Search

Since 2005, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) mandatory adoption in the European Union has played a pivotal role to reduce financing costs which has influenced positively economic growth across member states. Thus, this study examines the effect of Cost of Capital on Economic Growth under IFRS mandatory adoption in 17 European countries between 1994 and 2021 using Pooled Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-system) methods. The findings reveal a positive correlation between the Cost of Capital and Economic Growth under IFRS adoption. Specifically, the model estimates indicate that the Cost of Capital contributes to a 0.58% increase in Economic Growth in the PMG-ARDL framework. Moreover, the GMM-system model underscores the significance of IFRS adoption in reducing the Cost of Capital, leading to a 0.52% increase in Economic Growth. These results provide insights into the benefits of adopting international accounting standards and highlight the importance of institutional and financial factors in shaping the economic impact of adopting accounting standards.

Abstract The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of consumer behavior in creating brand attachment, emphasizing the packaging component of food industry companies. It is considered a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) research method. The sample of the qualitative section with 12 interviews with marketing, academic and food industry experts, and the quantitative section with the Cochran formula of limited societies included 384 managers and senior experts of Tehran food industry companies. In the first step of the research, the coding of specialized research interviews was performed using thematic qualitative analysis with MAXQDA 20 software and fuzzy Delphi method with MatLab software, structural-interpretive analysis with MicMac software; in the next step, the results of confirmatory factor analysis with Smart PLS 3.0 software. Based on the results of qualitative analysis, three comprehensive categories including packaging, brand attachment and consumer behavior were identified as the main components. Based on the influence-dependence diagram, the structures of communication factors, logistic factors, economic factors, bio-social factors have high influence power and are under little influence, and are placed in the area of independent structures. The constructs of brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand associations also have high dependence but little influence, so they are considered dependent constructs. The results of the quantitative part, while confirming the research hypotheses, showed that the proposed model has good validity. Extended Abstract Introduction According to the opinions and findings of recent researches, it is clear that the packaging characteristics might have a major contribution in creating brand attachment, but this problem should be done with a careful and precise examination of the consumer's behavior, because only by this way can correct decisions be made regarding the packaging component. Therefore, this study aims to help brand managers who are trying to improve brand performance in order to create attachment to their product and collection. In addition, this research can be an effective step in the field of improving brand management with an emphasis on creating effective value in the field of packaging. According to the above, the main innovation of this research may be considered in entering the field of brand attachment through packaging, and providing a completely native model suitable for the domestic business environment. Finally, in this research, we are looking for an answer to this question: What dimensions and components form the consumer behavior model in creating brand attachment with an emphasis on the packaging component of food industry companies? Theoretical framework Literature A person's behavior is how he acts or behaves in a certain situation. Each person has different views, opinions, desires, tastes and needs; hence, consumer behavior deals with the way consumers spend their income on various goods and services. For example, if a consumer has $2,000 and has different options such as movies, clothes, and food to spend the money on, there are different ways to spend the money. He may spend the entire amount on one option, or divide it between two or more options. The way a consumer uses his money shows his consumer behavior (Khan, Sheikh, Ashraf & Yu, 2022). Taylor et al (2023) conducted a study titled the effect of packaging on brand association in tobacco products. This research was carried out as a survey among a sample consisting of teenagers (2469 people) and adults (12046 people) in the UK. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the use of attractive packaging has a positive effect on brand associations and brand loyalty. Romeo-Arroyo, Jensen, Hunneman & Velasco (2023) conducted a study titled evaluating the effect of symmetry, curvature and packaging mark on the perception of brand superiority. In this survey study, the effect of different dimensions of packaging including curvature, symmetry, and marking was measured on consumers' perception of superiority in four different categories of food products (chocolate, coffee, jam, and ice cream). Overall, a significant positive effect of symmetry, and a significant effect of brand on brand superiority perception were identified. It seems that the effect of sign and curvature on consumers' perception of superiority is more influenced by the texture and classification of the product. Research background Taylor et al (2023) conducted a study titled the effect of packaging on brand association in tobacco products. This research was carried out as a survey among a sample consisting of teenagers (2469 people) and adults (12046 people) in the UK. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the use of attractive packaging has a positive effect on brand associations and brand loyalty. Romeo-Arroyo, Jensen, Hunneman & Velasco (2023) conducted a study titled evaluating the effect of symmetry, curvature and packaging mark on the perception of brand superiority. In this survey study, the effect of different dimensions of packaging including curvature, symmetry, and marking was measured on consumers' perception of superiority in four different categories of food products (chocolate, coffee, jam, and ice cream). Overall, a significant positive effect of symmetry, and a significant effect of brand on brand superiority perception were identified. It seems that the effect of sign and curvature on consumers' perception of superiority is more influenced by the texture and classification of the product. Tabatabai Yeganeh (2021) conducted a study titled investigating the effects of brand experience, brand image and brand trust on brand attachment and purchase intention. The findings of the research showed that brand image has a direct and significant effect on customers' purchase intention and customer trust. Also, brand experience has shown a significant direct effect on brand image, brand trust, and customers' dependence on the brand. Finally, the trust of the brand leads to the increase of the customers' dependence on the brand, and the customers' dependence on the brand also increases the motivation of the customers to buy. Research methodology The purpose of this research is in the field of developmental-applicable research. The statistical sample in the qualitative stage included 12 experts and university professors in the fields of marketing management, experts in the field of food industry companies, and consumer behavior. The sample volume is determined based on reaching theoretical saturation. According to the topic and objectives of the research, the semi-structured interview method has been used to collect data. In the quantitative phase of the research, the statistical population in this phase of the research includes 300 food industry companies, which includes an unlimited number of food industry companies' customers. Using Cochran's formula for unlimited communities, the required number of 384 people was calculated and the final samples were selected through random-cluster sampling with proportional distribution. To ensure obtaining sufficient data, 400 questionnaires were distributed, of which 393 complete questionnaires were returned. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the interviews, two methods of re-testing and double-coder agreement were used. In this research, thematic analysis method was used to analyze qualitative data. In the next step, the results of confirmatory factor analysis are presented. Then the existing categories are leveled with the structural-interpretive method and the initial research model is designed. Finally, partial least squares method has been used to validate the model. Qualitative analysis was performed with MAXQDA 20 software, structural-interpretive analysis with MicMac software and partial least squares method with Smart PLS 3.0 software. Research findings In order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the interviews, two methods of coder agreement and retest reliability were used. As shown in Table 3, the coefficients obtained in both methods were higher than the threshold of 0.6; therefore, the reliability and validity of the interviews are confirmed. Qualitative content analysis was done with thematic analysis approach in six consecutive steps. The present research has identified 42 subcategories by examining and categorizing the descriptive codes obtained from the interview texts which, according to their semantic similarity and affinity, in the main concepts were identified as follows: packaging (communication factors, logistic factors, economic factors, environmental factors and social responsibility), brand attachment (brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality and brand associations), consumer behavior (personal, cultural, psychological (motivational) and marketing mix). The results of the quantitative part of the research showed that the proposed model has good fit and validity. Conclusion Based on the results of qualitative analysis, three main dimensions including packaging, brand attachment and consumer behavior were identified. And based on the components detected in relation to these three dimensions, the structures of the primary model of consumer behavior in creating brand attachment were identified as follows: communication factors, logistics factors, economic factors, bio-social factors, brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, personal, cultural, psychological, marketing mix. In relation to the test of the first and second hypotheses, which indicates the effectiveness of the marketing mix, the following suggestions are presented: reducing the price of products, using online distribution channels (such as a contract with Snap Food, etc.), improving product quality by using high-quality raw materials. These findings are consistent with the results of Rojas-Méndez & Khoshnevis (2023), Vila-Lopez & Küster-Boluda (2021), Chen (2021), Moodie, et.al. (2022), Chakraborty & Dash (2023), Chan & Chiu (2022), Vila-Lopez & Küster-Boluda (2021), Cleff, Lin & Walters (2021), Hwang, Choe, Kim & Kim (2021), Fathi, Torabi & Shayghi Azarzad (2021), Gómez-Suárez & Veloso (2020), Nguyen, Parker, Brennan & Lockrey (2020), Gefen & Straub (2014), Amini & Kaidi (2014), Das, Agarwal, Malhotra & Varshneya (2019), Shukla, Misra & Singh (2023), Moody, et al. (2022), Shetty & Fitzsimmons (2022), Tabatabai Yeganeh (2021), Chan & Chiu (2022), Hwang, Choe, Kim & Kim (2021), Ho & Chung (2020), and Gómez-Suárez & Veloso (2020). In relation to the results obtained from the third to fifth hypotheses regarding the impact of psychological factors, the following suggestions are presented: the use of merry and attractive visual elements to attract young customers; using attractive and challenging billboard ads to attract customers' attention; using sensory marketing techniques. In relation to the results obtained from the analysis of the sixth to ninth hypotheses regarding personal factors, the following suggestions are presented: customer segmentation, using CRM software to improve customer relations, conducting surveys among customers, personalizing products for different customer groups. In relation to the result obtained from the analysis of the tenth hypothesis in relation to social factors, the following suggestions are presented: creating a customer club, creating pages in the space of social networks to increase interaction with customers, inserting a slogan related to social responsibility on the packaging In relation to the result obtained from the analysis of the eleventh and twelfth hypotheses in relation to communication factors, the following suggestions are presented: the use of attractive colors in product packaging; providing detailed information regarding the ingredients used in the product's manufacture; using the appropriate logo on the packaging. In relation to the result obtained from the analysis of the thirteenth hypothesis in relation to economic factors, the following suggestions are presented: cooperation with domestic companies to reduce the total cost of packaging, designing packaging according to the size of the product, using social media for marketing. In relation to the result obtained from the analysis of the fourteenth hypothesis in relation to logistics factors, the following suggestions are presented: use of three-layer packaging to increase product durability, use of materials that prevent product spoilage. In relation to the results obtained from the analysis of the fifteenth and sixteenth hypotheses regarding cultural factors, the following suggestions are presented: the use of elements of Iranian culture in advertising, focusing on the use of nostalgic elements in the introduction and advertising of products (due to the strong sense of nostalgia among people of Iran).

The paper deals with behavioural finance as a stream of finance challenging the principles of classical finance by adding psychology to the reasons that could explain observed anomalies within financial markets and which, at the same time, are caused by real human behaviour. The aim of this paper is to explore investors' behavioural, biases and their disturbances of rationality, focusing mostly on the factors of loss aversion, cultural influences, and overconfidence, and how these elements influence investment decisions. It is based on empirical data and behavioural experiments, which help to show how such biases deviate from efficient market theories; this work also tests some methods that can mitigate these negative effects, therefore providing insights on how to integrate the teaching of behavioural finance more effectively into the decision-making process of investors and experts within finance. Precisely, this work is aimed at attempting to provide a model of psychological behaviour for Moroccan investors, based on an investigation carried out in the field among 93 regular investors in the Casablanca Stock Exchange. The main findings of the study underline how behavioural biases deviate from predictions by efficient market theories. This paper has only focused on the specific context of Moroccan investors, yet giving insight into how psychological factors impact investment decisions through new insights into life where these financial behaviours take place. There is, hence, uniqueness to the research through the theoretical and practical approaches integrated therein, with the use of empirical data and behavioural experiments that sustain the discussion on behavioural finance. Presenting the case of Moroccan investors adds a significant contribution to proposing a context-specific model, which may bring important implications for financial decision-making within the region.

Government entities face unique challenges in public service innovation, often overlooked in research focused on the private and broader public sectors. To address this gap, an empirical study was conducted to identify and rank these challenges and assess the extent to which these challenges are impacted by organizational size and the adoption of the Government Excellence Model (GEM). Through expert consultation and questionnaires, 22 challenges were identified and categorized, with ten highlighted as critical, half of which relate to innovation culture. The study found that organizational size has no significant impact, while GEM-adopting entities perceive six challenges as less significant. These findings provide valuable guidance for policymakers in the UAE and similar contexts to overcome the challenges of public service innovation.

Abstract The insufficient and inefficient public expenditure on health services by any health system creates physical and financial barriers to using health care services, especially for poor people and uncovered informal sector workers. This leads to the appearance of household direct out-of-pocket (OOP) payments on health services. OOP will push households into poverty if it exceeds their monetary income, as they cut their spending on other essential needs such as food, clothing, or education fees. The main objective of studying public health expenditure is to provide essential health services to all citizens equally without pushing them into poverty due to health payments OOP. This paper examines the average coverage of Reproductive, Maternal, and Child Health (RMNCH) services according to place of residence and wealth quintile from 2005 to 2015. The rationale for choosing RMNCH only as an indication of health coverage is due to data limitations. This paper depends on World Health Organization (WHO) data. The paper evaluates poverty impact by using poverty head counts and poverty gaps before and after OOP through using nationally representative surveys of Egypt for the years 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. Results show a gap in covering RMNCH services among different groups, but the gap is decreasing over time. Results also show that OOP payments pushed on average 30% of Egyptian households into poverty during the period of the study.

Metallic ceramic compounds, such as Ti3SiC2, are innovative materials that combine the properties of metals and ceramics. However, most methods used in synthesizing these materials employ high deposition temperatures. Hence, in this work, Ti3SiC2 thin film was prepared and deposited on a steel sample without heating or biasing using a magnetized sheet plasma source. The synthesis was carried out by sputtering titanium, silicon, and graphite targets with Ar plasma at different deposition times of 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) scans of the samples confirmed the synthesis of the desired compound. Moreover, the wettability and surface energy properties of the coated substrate were calculated by contact angle measurements. Results showed that as the deposition time increased, the coated substrate became more hydrophobic. Indeed, these findings show that Ti3SiC2 deposited steel substrate, with its increased hydrophobicity, is a potential self-cleaning coating for industrial tools.

Organizations are increasingly involved in the struggle of what is often known as an 'ethical dilemma', a condition that requires a clear definition of right and wrong actions caused by lines or boundaries that are increasingly blurred than before. Indeed, leadership and management are human activities as the art and skill of utilizing productive resources to achieve desired goals. Furthermore, it becomes clear, one of the factors that influence the formation of the moral character of employees is the role of spirituality in the work environment and the humility of leaders. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between Islamic leadership and high morale in the workplace. In relevant conditions, the role of a leader is as the person who leads and the person who manages to translate the vision, direction, and plans into effective actions for the progress of the organization. Thus, the role of the leader is key to shaping and developing organizational culture. This study is a theoretical development to form the basis for empirical studies of leadership models. This study indicated that Islamic values have a significant effect to boost high morale in the workplace. The role of the leadership needs to be empowered in order to build workers' awareness of the importance of Islamic values as a principle of life. Thus, this study expands the literature in the field of leadership styles that explores Islamic values in increasing morale in the workplace.

The objective of this article is to empirically examine the effect of financing structure on the market share of banks, and their performance in Tunisian banks. To this end, we gathered financial statements of ten commercial banks over the period 2012-2019, and we employed the panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) regression. The empirical results show that the bank capital structure measured by the equity to total assets ratio negatively affects bank performance while the debt to total assets ratio can be a robust and positive driver of bank performance. Through this research, we recommend to Tunisian commercial banks to reduce their operating costs through a better management of their resources, and to find cheaper sources of financing such as increasing equity. We also recommend to Tunisian commercial banks to diversify further their revenues in order to enhance their performance and to generate more profits.

AbstractThe aim of this research is to identify the dimensions and components of acceptance of social systems of customer relationship management by professional users using Web 2.0 technology. The current research is applicable in terms of nature, qualitative in terms of implementation method, and of descriptive and thematic kind. The statistical population of this research was made up of 15 university professors in the fields of management, business and IT along with managers of digital business companies, selected by non-random sampling method.The criteria for selecting people are having a doctorate degree with more than 10 years of experience in digital businesses, having time, interest and ability to take part in interviews (a semi-structured) and fill the questionnaires. Also, MAXQDA 2020 software was used in data analysis. The identified factors were extracted in the form of 40 indicators, 8 components and 3 dimensions. Components and indicators of dimensions and components of acceptance of customer relationship management social systems included three dimensions; organizational, customer, and technological; which organizational dimension has three components (manpower, organizational culture, organizational structure), customer dimension includes three components (value creation, customer satisfaction, expectation of performance), and technologically has two components (social networks, content production).Extended AbstractIntroductionIn the approval of customer relationship management, organizational changes and organizational developments are always expected. However, there is little knowledge about the effects of these changes on customer relations, employees and the quality of the effect of their activities and behavior on the success of customer relationship management. Factors affecting the acceptance of traditional customer relationship management have been supported by numerous studies in developed countries. Due to this, in developing countries, with significant costs, research studies investigating traditional customer relationship management systems and factors affecting the acceptance of customer relationship management from Companies and their customer prospects are facing infrastructure restrictions (Sana Azeem et al, 2020).The application of social media is the latest development and innovation in information and communication technology in online business. The popularity of social media technology has contributed greatly to this development, as it engages individuals as part of an online social community and fosters peer-to-peer interaction. And it has created a new opportunity for organizations to use social networking platforms to do business, called social commerce. Social business creates prosperity in Electronics transaction through making relationship and sharing the evaluation of experiences of the social media website members in using the various products or services. (Fahadyar et al, 2021).Therefore, the researcher asked the main question, what are the dimensions and components of acceptance of customer relationship management social systems by professional users using Web 2.0 technology?Theoretical FrameworkSocial networking technologies introduced social customer relationship management as a new version of social customer relationship management strategy (Malthouse et al, 2013). Based on the literature, this research defines social customer relationship management as a type of social network technology for customer relationship management. Today, organizations around the world have more and more adopted social media for their different business purposes, such as labor collaboration, intelligent business, and social customer relationship management (Abedin, 2016).Web 2.0 is a term that is often used in relation to the ever-increasing evolution seen in the World Wide Web. This transformation and transition has taken place from a set of websites towards computer bases that serve the final users of web applications. Finally, it is expected that Web 2.0 services will replace everyday computer software in many ways. Of course, it should not be assumed that Web 2.0 means a completely new and different version of Web 1. Rather, Web 2.0 is actually a symbol of the evolution and combination of complementary characteristics of Web 2.0. It is a set of new approaches in the Internet space towards open, flexible and collaborative development models for content production systems that can lead to reducing the costs of information production and processing, increasing public awareness, and increasing the efficiency of systems (Nobre & Silva, 2014).Rabieh & Rezaeiyan (2022) discussed the effect of social customer relationship management on financial performance with the mediating role of customer commitment and customer satisfaction (case study: private banks in Khuzestan province). The results showed that social customer relationship management with the mediating role of customer commitment and customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of the private bank of Khuzestan province.Mehrabi et al, (2022) discussed in their article entitled the explanation of the optimization model of marketing success and customer relationship management in electronic services and businesses. The results of the analysis of the findings showed that; Price, sales promotion, branding, perceptual/emotional features, hardware facilities, software facilities, social media, technological features, networking, innovation, customer orientation, digital marketing, inter-organization factors, marketing, and customer relationship management have a significant impact on marketing and e-commerce success. Following are some suggestions.Research MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of nature, and qualitative in terms of execution method. The statistical population of this research was formed by 15 university professors in the fields of management, business and IT, and managers of digital business companies; and the sampling method is non-random purposeful to determine a group of experts. The criteria for selecting people were having a doctorate degree with more than 10 years of experience in digital businesses, having time, interest and ability to conduct interviews and questionnaires. The method of data collection was done by a library method. The study tools are literature and research texts. Research FindingsIn order to analyze the data, open and axial coding of MAXQDA 2020 software was used, and the results showed that the dimensions and components of acceptance of customer relationship management social systems extracted by professional users using Web 2.0 technology included in total 40 indicators and 8 components and 3 dimensions. Components and indicators of dimensions and components of acceptance of customer relationship management social systems, including three dimensions: organizational, customer, and technological; which organizational dimension has three components (manpower, organizational culture, organizational structure), customer dimension includes three components (expectation of performance, value creation, customer satisfaction), and technological has two components (social networks, content production).ConclusionThe current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions and components of acceptance of customer relationship management social systems by professional users using Web 2.0 technology. The results of this research are consistent with the results of Rabieh & Rezaeiyan (2022), Mehrabi et al, (2022), Farsadfar (2021), Fahadyar et al, (2021), Fang (2021), Li (2020), and Jameel et al, (2019). Fang, (2021) has conducted a research under the title of the analytical effect of the e-commerce customer relationship management system based on smart network communication. In this research, he examines the analysis of e-commerce frequencies and the efficiency of customer relationship management. In this way, the existing limitations in the interference of e-commerce links and the construction of matrices of these links have been investigated in order to analyze the performance of the smart network communication system and technology to create a model for the productivity of customer communication. The results indicate that the optimization of e-commerce methods and communication with the smart network improves customer relationship management.According to the obtained results, it is suggested that organizations pay special attention to the customer dimension, which has three components: customer satisfaction, value creation, and performance expectation. For this purpose, organizations through examining cases such as providing support and services to customers in the social networks they use, interacting and communicating with customers in real time, monitoring and quickly solving problems by monitoring and following up social networks, searching and rewarding brand supporters and customers who help others, help make the brand more visible in the places where the audience spends their time, increase interaction and deep relationships with customers, and etc. improve customer satisfaction.In the organizational dimension, due to the importance of human resources, organizational culture, and organizational structure; organizations can address issues such as job satisfaction (salaries and benefits, rewards, employee relations, etc.), job security, secure environment, job hierarchy, delegation of authority, superior and subordinate relationships, and etc., influence the behavior of employees and institutionalize organizational culture among them.Also, in the technological dimension, according to the results obtained and the importance of social networks and content production, organizations can give importance to things such as the content of the work produced according to the conditions and time (so that it can be republished by others), producing targeted content, excellent and attention-grabbing headlines, proper timing, high quality images and videos, avoiding repetition, etc. can achieve better success in the technological field.

Government agencies/public sectors organizations around the world are under pressure to increase the effectiveness of their products and services with limited resource. This study attempts to develop a conceptual framework on the relationship between excellent human resource through organizational policies and service quality by the public sector. The study aims to verify the root of the problem of the service provided by government agencies/public sector as the main issue. Indeed, excellent human resource is the key for the answer on this issue. There is a need for the excellent human resource that has strong and stable characters to work under pressure in serving various demands of the society. However, it is clear that policy of organization determines, the quality of work in order to produce excellent human resource. When policies do not support workers in performing activities effectively, it will hinder workers to produce the best service. Most studies on quality of services are carried out in the context of private sector. Subsequently, this study presents foundation to overcome the problems faced by government agencies/public sector in order to provide the best service to the society. Government needs to pay attention on the integration between human resources and the work system. Human resources have a humanistic aspect that holds the key to the success of the public sector. A good handling the humanitarian aspect will encourage the improvement of the best service to the society.

ObjectiveContent marketing is one of the newest marketing strategies that attracts and retains customers by producing valuable, relevant, and credible content. This study aims to design a content marketing model to increase purchase intention in digital marketing. MethodologyFrom a philosophical point of view, this study is empirical research done applying a deductive-inductive approach. Considering the applied method and data collection, it is cross-sectional research. Due to the qualitative and quantitative methods used, this is a mixed research study. Its statistical population in the qualitative content analysis stage and the structural-interpretive modeling included 10 professors and experienced marketing experts, selected using the purposive sampling method. In this paper, qualitative content analysis method was used to identify the underlying categories of content marketing, and the structural-interpretive modeling method was used to identify the causal relationships between the identified indicators. Qualitative data analysis was performed by MaxQDA software and quantitative data analysis was performed by MicMac software. FindingsThe findings of the qualitative section led to the identification of the main and sub-indicators of the content marketing model to increase the purchase intention in digital marketing. After confirming the validity and reliability, the research model was presented in the quantitative section. ConclusionThe derived results showed that digital marketing strategies are the major underlying factors of a model that affects content marketing. Also, content marketing strategy affects the knowledge management of consumers and the quality of service delivery and development. It ultimately leads to consumer engagement. Finally, by creating brand value and increasing its competitiveness, consumers' intention to buy can be increased.

Etik liderler bir organizasyonun ahlaki çerçevesini şekillendirmede temel faktördür. Etik liderler ahlaki davranış paradigması içinde yaşarlar. Bu ahlaki davranış açık hedefler koymada ve çalışma hayatında dürüstlüğe değer veren bir takipçi tabanı yaratmada kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı etik liderlik davranışlarının çalışan sadakati aracılığıyla işe adanmışlık üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Araştırma kapsamında bir devlet üniversitesinde çalışan 247 akademik ve idari personel üzerinde kurulan hipotezlere yönelik değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, yöneticilerin organizasyonlarda birer rol model oldukları, etik liderlik davranışları ile çalışan sadakatine yön verecekleri ve sonuç olarak da işe adanmışlık algısını pozitif yönde etkileyecekleri öngörülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçları, etik liderlik davranışlarının çalışan sadakati ve işe adanmışlık üzerinde pozitif etkisinin olduğunu, ilave olarak da çalışan sadakatinin etik liderlik davranışları ile işe adanmışlık alt boyutları arasında aracılık rolünde olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

AbstractStudying Corporate Environmental, Social and Governance responsibility (ESG) and its consequences remain a topical concern of the company’s stakeholders including governmental and non-governmental organizations, investors and researchers over the past few decades. While most research has studied and validated the beneficial effect of ESG on financial performance. The few studies that have explored the nexus between financial performance and ESG relationship are conducted in a double causality framework. Thus, this research fills this gap by studying the effect of financial performance on ESG. Using a random-effects panel data model for more than 10,000 firm-year observations of 504 U.S. firms during the period 2000–2020, the results show a positive relationship between financial performance and ESG. Furthermore, cash holding, minority interest and inflation have significantly the expected sign. Yet, the market-to-book value seems insignificant. Interestingly, during periods of high economic policy uncertainty, oil price uncertainty and leverage, the impact of companies’ financial performance on ESG decreases differently according to the three components of the ESG. These findings are robust and consistent with alternative econometric specifications and alternative measures of dependent variable and control variables.

Abstract The company has complaints about the high inventory which is a burden to the company. Based on the observations, the inventory level in the Part and Service department in July with a value of days on inventory of 149 days exceeded the maximum target of 120 days. This study aims to find a way to reduce the value of days on inventory and deadstock as much as possible so that it can reduce costs. To find a solution to the problem, an ABC, SWOT, and business solution analysis was carried out through focus group discussions (FGD) with seniors and experts on this issue. From all the results of the analysis it was agreed that the consignment stock method and the 4P mix strategy could be implemented. After implementing this idea, good results were obtained, namely a decrease in inventory of Rp. 37,347,572,356 to Rp. 27,650,733,680 (down 26%) and the value of days on inventory from 149 days to 98 days and also a decrease in deadstock from Rp. 11,641,000,000 to Rp. 8,626,000,000 (down 26%) Abstrak Perusahaan memiliki keluhan akan tingginya inventory (inventory) yang menjadi beban bagi perusahaan. Berdasarkan hasil observasi, tingkat inventory pada DePartemen Part and Service pada bulan Juli 2018 ditemukan nilai days on inventory sebesar 149 hari yang mana telah melebihi batas maksimum yaitu 120 hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan cara agar nilai days on inventory dan deadstock dapat ditekan semaksimal mungkin sehingga dapat menekan cost. Untuk mencari solusi permasalahan dilakukan analisis ABC, SWOT, dan solusi bisnis melalui focus group discussion (FGD) dengan para senior dan ahli dalam masalah ini. Dari seluruh hasil analisis disepakati bahwa metode consignment stock dan mix strategy 4P lah yang dapat diimplementasikan. Setelah implementasi ide tersebut, didapatkan hasil yang baik yakni penurunan inventory Rp 37.347.572.356 menjadi Rp 27.650.733.680 (turun 26%) serta nilai days on inventory dari 149 hari menjadi 98 hari dan juga penurunan atas deadstock dari Rp 11.641.000.000 menjadi Rp 8.626.000.000 (turun 26%).

Daha hızlı, daha kaliteli, daha ucuz stratejileriyle rekabetin formüllerinin belirlendiği, verimlilik, üretkenlik, etkinlik ve kârlılık gibi kavramlarla başarı ve performansın değerlendirildiği günümüz işletme dünyasında, yönetimde ahlak ve maneviyattan bahsetmek beyhude bir uğraş gibi görülebilse de bir gerekliliktir. Çünkü ahlak ve maneviyatı olmayan bir işletme ne kadar başarılı bir işletme olursa olsun bir yanı eksik kalır. Başarılı, kaliteli, hızlı, kârlı ama ahlaksız, ilkesiz, kuralsız, erdemsiz bir işletme, nasıl bir işletmedir? Bu sebeple işletmeler, yaşamda bir amaç, anlam ve sorumluluk olduğu bilinciyle hareket etmeli, denge, ahlak, maneviyat, bilgelik ve erdem gibi kavramları ölçü alarak, bir orta yol edinmelidir. Bunu sağlamanın yollarından birisi, yönetim anlayışı ve izlenen yolun insani, manevi ve dini temellere göre ayarlanması olabilir. Böylece ahlak ve maneviyat kavramları, yönetimde bir yol haritası olarak kullanılabilir. Bu önermeden hareketle yapılan çalışmada, “Yönetimde ahlak ve maneviyat” mefhumu ortaya atılarak, örgütler ve yöneticilerin kullanabileceği bir yönetim anlayışı olması için bir çerçeve sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Purpose: This study proposes a new two-stage clustering method to break down the symmetric multiple traveling salesman problem (mTSP) into several single standard traveling salesman problems, each of which can then be solved separately using a heuristic optimization algorithm. Design/methodology/approach: In the initial stage, a modified form of factor analysis is used to identify clusters of cities. In the second stage, the cities are allocated to the identified clusters using an integer-programming model. A comparison with the k-means++ clustering algorithm, one of the most popular clustering algorithms, was made to evaluate the performance of the proposed method in terms of four objective criteria. Findings: Computational results and comparison on 63 problems revealed that the proposed method is promising for producing quality clusters and thus for enhancing the performance of heuristic optimization algorithms in solving the mTSP. Originality/value: Unlike previous studies, this study tackles the issue of improving the performance of clustering-based optimization approaches in solving the mTSP by proposing a new clustering method that produces better cluster solutions rather than by proposing a new or improved version of a heuristic optimization algorithm for finding optimal routes.

Although consumption represents individuals’ social and economic status, a large number of consumers do prefer, for different reasons, to consume as little as possible. This paper aims at answering this essential question: What are the factors affecting anti-consumption behavior among consumers and its possible consequences? In order to answer a relevant research question, a Grounded Theory research has been conducted with a qualitative methodology and as for data analysis, we have resorted to the َAtlas-T software. The sampling method has been of a snow-ball type whereby we reached the saturation with a total of 20 interviews with professors and experts in the areas of marketing, management, sociology, economics, psychology, and law. Findings indicate that brand mistakes are a major factor affecting the anti-consumption behavior among the consumers. We have also determined the factors leading, whether directly or indirectly, to the emergence of such behavior among them we may refer to values and norms, improper advertisements, negative imaging, economic conditions, product unacceptability, gossiping, deliberate anti-consumption, un-prestigious consumption, consumers’ pessimism, fidelity to one’s beliefs, etc. The paper has been ended in the recommendations of some solutions on how to change anti-consumption behavior to be followed by brand owners.

This study aims to examine the effect of organizational culture types on individual readiness for change in Indonesia as a country with high collectivism. Specifically, this study examines the effect of four types of culture namely clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy on individual readiness for change. The sample of this study was 264 employees of XYZ Company, a family company in Indonesia that made changes by releasing part of its shares into the stock market. Test results using simple regression support the hypothesis that clan culture and adhocracy have a positive effect on individual readiness for change. However, the influence of market culture and hierarchy on individual readiness for change was also found to be positive instead of negative as hypothesized. Discussions and suggestions for future research are presented.

The purpose of this study is to examine the existing relationship between Islamic banks' performance and economic growth in GCC countries. In this quest, this paper attempts to examine whether Islamic banks contribute to the economic growth. We develop a structural equation model to attest these links based on the evidence that Islamic finance contributes to higher levels of economic growth. As a measure of profitability, we include several determinants that are usually ignored in the literature; namely, size, liquidity, capital adequacy, credit risk, and expense management. The study covers Islamic banks operating in Bahrain, UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia over the period 2010 to 2017. We show a positive relationship between Islamic banks and economic growth, especially for the years immediately after the global financial crisis. In other words, Islamic banks performance have contributed to economic growth mainly during the period right after the financial crisis. Our findings represent a significant contribution to explaining how Islamic financial institutions' activities induce economic growth. Our findings could grant the managers of the Islamic banks a better understanding on how their institutions could improve economic performance as it reduces the severity of the financial crisis by avoiding major weaknesses of the conventional banking system. Keywords: GCC countries, Islamic banks, economic growth, structural equation JEL Classifications: G20; O11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10046

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify consumers called market mavens in cyberspace whose viewpoints influence the attitude and behavior of other consumers. Further, the research aim is to create a better understanding of antecedents and consequences such behavior. Design/methodology/approach– After making rapport, participants were given a blank sheet and were asked to depict a cyber-market maven together with the environment in which he/she lives and the things of which he/she thinks. After drawing, participants were interviewed to answer questions associating with the picture’s elements, and thematic analysis was used to interpreting data. Findings– Interpretation of data indicated that seven factors determining cyber mavenism as well as three factors affected by such behaviour. Practical implications- The study is useful to those e-businesses wishing to target a consumer who people perceive as a good source of marketplace information and who likes introducing new brands to others, and use them as powerful sources in the context of co‐producing products. In addition, cyber-mavens can help e-businesses amplify their new customer acquisition efforts by indicating which customer groups they should target with referral reward programs. Originality/value– This study represents one of the first attempts to better understand how mavens behave in virtual world channels, and, by so doing, better inform our understanding of an important group of consumers, namely cyber-mavens. The paper could be of value to marketers and advertisers who target cyber-markets.

Natural disasters happening around the world have caused a huge burden on local and international charities in recent years. This study tended to examine and explore factors, which cause the migration of people to charitable behaviour based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory. By studying the Bandura’s social cognitive theory and the research background the conceptual model has been developed. The 199 members of Tehran’s Red Crescent Society was selected by stratified sampling and questionnaires were distributed. The validity and reliability of research were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s α. The conceptual model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). The SEM results showed that perceived self-efficacy, outcome expectancies for donating to disaster campaign and intention to donate to charity has a positive direct effect on intention to donate a disaster campaign. Moreover, news exposure had no significant effect on intention to donate to a disaster campaign. Finally, results revealed that indirect insignificant effect of individualistic explanation of poverty, and awareness of a disaster on intention to donate to disaster campaign. Practical implications and limitations are subsequently discussed in light of the results.

Plastik ve katı atıklar, günümüz çevre problemlerini tetiklemekte, doğal çevrenin bozulmasını hızlandırmakta ve toplum yaşantısını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin plastik atıklar ve geri dönüşüm kavramının çevreye etkilerine yönelik bilgi, duygu ve davranış boyutları bağlamında tutumlarını belirlemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan tarama modeli esas alınmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 2017 – 2018 eğitim öğretim yılında dört farklı üniversite bünyesinde sekiz farklı meslek yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören 1035 meslek yüksekokulu öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Çevre, Geri Dönüşüm, Plastik ve Plastik Atıklar Konularında Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmış ve verilerin analizinde SPSS programından yararlanılarak veriler yüzde, frekans, aritmetik ortalama, Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis H kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin plastik atıklar ve geri dönüşüm kavramının çevreye olan etkileri bağlamında bilgi, duygu ve davranış düzeylerinin olumlu olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ancak verilen cevaplar irdelendiğinde, meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin bilgi, duygu ve davranış boyutlarına ilişkin bazı ölçek maddelerinde olumsuz tutum sergiledikleri tespit edilmiştir. Meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin plastik atıklar ve geri dönüşümün çevreye olan etkilerine yönelik alt boyutlar ortalama puanlar arası anlamlı fark edilmiş ve öğrencilerin plastik atıklar ve geri dönüşümün çevreye olan etkilerini bilgi düzeyinde daha iyi bildiklerini fakat bu bildiklerini davranışa yansıtmadıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin bu konulara yönelik tutumları cinsiyet, sınıf, lise mezuniyet alanı, okunan temel bölüm alanı, aylık harcama miktarı ve mezuniyet sonrası çalışma isteği durumu değişkenlerine göre de araştırılmış ve sonuçları tartışılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları dikkate alındığında meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerine yönelik verilebilecek etkinlikler temelli çevre eğitimi dersleri, bu bireylerin sürdürülebilir bir çevre anlayışı farkındalığı kazandırılmasına olanak sağlayacaktır.

This study aims to identify the influential factors of shopping patterns in commercial markets. The study was carried out on a random sample consisting of 249 consumers in the city of Amman. The study also used a questionnaire as an essential tool to collect data for the study population; also it used scientific research in the field of commercial markets and consumer behaviors in collecting secondary data. After conducting a statistically significant analysis, the study showed the following results: the study sample is affected by the quality of provided services and how much these services exhibit convenience and appropriate use. Also, the promotional policies such as advertising, samples, gifts and withdraw on goods and much more can attract customers towards these markets. Moreover, the study found that psychological factors and consumes’ patterns of purchasing have a direct impact on their choices of commercial markets.

The study aimed at identifying the successive role of the Hashemite leadership in Jordan in terms of developing human resource, also identifying the development areas of human resource development, which has been a focus by the successive Hashemite leadership in Jordan. The study used the qualitative approach by using an analytical historical methodology as well as inductive and deductive approach. The study population consists of the Hashemite leaders (kings), who succeeded to the throne of Jordan. The study highlighted the following findings:Emphasis on the need to empower all working Jordanians in various business sectors in the Kingdom of Jordan which will reflect their performance.The Hashemite leadership keeps urging governments and local institutions to achieve various equal opportunities for all members of the Jordanian society and get away from the two plagues cronyism and nepotism in order to tackle the problem of unemployment and provide job opportunities for Jordanian youth.Focusing on applying the principle of justice and equality among all segments of the society regardless of religions and races as well as guarantee their rights and needs in terms of jobs, health and education services and much more.Ongoing support for education, health and social security.Activating the role of professional and labor unions to contribute to provide the best services for workers and protect their rights.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of monetary policy on stock returns and stock return variability in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries namely; Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia (United Arab Emirates was excluded for non-availability of the data). The empirical results reveal that the impact of policy interest rates on stock markets varies among GCC countries. These results have an important policy implication for the single market project and monetary union between GCC countries.

Nowadays, having enough information and knowledge of consumer behavior is a reliable guide to marketing activities of business organizations. All marketing decisions and processes are based on the perception of consumer behavior and it is not possible to think of making key marketing decisions without understanding and considering consumer behavior. This study attempts to provide a model for measuring the impact of mental, social and behavioral stimulus on purchasing decisions. The study initiates with collecting information from scientific sources related to the field of research and dimensions and indicators for measuring the impact of mental, social and behavioral stimuli on consumer purchasing decisions have been identified. Subsequently, using Delphi method to identify the related dimensions and components according to marketing professionals and pundits and finally using these components as questionair.The statistical population of this study were exprienced consumers of hypermarkets in Tehran. Using the Cochran, Krjatsi and Morgan statistical formula, 388 people were analyzed by random sampling. Data analysis was performed in qualitative Delphi section. In the quantitative part of the research, SPSS statistical tools were used to prepare the data as well as structural equation techniques to measure the impact of variables. The results of this study indicate that when making purchases, mental, social and behavioral stimulus are effective on consumer purchasing decisions.