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The present study investigates the sloshing phenomena in a two-dimensional rectangular tank at a low filling level by using a level set method based on finite volume method. The code validations are performed by comparing between the present results and previous numerical and experimental results, which gives a good agreement. Various excitation frequencies and excitation amplitude of the 30% filling height tank have been considered in order to observe the dependence of the sloshing behavior on the excitation frequency and amplitude. Regardless of excitation amplitude, the maximum value of wall pressure occurs when the excitation frequency reaches the natural frequency. The time sequence of free surface and corresponding streamlines for excitation frequencies have been presented to analysis the variation of wall pressure according to time, which contributes to explain the double peaks in the time variation of wall pressure.

The relationship between reproductive breast risk factors and breast cancer survival in patients with different breast cancer subtypes is not well known.We examined a large-sized, retrospective study of 23,882 subjects from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry. The breast cancer subtype was determined by immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Information regarding reproductive factors, including breastfeeding, age at first birth (AFB), and parity, was gathered. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association among breast cancer subtypes, such as luminal A, luminal B, Her-2/neu overexpressing, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and breast cancer survival as dependent variables and adjusting for age and stage.High parity (≥ 5) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A and B breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-3.97; P = .0055 and HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.42-3.02, respectively; P = .0073) in breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), but 1 to 3 child births decreased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancer (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.91; P = .0055) and luminal B breast cancer (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.61; P = .0073) in BCSS. Early AFB (20 years) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancers (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.62-4.26; P = .039) in BCSS and of TNBC (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.78-2.21; P = .0006) in overall survival. Her-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer had no correlation with parity and AFB in breast cancer survival.High parity (≥ 5) and early AFB (20 years) were correlated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with luminal breast cancer, but not with other subtyped breast cancers.

Low pressure die casting and flow forming have been successfully used to produce sound road wheels from magnesium alloy AM80. In the current study, high speed compression testing was initially conducted to simulate the flow forming of a Mg wheel. Subsequently the flow forming was simulated with “Forge TM ”, an FEM software package. On the basis of flow forming simulations, the flow forming of the Mg wheel was performed under different conditions. For the flow forming experiments, the preform castings were made by low pressure die casting from AM80, a commercial magnesium alloy. In flow forming of the magnesium preform wheel, the flow forming of the Mg wheel was successfully accomplished when the feed rate was less than half that for the forming of an aluminum road wheel. The reduction in feed rate was 52%. Finally, a comparison with the flow forming simulations was made.

Summary Background Disease extent or affected area is probably the most easily and most frequently measured index of patient disability in dermatological disorders such as psoriasis. However, no standard method is available for assessing involved facial areas. Objectives To devise a method for assessing involved facial areas and to examine its validity and reliability. Methods In study 1, the facial areas of 26 healthy adults were analysed and a new method for assessing facial areas was devised. In study 2, the validity and reliability of the devised method were investigated by 10 dermatologists using 30 photographs of patients with facial psoriasis. Results In study 1, facial regions were defined to have percentage areas that were multiples of 4% of the total facial area (which we refer to as the rule of fours), i.e. forehead 24%, one cheek 20%, perioral area 8%, one aspect of an ear 4%, one periorbital area 4%, and nose 4%. In study 2, a comparison of values obtained using the rule of fours with those obtained using an image analysis system showed excellent intrarater and inter-rater reliability when using the rule of fours. Conclusions The rule of fours is useful for assessing involved facial areas. The application of this rule was found to provide an accurate and reliable method as compared with image analysis.

Quantum wells (QWs) and light emitting diode (LED) structure of triangular form were grown using InGaN-GaN by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. Quantum dot size is in a range of 2 to 50 nm and the dots exhibit very uniform spatial distribution compared to those in the rectangular distribution. Both photoluminescence and electroluminescence show higher emission and smaller full-width at half maximum in QWs and LED structures with triangular QWs than those with rectangular QWs.

We successfully developed highly scalable and cost-effective PCRAM technology based on 0.007um2 (4F2, 84nm pitch) sized novel cell scheme. The chip size and density are 33.207mm2 and 1Gb. The device functionality and reliability were clearly demonstrated through fully integrated chip, which showed a promising feasibility for productive NVM applications.

This paper reports a novel method for measuring the effective refractive index (RI) of single living cell with a small integrated chip. This microchip is able to determine the RI of living cell in real time without extra requirements of fluorescence labeling and chemical treatments, offering low cost and high accuracy meanwhile. It might provide an efficient approach for diseases or cancer diagnosis. The measurement system integrates laser diode, microlenses, and microfluidic channels onto a monolithic chip. In the experiments, two standard polystyrene beads with nominal RIs are, employed to calibrate the system and five types of cancerous cells are subsequently measured. The results indicate that the RI of the tested cells ranges from 1.392 to 1.401, which is larger than typical value 1.35-1.37 for normal cells.

Considering effects of nonuniform doping profile in vertical and lateral directions of MOSFET and solving a quasi two-dimensional differential equation for the surface potential, we have proposed a new threshold voltage model. Our model predicts well an initial roll-up of the threshold voltage with decreasing channel lengths and reduction of it due to the reverse short-channel effects and the short-channel effects.

In this paper, piezoelectric properties of PMN-PZT ceramics were investigated as a function of CeO/sub 2/ addition from 0 mole% to 2.0 mole%. The grain size was decreased and the shape of it was more uniform with the addition of CeO/sub 2/. At the specimen with 0.25 mole% CeO/sub 2/, mechanical quality factor (Q/sub m/) and electromechanical coupling coefficient (K/sub p/) showed the excellent results of 1,792 and 0.518, respectively. The electric coercive field was increased and the curie temperature was decreased with the addition of CeO/sub 2/. A Rosen type-piezoelectric transformer has been designed and fabricated using composition ceramic material added with 0.5 mole CeO/sub 2/. Voltage step-up ratios of 230 and 13 were obtained with the 42/spl times/8/spl times/1 mm transformer at no load 100 K/spl Omega/ resistance, respectively. Resonant frequencies of the transformer were also 81.4 kHz and 80 kHz at no load, 100 K/spl Omega/.

In this paper, a large-scale ATM switch is presented, and its performance is examined through a mathematical analysis and a computer simulation. The implementation of the proposed ATM switch is also discussed. For the performance evaluation of the ATM switch, cell loss rate, cell switching delay, and throughput are found under varying external conditions, such as input traffic load and buffer size of the switching elements, which are the basic building blocks of the proposed ATM switch. The proposed ATM switch behaves well and yields good performance results under a uniform traffic environment. The complexity of the proposed ATM switch is rather moderate and hardware implementation using current technology is feasible up to a switch dimension of 1024/spl times/1024. The ATM switches of such dimension and performance are suitable for installation in high-speed network infrastructure.