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This paper presents a performance analysis of the potential study in complementing grid utility supply with the renewable energy system. A general-purpose building consisting of office and laboratory facility has been chosen as a test case with a hybrid system of fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells installed in addition to the existing grid power supply. HOMER simulation software was used to run the simulations, and the results showed that only the photovoltaic system is more economical to be integrated into the system. Cost-saving from the feed-in-tariff point of view was observed spanning over several years after the initial capital cost was returned.

In this paper, the effectiveness of an hybrid grid-photovoltaic (PV) power supply for an urban household is investigated. Two parameters are used for the evaluation: (1) the cost of buying electricity and (2) the environmental benefits. Yearly energy utilisation of a household and solar irradiation are collected and used in this study. A model of a hybrid grid-PV system is developed in HOMER software to investigate the efficacy of the system in the selected site. The results show that almost 26% of operating costs could be saved yearly by implementing the hybrid supply. The emission of greenhouse gasses in service to the particular site is also reduced by 26%. The sensitivity analysis results show that the grid-PV system can be more favourable as the price of energy increases. That is, the energy purchased from the grid declines as the cost of energy purchased increases. This is also observed with the increment of both price of energy and its utilisation. A reduction of cost of energy is also observed.

This paper presents power management of an educational institution which is located in Bhimavaram, India. The institution is assumed as commercial load which is fed from an 11KV line the load deviations are mainly considered throughout the day time merely because of the institution’s working hours. This optimization comes with a bidirectional power flow from institution to the grid and grid to the institution. With a renewable power generation of solar plant with 100 kW generation the optimal power utilization is proposed such that the effective usage of renewable energy increases and the usage of fossil fuel-based generators decrease. In homer software the optimization of the given projected system is accomplished through simulation.

This paper unveils a sustainable energy plan for optimal utilization of available electrical energy resources for an energy-deficient village. The chosen village is Nangal, near Barnala, Punjab, India. Primarily, the requirements of electric energy are recorded and elaborated for around 450 households. Aiming this, the potential to harness electric power and its effective utilization has been identified from the available resources of energy: biomass, agriculture waste and solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. In order to achieve this, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) model is proposed whose performance is evaluated by implementing it in hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software. HOMER software provides optimal solution for a commercial biogas plant for catering cooking gas demand. Also, a coordinated solution for solar PV-operated water pumps used for irrigation, village water supply and solar PV street lights is presented and analyzed. In this way, the accurateness of proposed model is investigated by estimating the optimal electric power demand and its economic benefits. It has been revealed that the computed cost of energy and total net present cost are $0.032/KWh and $76,837, respectively, by the parametric assessment of proposed HRES system. It is envisaged that the proposed model can be a road map for future research engineers in designing an effective energy utilization for villages.

In this paper, the sizing of an electrical power system for the Dhofar region in the southern of Oman is proposed and discussed through an optimization of the net project cost of different configur...

Salalah is known for its Al-Khareef unique weather that is marked by influx of tourists into the community resulting in high electrical load demand during the Al-Khareef season. This paper investig...

The emerging environmental consequences of overdependence on fossil fuels have pushed many countries to invest in clean and renewable sources of power. Countries like Iran where these sources can be found in abundance can take advantage of this potential to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels. This study investigated the feasibility of the standalone use of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to power buildings in the Bostegan village in the Hormozgan province of Iran. Technical, economic, and environmental assessments were performed with the help of the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software, and the optimal configuration for the system components was determined accordingly. The results showed that the simultaneous use of wind and solar systems with a converter and a backup system comprised of a diesel generator and batteries will be the most economic option, offering electricity at a cost of 1.058 USD/kWh and with a renewable fraction of 64%. After selecting the most optimal system using the step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) techniques, a sensitivity analysis with 27 parameter settings was performed to determine the effect of fuel price fluctuations and the uncertainty in the renewable energy potentials on the results. This analysis showed that in the worst-case scenario, the price of electricity will reach as high as 1.343 $/kWh. In the end, the study investigated an alternative scenario where the generated power is used for hydrogen production, which showed that the system output can be used to produce 643.63 ton-H2/year.

In this study, feasibility of a new wind power generation system for urban application in Hormozgan Province of Iran is investigated. The wind turbine system in this study is a novel, aesthetically pleasing, noiseless, pollution-free, potentially cost-effective, and high efficiency design called tree-shaped wind turbine (TSWT). Techno-economic evaluation is performed on eight urban areas in the province using the software HOMER. Multi-criteria decision making approaches are used to prioritize the areas in terms of the best location for installing such a new system. The results of techno-economic analysis examining a wind power system consisting of 25 TSWTs show that the most electricity production would occur for Jask city which is 529,450 kWh/yr. Also, the least amount of electricity which is 339,275 kWh/yr belongs to Bandar Abbas. Considering the most important criteria including electricity production, levelized cost of electricity, population, land price, environmental impact, and frequency of natural disasters, data envelopment analysis, and the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution are employed to rank the cities. The results are validated by two different methods. Finally, it is suggested that Sirik is the best location for using the aforementioned wind turbine.

Street lighting is one of the sectors where off-grid energy systems are used, and in the past decade interest in these systems has increased due to recent developments occurred both in LED and PV technology. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of off-grid PV LED road lighting systems for northern, central and southern regions of Turkey. Road lighting calculations are conducted using DIALux software for M4 and M5 road lighting classes to obtain optimal LED luminaires, pole sizes, and spacings. Among the obtained LED powers, load profiles are created using real lighting hours of operation of the selected regions. And then, the required PV-battery systems are optimized using HOMER software. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed for future projections considering possible increases in electricity prices and decreases in component cost of the PV systems. The results showed that the levelized COE of the off-grid PV LED road lighting systems vary between 0.229 and 0.362 $/kWh for M4, and 0.254–0.359 $/kWh for M5 road lighting class, depending on the solar potential of the region. And, the total NPC of the entire lighting installation per km vary between 24296 and 29123 $ for M5, and 33225–44318 $ for M4 road lighting class. According to the results, the systems are infeasible under current conditions in Turkey. Nonetheless, they have the added benefits of contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Moreover, future projections show that the systems can be feasible if the declining trend in PV system costs continues and electricity prices increase.

The concern on dependence on fossil fuels and their environmental impact is increasing recently. This led to more research in alternative energies to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and to protect the environment. There are two strategies that can be applied to reduce dependence on fossil fuel. Firstly, reducing energy consumption by applying energy savings programs. And secondly, using renewable energy sources. In this paper, HOMER pro. software is applied to investigate, analyse, size, and give the optimum solution for a standalone hybrid power system to supply power to a convention center in Sabratha, Libya.

The abundance of renewable energy in Ghana can play an important role in the rural electrification program rolled out by the Government of Ghana to promote energy that everyone can assess for improved living standards. It has the potential to meet the objectives of the energy sector which include; 10% renewable energy in the total generation mix, minimize the adverse effects of energy production on the environment, reduce poverty, and improve the socio-economic development of the country, mainly, in rural communities, creating community-based employment, etc. In this study, Nkrankrom was selected as a case study to evaluate the possibility of meeting their energy needs with a solar mini-grid. To determine the energy demand of the community, a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The HOMER software was used to perform the financial viability of utilizing the solar resource available. The result shows that it is possible to meet the energy demand of the community from the solar resource available. The proposed system configuration included PV/Battery/Converter with a Levelized Cost of Energy of $0.107/kWh compared to $0.124/kWh (using $1 = GH₵4.98 rate), if the area is to be connected to the national grid. The breakeven distance or Electric Distance Limit (EDL) between standalone mini-grid and grid extension in this analysis was found to be 1.11 km. The study also revealed that solar mini-grid could have an immense benefit to the community both economically and socially such as improve the standard of living as well as meeting the rural development objectives of Ghana.

This paper analyzes the intelligent use of time-varying electrical load via developing efficient energy utilization patterns using demand-side management (DSM) strategies. This approach helps distribution utilities decrease maximum demand and electrical energy billing costs. A case study of DSM implementation of electric energy utility for an educational building Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology (ACGCET) campus was simulated. The new optimum energy load model was established for peak and off-peak periods from the system’s existing load profile using peak clipping and load shifting DSM techniques. The result reflects a significant reduction in maximum demand from 189 kW to 170 kW and a reduction in annual electricity billing cost from $11,340 to $10,200 (approximately 10%) in the upgraded system. This work highlights the importance of time of day (TOD) tariff structure consumers that aid reduction in their distribution system’s maximum demand and demand charges.

Diesel generators are being used as a source of electricity in different parts of the world. Because of the significant expense in diesels cost and the requirement for a greener domain, such electric generating systems appear not to be efficient and environmentally friendly and should be tended to. This paper explores the attainability of utilizing a sustainable power source based on a cross-breed electric system in the cement factory in Salalah, Oman. The HOMER software that breaks down the system setup was utilized to examine the application and functional limitations of each hybridized plan. The result showed that a renewable-energy (RE)-based system has a lower cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC) compared to diesel generator-based hybrid electric and standalone systems. Although the two pure renewable hybrid energy systems considered in this study displayed evidence of no emissions, lower NPC and COE values are observed in the photovoltaic/battery (PV/B) hybrid energy system compared with photovoltaic/wind turbine/battery (PV/WT/B). The PV/WT/B and PV/B systems have higher electricity production and low NPC and COE values. Moreover, the PV/B has the highest return on investment (ROI) and internal rate of return (IRR), making the system the most economically viable and adjudged to be a better candidate for rural community electrification demands.

This paper presents an energy saving analysis of municipal pool fed from hybrid renewable energy in Batna, Algeria. The study is based on data collected from the municipal pool of new city HAMLA in Batna from January to December 2016. The data consists of all the consumption of electricity and gas in the building. For this purpose, an Energy Saving analysis of the building has been done on the equipment and the behaviour of its occupants in order to determine the origin of the high cost on power and consequently the improvements that should be adopted, so that we can effectively reduce the cost and also to determine a solution for local renewable energy production, with particular focus on hybrid solutions, the software HOMER was used with the intention of creating a system that can minimize the problem of intermittency of renewable energies, in this case, of solar and wind origin.

Several models have been suggested for the simulation of Hybrid Renewable Energy systems (HRES) among them HOMER, SAM, HOGA and INSEL. This paper compares simulation performed using HOMER and the new ECOS model for a village in Turkana district in Kenya, which has excellent direct normal irradiation (DNI) of about 1800kWh/m2/year. The ECOS model is a new software recently developed by students of Jomo Kenyatta University of science and Technology. The metrics used for comparison are the Levelised cost of electricity, net present value represented by cash flows, externalities (environmental, social and economic factors) and the energy generated. The novel contribution of this paper is the inclusion of the social, health and environmental impacts of Solar PV which is not done by other software like HOMER. The LCOE results from ECOS model are slightly higher than those obtained from the HOMER simulation.

This research proposes, through HOMER, to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of a hybrid energy system, taking advantage of solar and wind resources in a remote community in Haiti. Several configurations were analyzed, the most viable has a net present cost (NPC) of US$ 389,647 and US$ 0.497/kWh of energy cost (COE). It could produce 82,124 ​kW ​h/year and 0% of unmet annual load. This configuration still has 9.6% excess electricity, which is important for a possible increase in load. A sensitivity analysis was performed, which shows the performance and technical feasibility of the system for future load increase.

National Institute of Technology kurukshetra campus in Haryana has 1MW rooftop solar plant. The primary objective of this paper is to suggest a hybrid energy system available at the campus is economically feasible or not. In this paper, by using HOMER software (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources software), We analyze five completely distinct instants available at the NIT campus. The results are obtained by using HOMER software indicates hybrid energy system as a cost effective alternative solution for the campus.

Solar and wind can be considered as sustainable environmentally friendly and omnipresent renewable energy sources for generating a part of required electrical energy for inhabitants of the remote areas in different countries. Accordingly, this study investigates the techno-economic evaluation for two-hybrid renewable energy systems for Bandar Dayyer. The findings of this study shows that using the HOMER software, the total amount of electricity production by these systems are equal to 470,176¿kW, of which 22,409¿kW is provided by PV-generic system and 447,767¿kW is supplied by PV-diesel-generic system. It should be mentioned that this area has an appropriate potential of wind speed and solar radiation; therefore, the area can be suitable for investing on a hybrid renewable energy site.

Wind energy is becoming one of the most important sources of renewable energy for many countries in the future. The purpose of this study is to predict wind speed using different algorithms. In this study, a new hybrid algorithm is developed to predict the wind speed behavior, and 24 h predictions of changes in wind speed are obtained with the aid of Homer software. The proposed algorithm is a combination of a well-known artificial neural network predictor called extreme learning machine as an artificial neural network algorithm and the Grey model (1, 1) as a method of Grey systems theory. Long-term wind speed forecasts are obtained using three-year data (2013–2016) of eight variables: TMAX, TMIN, VP, RHMIN, RHMAX, WINDSPEED, SUNSHINE HOURS, and PERCIPITATION for the Zanjan city in Iran, and 24 h wind speed forecast is obtained using 10-year data (2005–2015) pertaining to this city. The results show that proposed algorithm with relative measure of fit R2 of 0.99376 and mean square error of 0.000376 provides better predictions of wind speed in the study area than ordinary extreme learning machine algorithm with R2 of 0.98075 and mean square error of 0.00720. Also, the 24 h prediction of changes in wind speed is done using Homer software. The methodology in this research is more efficient in terms of execution performance and accuracy.

The present study was conducted with the objective of evaluating several proposed turbines from 25 kW to 1.65 MW in order to select the appropriate turbine for electricity and hydrogen production in Firuzkuh area using the decision making trial and evaluation (DEMATEL) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods. Initially, five important factors in selection of the best wind turbine for wind farm construction were determined using the DEMATEL technique. Then, technical-economic feasibility was performed for each of the eight proposed turbines using the HOMER software, and the performance score for each proposed wind turbine was obtained. The results show that the GE 1.5sl model wind turbine is suitable for wind farm construction. The turbine can generate 5515.325 MW of electricity annually, which is equivalent to $ 1103065. The average annual hydrogen production would be 1014 kg for Firuzkuh by using the GE 1.5sl model turbine.

Renewable energies are increasingly seen as the best solution to a growing global population demanding affordable access to electricity while reducing the need for fossil fuels. Country of Iran has vast untapped solar, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric sources that hold the potential to meet domestic needs. Renewable energy is also essential to Iran as it will curb massive air pollution. In this paper economical and feasibility study of various hybrid systems are performed by using HOMER software model for supplying electricity to the Engineering Department of Islamic Azad University. For this study, annual electricity demand of the university is 1,174,935 kWh with a peak demand of about 331 kW, average wind speeds, based on hourly data during the period of eleven years (2000-2010), are between 3 to 5 m/s in all months of the year. For solar radiation, six models are evaluated to select the best model for estimation of the daily global solar radiation (GSR) on a horizontal surface in the study location. Among these six models, H/HO=a+b (S/S0)+ c(S/S0)2 is chosen as the most optimum model for estimating solar irradiation. The results indicate that among the three hybrid systems for fulfilling electrical energy needs, the Wind/Diesel/Battery hybrid system with 9 wind turbines (20 kW), one diesel generator (300 kW), 50 batteries, and 50 kW power converters with net present cost of $4,281,800 and cost of energy of 0.285 $/kWh is the most economically efficient hybrid system. (based on 2015 US dollar).

Remote areas in UAE are still fully powered by diesel generators. The rapid rise in the prices of petroleum products and environmental concerns have led to demand for hybrid renewable energy generators. Advances in renewable energy technologies impart further impetus to techno-economic power production. Protecting the landscape and demography of the desert by optimizing the power supply cost via an efficient hybrid power system is the key issue. Simulation results on the cross utilization of a photovoltaic/wind/battery/fuel-cell hybrid-energy source to power the off-grid living space are presented. Simultaneous exploitation of different renewable energy sources to power off-grid applications together with battery and hydrogen energy storage options is demonstrated. HOMER software from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is used to perform detailed techno-economic analyses. It simulates all possible system configurations that fulfil the suggested load for the selected sites under given conditions of renewable resources.

Rural areas suffer from high costs of grid extensions obliging institutions to provide for other remedies for consumers, like using generators (GE) diesel often considered as economic and reliable solutions, but at the detriment of some order environment pollution and users convenience. Furthermore, the continuous decline in GEs prices based on a renewable energy (RE) and the increasing reliability of these systems have lead to a greater use of renewable energy sources for power generation in remote areas. A property which limits the use of renewable energy is related to the variability of resources. Fluctuations in load according to annual or daily periods are not necessarily correlated to the resources. In remote areas, the preferred option is the coupling between multiple sources, such as wind turbines and solar panels, this coupling is called hybrid power system. Algeria’s geographic location presents several advantages for the development and use of renewable energy, namely, solar energy and wind energy. In addition, Algeria has huge deposits of natural gas, 98% electricity comes from gas. Therefore, currently, the production of electricity from renewable energies primarily depends on their competitiveness with economic gas. Studied technological feasibility and economic viability of the hybrid system (PV/fuel) electrification project in a school located in Ferraguig succeed to reduce high costs, energy dependence, fuel supply problem, complicated/expensive maintenance, low lifetime, impossibility of 24 hours electricity production and waste oil management issues, by using renewable energy. HOMER model is used here to size a proposed system and determine an optimum configuration.

Without a doubt, many remote areas have a hidden potential of energy, which can be considered for electricity production. Indeed, energy supply for remote areas is one of the most critical targets of SDGs BY the 2030 year. Based on this explanation, this paper presents a techno-economic analysis of hybrid energy systems installable for two capital provinces of Iran, concerning SDGs targets. Firstly, a comprehensive investigation of SDGs and UN-Habitat III targets are described and then, concerning these targets and existing data gathered by the meteorological organization of Iran, a techno-economic analysis is conducted using Homer software. Regarding the high potential of renewable energies in Zahedan and Zanjan cities of Iran, implementing hybrid energy systems could be feasible for producing electrical energy as a correct policy and a good vision by policymakers and energy experts in the future. In this respect, a PV-Wind-Generator system is investigated in this paper for producing electricity in the two mentioned cities. Technical analysis of the solar energy for Zahedan is showing that the total amount of electricity production by the hybrid system is about 40,617 kWh/yr. In addition, the total amount of electricity production by this hybrid system for Zanjan is to equal 41,728 kWh/yr. Therefore, regarding this high potential of energy in these areas, investment on the solar energy for both cities has economic justification, while from the wind energy potential viewpoint, only Zahedan is proper for investment.

In this paper, the performance analysis of solar energy harnessing of the tied grid system is presented for geographical location of Northern sub-region of India. Harnessing of energy entirely depends on their production using different technology and also on the types of its material used for their production. To study the harnessing of the energy, the load data for month wise is collected from MMMUT, Gorahkpur, India substation. The energy of the solar radiation data is obtained using PV System Software and the optimization analysis of load data and cost estimation is obtained using HOMER software.

As more consideration is being centered around the improvement of sustainable power source assets all-inclusive, specialized and economic evaluations of these assets are vital to learning their feasibility. These evaluations can be increasingly significant on the off chance that they depend on field and real execution of the renewable resources source conversion resources. The present investigation shows a technical as well as economical examination of a 100 kW rooftop pv lattice associated framework dependent on practical implementation through homer programming. Both the yearly vitality created and devoured by the system is resolved. The examination of a matrix associated PV framework incorporates; Total Net Present Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy (Rs/kWh), level of sustainable energy (solar) utilized in structure, decrease in bill cost with these presentation parameters. The general, specialized exhibition of the network tied PV framework can be assessed and, they can likewise be utilized to contrast the display of any structure and comparative establishments, independent of their area and introduced limit and correlation with real information. The rate contrast between the genuine and determined power yields is around 11.26 %. However, further research needs to be done by planning a PV based framework for any building structure utilizing homer programming.

This paper presents an efficiency-cost design optimization strategy for solar PV microgrids over the project lifetime. The technique involves the optimization of operational efficiency and lifetime cost by sizing the PV and storage agent accordingly. The PV and storage agent of the system is obtained using HOMER software. The Efficiency Optimized Design (EOD) redesigns the system to maximize the utilization of excess energy leading to efficiency enhancement while maintaining the lifetime cost. In the Lifetime Cost Optimized Design (LCOD), the PV and storage agent are resized to reduce the overall lifetime cost without degrading the system performance. A relative increase of 9.15% (87.15% to 95.12%) in operational efficiency is achieved in the EOD system and a relative cost savings of up to 17.18% is observed in the LCOD system.

Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the most critical worldwide concerns, and multiple efforts are being proposed to reduce these emissions. Shipping represents around 2% of global CO 2 emissions. Since ship power systems have a high dependence on fossil fuels, hybrid systems using diesel generators and batteries are becoming an interesting solution to reduce CO 2 emissions. In this article, we analyze the potential implementation of Li-ion batteries in a platform supply vessel system through simulations using HOMER software (Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources). We evaluate the impact of battery characteristics such as round trip efficiency, rated power, and energy capacity. We also evaluate the potential CO 2 emissions reduction that could be achieved with two of the most common types of Li-ion batteries (lithium titanate, lithium iron phosphate). Furthermore, we consider that the Li-ion batteries are installed in a 20 ft container. Results indicate that the lithium iron phosphate battery has a better performance, even though the difference between both technologies is lower than 1% of total emissions. We also analyze the potential emissions reduction for different parts of a mission to an offshore platform for different configurations of the ship power system. The most significant potential CO 2 emissions reduction among the analyzed cases is 8.7% of the total emissions, and it is achieved by the configuration including the main and auxiliary diesel engines as well as batteries. Finally, we present managerial implications of these results for both companies operating ships and ship building companies.

Feasibility study of the renewable energy resources is usually employed as a primary step in the design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES), to highlight the most potential sources and the best combinations obtained by using HOMER software. Thus, the main objective of this study is to identify the potential areas in Malaysia utilize solar, the wind and Micro Hydropower (MHP) sources. For this purpose, the results of a study accomplished by Ibrahim Hussein in 2010 are considered to obtain sites with the greatest hydropower potential in Malaysia. Then, a renewable energy resource assessment for these sites was performed to identify the sites that have the greatest solar, wind and hydropower potentials based on total Net Present Cost (NPC) comparison. Based on the historical data, a daily pattern emerged in electricity consumption among rural residents in Malaysia. The results of this study indicate Langkawi is the most potential region for the solar/wind combination by the significant difference with other regions (total NPC of 696,083 USD). After Langkawi, Tioman Islands has the second rank (total NPC of 818,931 USD), while villages in Tioman are the most appropriate sites for installing hybrid renewable energy system with the current specifications. In terms of the premiered locations for solar and hydropower potential, four sites at Lawas in Sarawak and Ranau in Sabah were identified as the greatest potential (total NPC of 354,000 USD). These findings demonstrate that Tioman Islands and Malaysian Borneo Island (Sabah and Sarawak) can be considered as the most attractive regions for the solar/wind/MHP and solar/MHP, respectively.

Most developing countries are facing the same problem of increasing population and pollution. This has led to the increase of energy consumption that forces them to seek for alternative energy other than depleting fossil fuel such renewable energy namely solar. Located in South East Asia, Malaysia is confronting with the same situation. In this study, the evaluation of potential of solar energy for three locations in Malaysia including Pontian, Kerteh and Teluk Intan is performed using HOMER software. Based on the results, Pontian generates the highest annual solar electricity generation of 543,509 kWh year-1 due to the large size of 400 kWPV panel of the system. However, the cost of energy or also known as COE produced is expensive. On the other hand, with the highest solar radiation received in Kerteh, the PV stand-alone system requires lower size of 350 kW PV panel but at the same time is able to fulfil the demand with the lowest COE of $0,442 kWh-1 among other locations.

This article extends the conference paper ‘Simulation-based method to evaluate PV/wind hybrid renewable energy system in Terengganu’. Instead of off-grid system considered in the conference version, inspired by feed-in-tariff introduced by The Government of Malaysia, this article includes grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system to examine their feasibility to be used as power supply for a household in Terengganu. In addition, this article compares the performance of grid-only system and hybrid grid-renewable energy systems in terms of cost of electricity and emission of pollutant. The payback period is also examined based on the current sellback rate. Sensitivity analysis is done to find the best sellback rate for a hybrid grid/PV/wind system to compete with a hybrid grid/PV system. In addition, the most optimal configuration is also determined by varying the value of solar radiation, wind speed and sellback rate. Generally, it is concluded that the hybrid grid/PV system is the most practicable choice to be used as power generator to supply electricity for a household in Terengganu.

The aim of this chapter was to present an idea of using free sources of energy for designing stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. This stand-alone hybrid system is used for powering the Electrical Engineering Department of AMGOI, located at latitude and longitude 16.8347 and 74.3148, respectively, of Peth Vadgaon Kolhapur, Maharashtra. The target of designing this system is to find the optimal net present cost (NPC), cost of energy, emissions, and monthly electricity production. The motive of this paper is to give optimal solution to the problems of energy crisis in the globe. In current scenario, the non-renewable sources are available in plenty amount to fulfill our increasing demand. Considering the above information, we have made an effort to analyze advantage of distributed generation. If we use only solar power or wind power, it can fluctuate and is not a reliable source of energy. The combination of solar and wind energy sources with diesel generator provides a reliable generation and a constant source of energy flow for the designed system. The main task of this research work is to analyze the possibility of solar–wind–diesel hybrid power system by maximizing the use of non-conventional generation system while minimizing the total system cost.

The paper presents the results of a technical and economic analysis of three stand-alone hybrid power systems based on renewable energy sources which supply a specific group of low-power consumers. This particular case includes measuring sensors and obstacle lights on a meteorological mast for wind measurements requiring an uninterrupted power supply in cold climate conditions. Although these low-power (100 W) measuring sensors and obstacle lights use little energy, their energy consumption is not the same as the available solar energy obtained on a daily or seasonal basis. In the paper, complementarity of renewable energy sources was analysed, as well as one of short-term lead-acid battery-based storage and seasonal, hydrogen-based (electrolyser, H2 tank, and fuel cells) storage. These relatively complex power systems were proposed earlier for high-power consumers only, while this study specifically highlights the role of the hydrogen system for supplying low-power consumers. The analysis employed a numerical simulation method using the HOMER software tool. The results of the analysis suggest that solar and wind-solar systems, which involve meteorological conditions as referred to in this paper, include a relatively large number of lead-acid batteries. Additionally, the analysis suggests that the use of hydrogen power systems for supplying low power-consumers is entirely justifiable, as it significantly reduces the number of batteries (two at minimum in this particular case). It was shown that the increase in costs induced by the hydrogen system is acceptable.

The on-grid solar power system is a solution that can fulfil the ever-increasing demands for electricity. The important role of a solar grid system is to save and reduce the cost of electricity, particularly those with high energy usage in the daytime. This research aims to design a configuration for placing a solar grid system in the housings for the city of Bandung, Indonesia. The research method used is to collect solar radiation data, tool specifications, and other data needed, and then proceed to optimise on these bases. On-grid solar power system design requires the software HOMER. HOMER is used to find the correct system configuration, payback period, and the best NPC technically. Based on the result of optimization, the system configuration can fill the needs of electricity by about 42 % for daily consumption with a total NPC cost of around thirty eighty million one hundred thousand with four years payback period.

In future Smart cities, renewable energy sources (RES) based microgrids (MGs) with energy storage facilities will be the main source for powering electric vehicles (EVs) based transportation systems. A residential charging station, supplied by renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic is considered in the present study. The main focus is on determining which small wind turbine is more suitable to complement a PV system in an urban EV charging station. Simulations using Homer software are performed to yield the most appropriate wind turbine for the particular location.

The main aim of this paper is to design, modelling and optimization of Solar, Wind and Diesel generator in power system by using HOMER software. The objective of this paper is to meet the electric demand for house hold purpose with these sources at the city of Vijayawada. By all these sources it reduces the cost and emission of the system. The COE (cost of energy), operating cost, and carbon emission are compared between all these sources. These sources generation is optimized by using the HOMER software.

In recent years, due to the rise in petroleum prices and greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy has been recommended as a power source for different types of facilities. For the period 2010 to 2020 the European Commission has established three key objectives related to climatic change and energy sustainability, such as reductions of CO2 emissions, increases in the use of renewable energy, and improvements in energy efficiency. A key industry is olive oil production in olive mills, where there is a great opportunity to reduce electricity consumption, increase additional profits related to the reduction of technologies that are harmful to the environment, and to cut back maintenance costs. For this reason, a feasibility study of grid-connected photovoltaics (PV) systems has been carried out for different types of olive mills in Andalusia (southern Spain). This region is highly energy dependent, but has an abundance of “green” resources to be exploited. The results of this study contemplate a reduction in spending on electrical power of between 2% and 37%, and an increase in the use of renewable energy of between 2% and 26%. These results are according to the self-consumption or net metering policy and the production capacity of olive oil.

This work presents different hybrid energy scenarios for local electricity supply in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago-Brazil. One considers different generating solutions for energy systems ranging from totally fossil fuel based to all renewable sources. The scenarios are constructed using local database measurements; real equipment data and a micro-grid hybrid system modeling (using HOMER Software). The modeling and simulation consider the evaluation of different sizes and quantities of energetic components and the variation in the availability of the natural resources (wind and solar). A Hybrid solution with 67% participation of renewable energy was found feasible for the island and the impact of changing the local vehicle fleet from combustion to electric traction was also addressed.

Dams for water supply usually represent an untapped hydroelectric potential. It is a small energetic potential, in most situations, usually requiring a particular solution to be viable. The use of pumps as power turbines often represents an alternative that enables the power generation in hydraulic structures already in operation, as is the case of dams in water supply systems. This potential can be exploited in conjunction with the implementation of PV modules on the water surface, installed on floating structures, both operating in a hydro PV hybrid system. The floating structure can also contribute to reducing the evaporation of water and providing a small increase in hydroelectric power available. This paper presents a pre-feasibility study for implementation of a hydroelectric power plant and PV modules on floating structures in the reservoir formed by the dam of Val de Serra, in southern Brazil. The dam is operated to provide drinking water to about 60% of the population of the city of Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The pre-feasibility study conducted with Homer software, version Legacy, indicated that the hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 227 kW can operate together with 60 kW of PV modules. This combination will result (in one of the configurations considered) in an initial cost of USD$ 1715.83 per kW installed and a cost of energy of USD$ 0.059/kWh.

This paper analyses a wind-solar hybrid power system design for Statesboro, Georgia. First of all, accessibility of wind and solar resources of Statesboro has been checked. For comparison purposes both off-grid and on-grid are designed and optimized. The cost analysis is performed utilizing HOMER software based on solar irradiance, wind speed and load profile. Based on different combination and simulation results, it has been found that our proposed model would be a reasonable solution for electricity generation at this area.

Subsequent to the study of the energy demand and the evaluation of possible available resources in the remote area of Riosucio, Chocó region, Colombia, an analysis is performed on the implementation of three alternative systems of power generation. The first is a micro hydroelectric power station on the Truando River, which includes the design using HOMER software simulation, the costs of building and implementation, and its share in the energy mix. The second system is an array of photovoltaic panels in isolated configuration. This will include the design, via HOMER software simulation, of batteries, panel distribution, inverters, and connections, for a usable specific area restricted by the limited solar resource of the area. Finally, wind power is analyzed, a system that will include the determination of the most suitable turbine for the available wind resource in the area, as well as the analysis of the ideal quantity of wind generators based on its share in the energy mix For each of the assessed systems, a financial analysis and the feasibility are obtained, based on the investment, percentage of energy, and the electricity savings for each of the homes. Posterior al estudio de la demanda energética y evaluación de los posibles recursos disponibles en la zona aislada de red eléctrica, de Riosucio Chocó en Colombia, se plantea un análisis de implementación de tres sistemas alternativos de generación: Una microcentral hidroeléctrica en el río Truando, el cual incluye el diseño por simulación con HOMER software además de los costos de construcción e implementación, así como su porcentaje energético de participación; un arreglo de paneles fotovoltaicos, en configuración aislada que incluirá el diseño por simulación con HOMER software de baterías, distribución de los paneles, inversores y conexiones, para un área específica aprovechable teniendo como limitante el recurso solar de la zona, y por último generación con energía eólica, sistema que incluirá la determinación de la turbina más apta para el recurso eólico disponible en la zona, así como el análisis la cantidad óptima de generadores eólicos, basándose en la participación energética y los costos.

This study presents a feasibility analysis of grid connected photovoltaic system introduction to a dairy farm located in Mitidja plain (north Algeria) to promote farming sustainably. Real load data from ITELV BabaAli dairy farm of 26 dairy cows is used. The farm electricity consumption is mainly for milk production equipments and the cattle housing. The system is optimized by HOMER software using Mitidja global irradiation and the farm load profile. The electricity tariffs and the photovoltaic system components are modelled according to the Algerian market. Viability was determined according to the net present cost, electricity power flow and CO2 saving potential. According to the optimization criteria, two optimal systems that meet the dairy farm load of 23.6kWh/day have been found. The first optimized system offers a renewable electricity with an optimal cost of 9.7c$/kWh, and the second optimized system has a net annualized surplus electricity of 26.45MWh and a greenhouse gases mitigation of 554 tons over the system lifetime.

This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of a hybrid system powering a school in Misurata, Libya. Potential of renewable power system for school is evaluated. HOMER optimization model is used to evaluate the different possible configuration options for supplying the electrical load. Daily typical energy consumption profiles the four seasons, design based on a medium size school. Spring, summer and autumn weather conditions are not as extreme as winter, this decreases the load demand during these seasons. Winter weather conditions are used as the basis where peak energy demand is expected because lighting and heating loads dominate in the climate of Libya. Winter electrical load is found to be the maximum load. HOMER software tool was used to determine the optimum size and specifications of renewable power system. When Solar radiation and wind speed are at their maximum values of (7 kWh/m2/d, 5.50 m/s) and the fuel price is assumed as a minimum (0.10US$), the most feasible power system economically is (PV/Tur/Gen/Battery) with total net present cost (NPC) of 293961US$, cost of energy (COE) of US$0.191/kWh, and renewable fraction (RF) of 53%. When solar radiation, wind speed and fuel price are assumed at average values of (5.05 kWh/m2/d, 4.84 m/s, and 0.40US$) the optimal solution is also (PV/Tur/Gen/Battery) with (NPC) of 384181US$ and (COE) of US$ 0.25/kWh, and (RF) of 79%. When the solar radiation and wind speed are presumed at minimum values of (3 kWh/m2/d, 3.50 m/s) and the fuel price is assumed maximum (1.25US$), the most feasible economical system is still (PV/Tur/Gen/Battery) with (NPC) of 753505US$ and (COE) of US$ 0.489/kWh, and (RF) of 71%. The excess electricity from the hybrid power system during spring, summer and autumn can be sold to the utility (General Electrical Network) or used for other applications. This will enhance the economical feasibility of hybrid power systems in schools.

Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.

This paper is to investigate various renewable based hybrid systems with five minimum renewable penetration rates (RPR) for Pinarhisar Educational Campus in Kirklareli University, to present the effects of making the system more sensitive to the environment on the total net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (CUE) and also to search for the optimum configuration of the hybrid systems. Yearly wind and solar data are considered in this study. Optimal stand-alone and grid connected hybrid systems with different minimum RPRs, are determined and analyzed in detail by using HOMER software and compared among themselves considering CUE, total NPC, emission rates. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the cost of generating the cleaner energy from the hybrid systems. As a result, it can be highlighted that gradual increases in the total NPC and CUE occur in the region where RPRs are between 0 and 70%, and that there are dramatic increases in both the total NPC and CUE for the RPRs above 70%. Moreover, emission rates for CO2, SO2 and NOx basically decrease as RPR increases from 0% to 90% and they decrease linearly until RPR is 80% while they are nearly zero for the values more than 80%. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.