution eco-compensation program, the emergy synthesis overcomes the inconsistency in the quantification of the material flow, ecological flow, and economic flow, guaranteeing the sustainable implementation of non-point source pollution eco-compensation projects.

As location-based social network (LBSN) services become more popular in people’s lives, Point of Interest (POI) recommendation has become an important research topic.POI recommendation is to recommend places where users have not visited before. There are two problems in POI recommendation: sparsity and precision. Most users only check-in a few POIs in an LBSN. To tackle the sparse problem in a certain extent, we compute the similarity between the check-in datasets of different times. For the precision problem, we incorporate temporal information and geographical information. The temporal information will influence how the user chooses and allow the user to visit different distance point on different day. The geographical information is also used as a control for points which are too far away from the user’s check-in data. Our experimental results on real life LBSN datasets show that the proposed approach outperforms the other POI recommendation methods substantially.

“Invisible eavesdropping” in this paper means that some applications call the mobile phone's microphone module and gather the user's voice and transmit information illegally when the screen is locked or the users are playing games and completely unaware of the situation. Based on idea of “real-time monitoring” and “active protection”, a scheme was proposed in this paper using the access authority of mobile phone's microphone, network access, user trust and etc. This scheme implements the function of alarm and threat position in the open source Android mobile platform. Compared with the domestic and foreign products, the system has the following specific characteristics: (1) it can boot automatically and scan on the backstage without multiple settings after it installed and set up for the first time; (2) compared with some of the existing protection software, when the invisible eavesdropping happened, this application will alarm the users, but not just to protect the files in the phone; (3) the application can navigate to the specific risk of eavesdropping applications; (4) it need not the authority of “root” or to modify the kernel.

In 2010, the number of consumer payments increased nearly 9 percent from 2009 as economic activity began to rebound from the financial crisis and recession. Cash payments by consumers, which had increased sharply in 2009, did not fall back but rather grew another 3 percent in 2010. However, the share of cash payments, the dollar amount of cash withdrawals, and cash holdings by consumers decreased moderately in 2010. Credit card payments by consumers increased 15 percent, reversing more than half the 2009 decline, and the steady trend decline in paper check payments by consumers continued. Debit cards and cash continued to account for the two largest shares of consumer payments (31.1 and 28.6 percent, respectively), and consumer adoption of all types of prepaid cards (38.2 percent) increased notably in 2010. Mobile banking and mobile payments by consumers continued to show moderate increases through the end of 2010, consistent with early stages of technology adoption. The 2010 SCPC contains new results that may help researchers and policymakers identify potential indirect effects of Regulation II (Durbin Amendment) on consumers and may help to inform the Federal Reserve's new strategic plan for the payment system.