13 results on '"Guemsan Lee"'
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2. Extracts of Desmodii Herba Suppresses of Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Hyun-Kyung Song, Young-Rae Lee, Kwon Kang-Beom, Eun-Mi Noh, Jeong Mi Kim, and Guemsan Lee
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business.industry ,Rheumatoid arthritis ,Medicine ,Pharmacology ,business ,medicine.disease - Published
- 2017
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3. Sophorae Flos extract inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the NF-κB/NFATc1 pathway in mouse bone marrow cells
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Hyun-Kyung Song, Seong Cheol Kim, Jeong-Mi Kim, Guemsan Lee, Young-Rae Lee, Eun-Mi Noh, Kang-Beom Kwon, Seoung Hoon Lee, Dong Ryun Gu, and Jung-Han Lee
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musculoskeletal diseases ,0301 basic medicine ,PLCγ2 ,NFATc1 ,Down-Regulation ,Osteoclasts ,Bone Marrow Cells ,Flowers ,NF-κB ,Bone resorption ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Osteogenesis ,Osteoclast ,Animals ,Medicine ,CAMP response element binding ,Cells, Cultured ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,NFATC Transcription Factors ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,business.industry ,RANK Ligand ,NF-kappa B ,General Medicine ,Molecular biology ,IκBα ,Sophorae Flos (SF) ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,RANKL ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Erratum ,Signal transduction ,business ,Sophora ,Research Article ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Background Sophorae Flos (SF) is a composite of flowers and buds of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott and has been used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine for the treatment of hemostasis and inflammation. Previous studies reported that SF possesses anti-obesity properties, as well as anti-allergic, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of SF in bone resorption has not been studies. In this study, we examined the potential of SF extract (SFE) to inhibit receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) -induced osteoclast differentiation in cultured mouse-derived bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Methods BMMs, that act as osteoclast precursors, were cultured with M-CSF (50 ng/ml) and RANKL (100 ng/ml) for 4 days to generate osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation was measured by tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP) staining and the TRAP solution assay. Osteoclast differentiation marker genes were analyzed by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RANKLs signaling pathways were confirmed through western blotting. Results SFE significantly decreased osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. SFE inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activation. By contrast, SFE did not affect phospholipase C gamma 2 or subsequent cAMP response element binding activation. SFE inhibited the RANKL-induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). Conclusions SFE attenuated the RANKL-mediated induction of NF-κB through inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation, which contributed to inhibiting of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through downregulation of NFATc1.
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- 2017
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4. Comparative study of Korean White Ginseng and Korean Red Ginseng on efficacies of OVA-induced asthma model in mice
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Su-In Cho, Se-Hyun Lim, Chi-Yeon Lim, Hak Sun Yu, Bu-Yeo Kim, Guemsan Lee, and Jeong-Min Moon
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Korean ginseng ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunoglobulin E ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,complex mixtures ,Ginseng ,Immune system ,lcsh:Botany ,Medicine ,Asthma ,Traditional medicine ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,red ginseng ,white ginseng ,respiratory system ,asthma ,medicine.disease ,lcsh:QK1-989 ,respiratory tract diseases ,Ovalbumin ,Bronchoalveolar lavage ,Cytokine ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Lymph ,business ,Biotechnology ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Korean ginseng is a well-known medicinal herb that has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including asthma. Ginseng can be classified as white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG), according to processing conditions. In this study, the authors compared the efficacies of these two ginseng types in a mouse model of acute asthma. Methods To produce the acute asthma model, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide, and then challenged with OVA. WG and RG extracts were administered to mice orally. The influences of WG and RG on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), immune cell distributions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were investigated. Cytokine production by lymphocytes isolated from peribronchial lymph nodes and histopathological changes was also examined. Results In OVA-sensitized mice, both WG and RG reduced AHR and suppressed immune cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar regions. BALF OVA-specific IgE levels were significantly lower in RG-treated OVA-sensitized mice than in the OVA-sensitized control group. WG and RG also suppressed inflammatory cytokine production by peribronchial lymphocytes. Histopathological findings showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodeling (e.g., epithelial hyperplasia) in WG- and RG-treated OVA mice compared with OVA controls. Conclusion In this study, WG and RG showed antiasthmatic effects in an OVA-sensitized mouse model, and the efficacies of RG were found to be better than those of WG.
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- 2014
5. Reconsideration about Nomenclature of Herbs Listed in the Korean Pharmacopoeia
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Euijeong Doh and Guemsan Lee
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business.industry ,Synonym ,Genealogy ,Checklist ,law.invention ,International code ,Index (publishing) ,law ,Correct name ,Medicine ,Pharmacopoeia ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Nomenclature ,Confusion - Abstract
Objectives : A precise and simple system of nomenclature was required to avoid error, ambiguity or confusion. Although medicinal plants must be produced or distributed based on a pharmacopoeia described origin including scientific name, the Korean Pharmacopoeia tenth edition (KP 10) had many names against the nomenclature. Therefore, this study aimed at searching correct scientific names for 241 plants in KP 10. Methods : Authoritative databases - The Plant List, International Plant Name Index, YList, Tropicos, eFloras, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Global Compositae Checklist, The International Legume Database and Information Service, et al. - and previously performed researches, floras were cross-checked. Results : The arrangement of this list was designed for four cases, errors including illegitimate, nomenclatural synonyms, recommended names and decision reserved names. Consideration about the scientific names produced nine correct names for ten misspellings and illegitimate, and thirty-six correct names for forty-one nomenclatural synonyms. These results should be reflected in the next of KP 10. Separately, ten recommended names were also suggested for taxonomic synonyms which had been used indiscriminately due to diverse taxonomic opinions. In addition to those, decision reserved names were suggested for thirteen species which had been corridor of uncertainty. Then again, there was need to study about authorship, because KP 10 did not keep recommendations for author citations. Conclusions : Correction of scientific names for some medicinal plants which violated the International Code of Nomenclature would be useful to improve the accuracy of a Pharmacopoeia as the criterional materials.
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- 2013
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6. Evaluation of Medicinal Categorization of Atractylodes japonica Koidz. by Using Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequencing Analysis and HPLC Fingerprinting Combined with Statistical Tools
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Euijeong Doh, Jung-Hoon Kim, and Guemsan Lee
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0301 basic medicine ,biology ,Traditional medicine ,Article Subject ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,food and beverages ,lcsh:Other systems of medicine ,lcsh:RZ201-999 ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Japonica ,0104 chemical sciences ,Rhizome ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Atractylodes ,Medicine ,Atractylodes japonica ,Internal transcribed spacer ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Atractylodesrhizomes have been used as the herbal medicine “Changchul” or “Baekchul,” according to their clinical purpose, in Korea, China, and Japan. Among theAtractylodesspecies, the medicinal use ofAtractylodes japonicahas been controversial, as it is categorized as both Changchul and Baekchul in those countries, and, moreover, parts of the rhizome have been differently used, depending on age of the plant, in Korea. Chromatographic fingerprinting by using HPLC combined with chemometric analyses and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing analysis were conducted to classify and identify 34 crude drugs derived fromAtractylodesrhizomes. The identification of the samples, authenticated by their morphological features asA. japonicaKoidz. (Changchul and Baekchul),A. chinensisKoidz., andA. macrocephalaKoidz., was confirmed asA. japonica,A. chinensis, andA. macrocephalaby ITS sequencing. The results from chemometric analyses showed that the chemical components of the crude drugs fromA. japonicawere significantly different from those fromA. macrocephalabut were similar to those fromA. chinensis. The analyses also suggested that the categorization by age ofA. japonicaas Changchul or Baekchul is not recommended. The results indicate thatA. japonicashould be categorized as “Changchul” and should not be further categorized by age.
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- 2016
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7. Protective effect of Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus aurantium extract on acute pancreatitis in mice model
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Gi-Sang Bae, Sun-Bok Choi, Guemsan Lee, Tae-Sin Gwak, Il-Joo Jo, Ho-Joon Song, Kyoung-Chel Park, and Sung-Joo Park
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medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Intraperitoneal injection ,Inflammation ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,Myeloperoxidase ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Acute pancreatitis ,Amylase ,Citrus aurantium extract ,Lipase ,medicine.symptom ,Pancreas ,business - Abstract
Objective : We investigated the effect of Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus aurantium extract in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) model.Methods : AP was induced via intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (50 ㎍ /kg) given every hour for 6h. Poncirus trifoliata (PT: 200 or 400 ㎎/kg) and Citrus aurantium (CA: 200 or 400 ㎎/kg) extract were injected 1 h before in mice with cerulein-induced AP. Mice were sacrificed at 6 h a fter last injection of cerulein. Blood samples were taken to determine serum amylase and lipase levels. The pa ncreas and lungs were rapidly removed for morphological examination, myeloperoxidase assay. Results : PT pre-treatment significantly protected the pancreas and lung damages and reduced the MPO activity and serum amylase in cerulein-induced AP. However, CA pre-treatment did not significantly protected the pancreas and lung inflammation in cerulein-induced AP. Conclusion : These results suggest that PT but not CA could protect the cerulein-induced AP. Key words : Poncirus trifoliata (PT), Citrus aurantium (CA) Acute pancreatitis (AP). Amylase. Cerulein.
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- 2012
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8. Poncirus trifoliata Rafin. induces the apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells via activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways
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Hyungwoo Kim, Mi Heon Ryu, Seung-Hwa Jeong, Hye-Yeon Han, Yonghae Son, and Guemsan Lee
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MAPK/ERK pathway ,Caspase-9 ,biology ,Kinase ,business.industry ,tumor necrosis factor receptor ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Apoptosis ,Poncirus trifoliata ,Caspase 8 ,Molecular biology ,TRADD ,Drug Discovery ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Medicine ,cancer therapy ,Original Article ,business ,Protein kinase A ,Death domain - Abstract
Background: Poncirus trifoliata Rafin. is a traditional medicine with known anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Traditionally, it is used to control chronic inflammation, allergy and gastrointestinal diseases such as digestive ulcers gastritis in China, Japan, and Korea. Objectives: To evaluate the apoptosis-inducing activity of a P. trifoliata methanol extract (MEPT) and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. Materials and Methods: The anti-cancer effect of MEPT and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in breast cancer cells using 3,4,5-dimethyl N-methylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-d-phenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, cell cycle analysis, and western blotting. Results: MEPT suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with inhibition dose 50% value of 119.44 μg/mL at 24 h, which have features typical of triple-negative breast cancer cells. MEPT also altered the characteristic features of the MDA-MB-231 cells and increased the proportion of cells undergoing sub-G1 arrest. In addition, MEPT increased levels of caspase 8 and 3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas caspase 9 was not detected. In addition, MEPT-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) and TNFR type 1-associated death domain (TRADD) protein and the activations of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Conclusion: Our results indicate that MEPT has chemotherapeutic potential in triple-negative breast cancer and that at the molecular level its effects are derived from the activations of TNFR and of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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- 2015
9. Crotonis FructusExtract Inhibits 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Induced Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 via the Activator Protein-1 Pathway in MCF-7 Cells
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Guemsan Lee, Hyun-Kyung Song, Hyun Jo Youn, Kang-Beom Kwon, Eun-Mi Noh, Sung Hoo Jung, Sueng Hyuk Park, Do-Gon Ryu, Jeong-Mi Kim, and Young-Rae Lee
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0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Neoplasm invasiveness ,Matrix metalloproteinase 9 ,12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Zymography ,Electrophoretic mobility shift assay ,MCF-7 cells ,Viability assay ,business.industry ,Matrigel Invasion Assay ,Activator (genetics) ,Crotonis fructus ,Molecular biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Oncology ,MCF-7 ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer cell ,Original Article ,Transcription factor AP-1 ,business - Abstract
Purpose Metastatic cancers spread from the primary site of origin to other parts of the body. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is essential in metastatic cancers owing to its major role in cancer cell invasion. Crotonis fructus (CF), the mature fruits of Croton tiglium L., have been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disturbance in Asia. In this study, the effect of the ethanol extract of CF (CFE) on MMP-9 activity and the invasion of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated MCF-7 cells was examined. Methods The cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The expression of MMP-9 was examined by Western blotting, zymography, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. An electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay was performed to detect activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding activity and cell invasiveness was measured by an in vitro Matrigel invasion assay. Results CFE significantly suppressed MMP-9 expression and activation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CFE attenuated the TPA-induced activation of AP-1. Conclusion The results indicated that the inhibitory effects of CFE against TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and MCF-7 cell invasion were dependent on the protein kinase C δ/p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase/AP-1 pathway. Therefore, CFE could restrict breast cancer invasiveness owing to its ability to inhibit MMP-9 activity.
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- 2017
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10. Effects of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., root bark on ICAM-1 expression and chemokine productions in vivo and vitro study
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Guemsan Lee, Chu Lee, Hyungwoo Kim, Won-Ju Cheon, Hye-Yeon Han, Mi Heon Ryu, Won-Gun An, and Su-In Cho
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Keratinocytes ,Male ,Chemokine ,Cell Survival ,medicine.medical_treatment ,T cell ,T-Lymphocytes ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,Pharmacology ,Dermatitis, Contact ,Plant Roots ,Cell Line ,Drug Discovery ,Cell Adhesion ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Dictamnus ,ICAM-1 ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,integumentary system ,biology ,business.industry ,Plant Extracts ,Monocyte ,NF-kappa B ,Ear ,Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ,Monokine ,HaCaT ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cytokine ,Immunology ,Chemokine secretion ,biology.protein ,Plant Bark ,Cytokines ,Dinitrofluorobenzene ,business ,Phytotherapy - Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance The root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., family Rutaceae is a well known anti-inflammatory agent for skin diseases such as eczema, pruritus and urticaria in Eastern countries. Materials and methods We investigated the effects of methanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus root bark (MEDD) on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, epidermal hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact dermatitis (CD) mice. We also investigated its effects on the expression of ICAM-1, binding capacity to THP-1 cells, cytokine and chemokine production, and phosphorylation of NF-κB in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Results Topical application of MEDD effectively inhibited ICAM-1 expression and epidermal hyperplasia in inflamed tissues. MEDD treatment also inhibited immune cell infiltration induced by DNFB. In addition, treatment with MEDD reduced surface expression and total amount of ICAM-1in HaCaT cells and effectively lowered the capacity to bind to THP-1 cells. MEDD also lowered the levels of IL-6, IL-8, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). Finally, MEDD treatment prevented activation of the NF-κB pathway induced by TNF-α in HaCaT cells. Conclusions These data indicate that root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus has the potential for treatment of inflammatory skin diseases as a complementary or alternative medicine to corticosteroids. In addition, they suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of Dictamnus dasycarpus on CD are involved in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression and cytokine and chemokine secretion through down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in keratinocytes.
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- 2014
11. Crotonis Fructus and Its Constituent, Croton Oil, Stimulate Lipolysis in OP9 Adipocytes
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Hong-Seob So, Kang-Beom Kwon, Sei-Hoon Yang, Mi-Seong Kim, Do-Gon Ryu, Jeho Song, Ha-Rim Kim, Young-Rae Lee, Hyoung-Chul Moon, and Guemsan Lee
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Agonist ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Article Subject ,biology ,medicine.drug_class ,Kinase ,business.industry ,Croton tiglium ,Hormone-sensitive lipase ,lcsh:Other systems of medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,lcsh:RZ201-999 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,Adipocyte ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Lipolysis ,Phosphorylation ,Croton oil ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Introduction. Crotonis fructus (CF) is the mature fruit ofCroton tigliumL. and has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disturbance in Asia. It is well known that the main component of CF is croton oil (CO). The present study is to investigate the effects of CF extracts (CFE) and CO on lipolysis in OP9 adipocytes.Methods. Glycerol release to the culture supernatants was used as a marker of adipocyte lipolysis.Results. Treatment with various concentrations of CFE and CO stimulates glycerol release in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in glycerol release by CFE is more potent than isoproterenol, which is aβ-adrenergic agonist as a positive control in our system. The increased lipolysis by CFE and CO was accompanied by an increase of phosphorylated hormone sensitive lipase (pHSL) but not nonphosphorylated HSL protein and mRNA. Pretreatment with H89, which is a protein kinase A inhibitor, significantly abolished the CFE- and CO-induced glycerol release in OP9 adipocytes. These results suggest that CFE and CO may be a candidate for the development of a lipolysis-stimulating agent in adipocytes.
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- 2014
12. Anti-cancer effects of Kochia scoparia fruit in human breast cancer cells
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Hye-Yeon Han, Guemsan Lee, Sung-Hee Jeong, Yong Hae Son, Hyungwoo Kim, and Mi Heon Ryu
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reactive oxygen species ,Cell growth ,business.industry ,Poly ADP ribose polymerase ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Cancer ,Caspase 3 ,Apoptosis ,Kochia scoparia ,Caspase 8 ,medicine.disease ,breast cancer ,Drug Discovery ,Cancer cell ,Immunology ,Cancer research ,medicine ,cancer therapy ,MTT assay ,Original Article ,business - Abstract
Background: The fruit of Kochia scoparia Scharder is widely used as a medicinal ingredient for the treatment of dysuria and skin diseases in China, Japan and Korea. Especially, K. scoparia had been used for breast masses and chest and flank pain. Objective: To investigate the anti-cancer effect of K. scoparia on breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We investigated the anti-cancer effects of K. scoparia, methanol extract (MEKS) in vitro. We examined the effects of MEKS on the proliferation rate, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of apoptosis-associated proteins in MDA-MB-231, human breast cancer cells. Results: MTT assay results demonstrated that MEKS decreased the proliferation rates of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC 50 value of 36.2 μg/ml. MEKS at 25 μg/ml significantly increased the sub-G1 DNA contents of MDA-MB-231 cells to 44.7%, versus untreated cells. In addition, MEKS induced apoptosis by increasing the levels of apoptosis-associated proteins such as cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 8, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Conclusion: These results suggest that MEKS inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and that MEKS may have potential chemotherapeutic value for the treatment of human breast cancer.
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- 2013
13. Anti-inflammatory effects of Cryptotympana atrataFabricius slough shed on contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in mice
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Jeonghyun Ryu, Guemsan Lee, Hanna Kim, Suzy Jo, Hyung-Woo Kim, Mi Heon Ryu, Su In Cho, and Miyoung Kim
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Cryptotympana atrata ,medicine.drug_class ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Inflammation ,contact dermatitis ,Anti-inflammatory ,traditional Chinese medicine ,Dinitrofluorobenzene ,Internal medicine ,Drug Discovery ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,business.industry ,Hyperplasia ,medicine.disease ,Cytokine ,Endocrinology ,inflammation ,Immunology ,Original Article ,sense organs ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Contact dermatitis ,Spongiosis - Abstract
Background: The slough shed of Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius is widely used to treat skin diseases in China, Japan, and Korea. Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of C. atrata on contact dermatitis. Materials and Methods: We investigated the effects of C. atrata methanol extract (MECA) on ear swelling, histophathological changes and cytokine production in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact dermatitis (CD) mice. Results: Topical application of MECA effectively inhibited enlargement of ear swelling (30 and 100 μ/ear, P < 0.05; 300 μg/ear, P < 0.01). MECA treatment also inhibited hyperplasia, spongiosis (100 and 300 μg/ear, P < 0.001), and immune cell infiltration (30 μg/ear, P < 0.05; 100 and 300 μg/ear, P < 0.001) induced by DNFB. In addition, treatment with MECA suppressed the increase in the levels of TNF-α (P < 0.05), IFN-g (3, 100 μg/ear, P < 0.05; 300 μg/ear, P < 0.01), and IL-6 (100 μg/ear, P < 0.05; 300 μg/ear, P < 0.01) production. Conclusion: These data suggest that MECA has the potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, including CD. Moreover, the results presented herein indicate that anti-inflammatory actions of MECA are mediated by decreasing production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in inflamed tissues.
- Published
- 2014
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