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35 results on '"Gonzalez, Francisco"'

1. Tank Car Impact Tests Take Aim at Safety Concerns

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco, III

Subjects
United States. Federal Railroad Administration -- Safety and security measures, United States. Department of Transportation -- Safety and security measures, Hazardous substances -- Safety and security measures -- Reports, Railroads -- Safety and security measures -- Shipments data -- Reports, Railroad accidents -- Reports -- Safety and security measures, Business, Petroleum, energy and mining industries
Abstract

Approximately one out of every four railroad freight cars in North America is a tank car, according to the Association of American Railroads. Each year, these cars transport roughly 2 [...]

Published
2021

2. Influence of construction conditions on strength of post installed bonded anchors

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco, Fernandez, Jaime, Agranati, Galit, and Villanueva, Paula

Subjects
Concretes -- Research -- Properties, Drilling equipment -- Usage -- Influence, Anchors (Fasteners) -- Research -- Mechanical properties -- Installation, Technology installation instructions, Business, Construction and materials industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT This paper presents an extensive experimental work on various factors related to the construction conditions that affect the strength of post installed bonded anchors in concrete. The strength of [...]

Published
2018
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3. Review: gas turbine compressor washing

Author

Boyce, Meherwan and Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Gas turbines, Cleaning agents, Business, Petroleum, energy and mining industries
Abstract

Compressor washing, both on-line and off-line, is vital for maintaining gas turbine performance. But what is the best cleaning agent and how often should it be done? Meherwan Boyce, Boyce [...]

Published
2016

4. An Equilibrium Theory of Learning, Search, and Wages

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco M. and Shi, Shouyong

Subjects
Labor market -- Analysis, Unemployment -- Analysis, Wages -- Analysis, Salary, Business, Economics, Mathematics
Abstract

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ECTA8061 Byline: Francisco M. Gonzalez (*), Shouyong Shi (**) Keywords: Learning; wages; unemployment; directed search; monotone comparative statics Abstract: We examine the labor market effects of incomplete information about the workers' own job-finding process. Search outcomes convey valuable information, and learning from search generates endogenous heterogeneity in workers' beliefs about their job-finding probability. We characterize this process and analyze its interactions with job creation and wage determination. Our theory sheds new light on how unemployment can affect workers' labor market outcomes and wage determination, providing a rational explanation for discouragement as the consequence of negative search outcomes. In particular, longer unemployment durations are likely to be followed by lower reemployment wages because a worker's beliefs about his job-finding process deteriorate with unemployment duration. Moreover, our analysis provides a set of useful results on dynamic programming with optimal learning. Author Affiliation: (*)Dept. of Economics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4;francisco.gonzalez@ucalgary.ca (**)Dept. of Economics, University of Toronto, 150 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G7;shouyong@chass.utoronto.ca Article History: Manuscript received August, 2008; final revision received December, 2009.

Published
2010

5. Prosperity without conflict

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco M. and Neary, Hugh M.

Subjects
Business, Economics, Government
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.04.008 Byline: Francisco M. Gonzalez (a), Hugh M. Neary (b) Keywords: Second best; Optimal taxation; Growth; Insecure property; Conflict; Diversion Abstract: Social conflict and slow growth are features of many developing economies. This paper considers the role institutions of property rights and conflict management can play in both achieving prosperity and mitigating conflict in these economies. We study how introducing conflict over economic distribution into an otherwise standard model of growth can shape optimal (second-best) taxation policy when diversionary activities cannot be taxed. In this context, we find that the maximization of economic efficiency may call for a reduction in growth in order to mitigate the problem of diversion, even though the economy's growth is inefficiently slow in the absence of taxation. This is so when institutional quality is sufficiently poor, but not otherwise. The paper warns against the conventional justification of growth-promoting policies on efficiency grounds independently of institutions. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Canada (b) Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, Canada Article History: Received 19 April 2007; Revised 29 February 2008; Accepted 7 April 2008 Article Note: (footnote) [star] A preliminary version of this paper was circulated under the title 'Optimal Growth Policy Under Privately Enforced Property Rights'. We thank Herschel Grossman, Dilip Mookerjee, Debraj Ray, Scott Taylor and conference participants at the 2004 SED meetings and the 2004 NEUDC meetings and the 2006 WZB Conference on Contests in Economics and Biology for helpful comments. The first author would like to acknowledge financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Published
2008

6. Effective property rights, conflict and growth

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco M.

Subjects
Right of property -- Growth, Right of property -- Social aspects, Right of property -- Analysis, Company growth, Business, Economics
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2005.07.011 Byline: Francisco M. Gonzalez Abstract: This paper shows how the interaction between conflict and growth can give rise to a nonmonotone relationship between property rights and social welfare. This interaction is illustrated in a model of endogenous growth in which equilibrium diversion of resources is the cost of securing effective property rights. A symmetric equilibrium allocation associated with more secure property rights and faster growth can be Pareto dominated by one associated with poorer property rights and slower growth. Faster growth can exacerbate the problem of diversion whenever property rights are sufficiently poor. These results call for caution before a society decides to pursue economic growth independently of the institutional structure of property rights. Furthermore, if this structure is inappropriate piecemeal reform might not be in the interest of society, and a substantial reform might be necessary if it is to be welfare-improving. Author Affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4 Article History: Received 21 August 2003; Revised 15 July 2005

Published
2007

7. Analysis of the effects caused by structural asymmetries in the performance of three-limb core three-phase inductive filters

Author

Rodriguez, Jose Manuel Cano, Orcajo, Gonzalo Alonso, Garcia, Carlos Hiram Rojas, Melero, Manuel Garcia, Cabanas, Manes Fernandez, and Gonzalez, Francisco Pedrayes

Subjects
Electric filters -- Evaluation, Pulse-duration modulation -- Evaluation, Voltage -- Measurement, Electric driving, Variable speed -- Design and construction, Variable speed drives -- Design and construction, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A considerable number of nonlinear industrial loads employ three-phase inductive filters to reduce their peak currents and mitigate the conduction of harmonic currents into the supply system. In modeling and analysis of this kind of filter, the fact that--for reasons of economy--they consist of a single block where the three electrical phases share the same magnetic core instead of having three single-phase reactors is often overlooked. Since the three windings are coiled in the same plane, the central magnetic limb of the core has a lower magnetic reluctance than do the lateral limbs. Moreover, this undesired effect is increased by the existence of internal magnetic couplings. The above phenomenon, which might, at first sight, be considered negligible, will become noticeable in real electrical facilities because of the particular operating conditions of three-phase inductive filters. The aim of this paper is, thus, to present a new model for three-limb core three-phase inductive filters that includes all the above parasitic effects and to describe its practical application in order to assess the magnitude of the errors produced by traditional models when estimating real filter behavior. Index Terms--Filter modeling, inductive filter, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) adjustable speed drives (ASDs), structural asymmetry, voltage unbalance.

Published
2007

8. Inside the family firm: the role of families in succession decisions and performance

Author

Bennedsen, Morten, Nielsen, Kasper Meisner, Perez-Gonzalez, Francisco, and Wolfenzon, Daniel

Subjects
Family corporations -- Management, Family-owned business enterprises -- Management, Statistics -- Analysis, Succession planning (Business) -- Forecasts and trends, Company business management, Market trend/market analysis, Business, Economics
Abstract

The statistical analysis of the management of family-owned businesses in Denmark, to determine the impact of family characteristics on firm performance and the trends of succession planning in family-owned businesses, is presented.

Published
2007

9. Hybrid transformer model for transient simulation--Part II: laboratory measurements and benchmarking

Author

Mork, Bruce A., Gonzalez, Francisco, Ishchenko, Dmitry, Stuehm, Don L., and Mitra, Joydeep

Subjects
Wave-particle duality -- Research, Electric transformers -- Design and construction, Electric transformers -- Research, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The topological structure and basic approaches for parameter estimation for a new hybrid transformer model are presented in Part I of this two-paper set. Part II deals with the model benchmarking and also discusses additional methods for parameter estimation based on laboratory measurements. The simulation results confirm the validity of the model for the low- and medium-frequency range. Index Terms--Duality, Electromagentic Transients Program (EMTP), transformer models, transient simulations.

Published
2007

10. Hybrid transformer model for transient simulation--Part I: development and parameters

Author

Mork, Bruce A., Gonzalez, Francisco, Ishchenko, Dmitry, Stuehm, Don L., and Mitra, Joydeep

Subjects
Electric transformers -- Models, Electric transformers -- Research, Simulation methods -- Usage, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A new topologically correct hybrid transformer model is developed for low and midfrequency transient simulations. Power transformers have a conceptually simple design, but behaviors can be very complex. The selection of the most suitable representation for a given behavior depends on the type of transformer to be simulated, the frequency range, and other factors, such as the internal design of the transformer and available parameters or design data. Here, a modular model suitable for frequencies up to 3-5 kHz is developed, utilizing a duality-based lumped-parameter saturable core, matrix descriptions of leakage and capacitive effects, and frequency-dependent coil resistance. Implementation and testing of this model was done for 15-kVA 208[DELTA]-120Y 3-legged and 150-kVA 12,470Y-208Y 5-legged transformers. The basis and development of the model is presented, along with a discussion of necessary parameters and the approaches for obtaining them. Index Terms--Duality, Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), transformer models, transient simulations.

Published
2007

11. Inherited control and firm performance

Author

Perez-Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Nepotism -- Social aspects, Nepotism -- Economic aspects, Chief executive officers -- Succession, Chief executive officers -- Evaluation, Business, Economics
Abstract

Chief executive officer successions are analyzed to determine if kin-related successions are less effective than unrelated ones. Using this data, nepotism is shown to have undesirable effects on corporate settings compared with non-relative successions.

Published
2006

12. High-pitch metal-on-glass technology for pad pitch adaptation between detectors and readout electronics

Author

Ullan, Miguel, Lozano, Manuel, Campabadal, Francesca, Fleta, Celeste, Garcia, Carmen, Gonzalez, Francisco, and Bernabeu, Jose

Subjects
Nuclear physics -- Research, Detectors, Electronics industry, Electronics industry, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

Modern high-energy physics and astrophysics strip detectors have increased channel density to levels at which their connection with readout electronics has become very complex due to high pad pitch. Also, direct wire bonding is prevented by the fact that typically detector's pad pitch and electronics' pad pitch do not match. A high-pitch metal-on-glass technology is presented, that allows pad pitch adaptation between detectors and readout electronics. It consists of high-density metal lines on top of an insulating glass substrate. A photoresist layer is deposited covering the metal tracks for passivation and protection The technology is tested for conductivity, bondability, bonding pull force, peel off, and radiation hardness, and it is an established technology in the clean room of the CNM Institute in Barcelona. This technology has been chosen by the ATLAS Collaboration for the pad pitch adapters (PPA) of the SCT Endcap Modules, by a Compton camera project, and by other HEP groups for interconnection between detectors and readout electronics. Index Terms--Hybrid integrated circuit bonding, Hybrid integrated circuit interconnections, integrated circuit bonding, integrated circuit metallization, interconnections, microstrip, radiation detectors, thin film circuit fabrication.

Published
2004

13. Informational spillovers and the coordination of speculative investments

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco M.

Subjects
Externalities (Economics) -- Forecasts and trends, Entrepreneurship -- Management, Businesspeople -- Management, Investments, Company business management, Market trend/market analysis, Business, Business, international, Economics
Abstract

The influence of informational spillovers on the entrepreneur's incentive to undertake reversible investment opportunities is considered. It is shown how investment activity can be driven by the influence that the prospect of social learning has on the option value of investment. In this context, episodes of high investment activity result from a speculative motive, and the expected short-run profitability of new investment opportunities may inadequately reflect the entrepreneurs' incentive to invest.

Published
2004

15. nCoP takes the hex out of chrome plating: research project explores nanocrystalline cobalt alloy coatings as a hard chrome alternative for aerospace coatings

Author

Prado, Ruben, Facchini, Diana, Mahalanobis, Neil, Gonzalez, Francisco, and Palumbo, Gino

Subjects
Coatings industry, Helicopters, Coatings, Business, Metals, metalworking and machinery industries
Abstract

Hexavalent chrome plating has been used for decades in such applications as aircraft landing gear, hydraulic actuators, gas turbine engines, helicopter dynamic components and propeller hubs, but there have been [...]

Published
2012

16. Cheating for the common good in a macroeconomic policy game

Author

Deissenberg, Christophe and Alvarez Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Game theory -- Research, Macroeconomics -- Research, Private sector -- Models, Public-private sector cooperation -- Models, Auctions -- Models, Economic policy -- Models, Business, Economics
Abstract

The authors play a Stackelberg game with government auctions and private agents bidding. Accepting the government announcements as fact results in better outcomes for both the private sector and the government, in contrast to earlier economic research.

Published
2002

18. How bank capital buffers vary across countries: The influence of cost of deposits, market power and bank regulation

Author

Fonseca, Ana Rosa and Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Cost control -- Laws, regulations and rules, Banks (Finance) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Bank capital -- Laws, regulations and rules, Banking law -- Laws, regulations and rules, Financial markets -- Laws, regulations and rules, Cost reduction, Government regulation, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.09.020 Byline: Ana Rosa Fonseca, Francisco Gonzalez Keywords: Capital buffers; Regulation; Supervision; Cost of capital; Market power; Panel data Abstract: This paper analyzes the bank and country determinants of capital buffers using a panel data of 1337 banks in 70 countries between 1992 and 2002. After controlling for adjustment costs and the endogeneity of explanatory variables, the results show that capital buffers are positively related to the cost of deposits and bank market power, although the relations vary across countries depending on regulation, supervision, and institutions. Their impact is the result of two generally opposing effects: restrictions on bank activities and official supervision reduce the incentives to hold capital buffers by weakening market discipline, but at the same time they promote higher capital buffers by increasing market power. Institutional quality has the two opposite effects. Better accounting disclosure and less generous deposit insurance, however, have a clear positive effect on capital buffers by both strengthening market discipline and making charter value better able to reduce risk-taking incentives. Author Affiliation: University of Oviedo, School of Economics and Business, Avda. del Cristo S/N, 33071 Oviedo, Spain Article History: Received 12 January 2009; Accepted 28 September 2009

Published
2010

19. Practical considerations on wideband switchmode high-power solid-state power amplifiers

Author

Ortega-Gonzalez, Francisco Javier and Pardo-Martin, Jose Manuel

Subjects
Power amplifiers -- Design and construction, Broadband amplifiers -- Design and construction, Business, Electronics and electrical industries, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Telecommunications industry
Abstract

Practical considerations relating to the design of high efficiency switchmode wideband solid-state power amplifiers are discussed. These considerations make the implementation of amplification classes difficult, particularly with high power transistors.

Published
2009

20. Time for GIOVE-A: the onboard rubidium clock experiment

Author

Hahn, Jorg, Navarro-Reyes, Daniel, Gonzalez, Francisco, Waller, Pierre, and Mandorlo, Giuseppe

Subjects
Algorithms, Algorithm, Business, Telecommunications industry
Abstract

Experimentation with real data is essential for the Galileo Project and is an integral part of the European Space Agency's (ESA's) system verification and risk mitigation approach. In 2002, ESA [...]

Published
2007

22. Bank regulation and risk-taking incentives: an international comparison of bank risk

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Risk management -- Analysis, Deposit insurance -- Management, Banking industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Banking industry -- Management, Banking industry -- International aspects, Risk management, Banking industry, Company business management, Government regulation, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract

A study based on the databases from 251 banks in 36 countries is presented to assess the effects of banking regulations relating to bank charter value and risk-taking policies. The effects of risk taking policies and deposit insurance on the bank's charter value are also analyzed.

Published
2005

23. High efficiency power amplifier driving methods and circuits: Part II

Author

Ortega-Gonzalez, Francisco Javier

Subjects
Electronics industry -- Analysis, Power amplifiers, Business, Electronics and electrical industries, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Telecommunications industry, Electronics industry, Analysis
Abstract

Part I of this article (1) analyzed the driving circuits and methods for power amplifiers, using a low frequency approximation. This second part deals with the driving problem at high [...]

Published
2004

24. The effect of new product development techniques on new product success in Spanish firms

Author

Miranda Gonzalez, Francisco Javier and Banegil Palacios, Tomas Manuel

Subjects
Product development -- Methods, New product failure -- Research, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Business, Business, international
Abstract

An evaluation of new product development techniques and their effect on new product success is provided with a specific emphasis on Spanish firms.

Published
2002

25. The role of environmental accounting in organizational change: an exploration of Spanish companies

Author

Larrinaga-Gonzalez, Carlos, Carrasco-Fenech, Francisco, Caro-Gonzalez, Francisco Javier, Correa-Ruiz, Carmen, and Paez-Sandubete, Jose Maria

Subjects
Organizational change -- Economic aspects, Corporations -- Environmental policy, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract

Nine Spanish companies are evaluated for the use of environmental accounting in corporate change. Spanish companies are not changing their environmental policies even if the company is undergoing organizational changes.

Published
2001

26. Effects of matching on RF power amplifier efficiency and output power

Author

Ortega Gonzalez, Francisco Javier, Jimenez Martin, Jose Luis, and Asensio Lopez, Alberto

Subjects
Audiometry, Impedance -- Testing, Microwave amplifiers -- Design and construction, Radio frequency amplifiers -- Design and construction, Business, Electronics and electrical industries, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Telecommunications industry, Design and construction, Testing
Abstract

The most popular methods for designing RF PAs utilize load-pull techniques in different sophistication levels, techniques based on load-line theory and techniques based on nonlinear simulation. By far, the load-pull [...]

Published
1998

27. Accurate linear oscillator analysis and design

Author

Martin, Jose Luis Jimenez and Gonzalez, Francisco Javier Ortega

Subjects
Microwave oscillators -- Design and construction, Harmonic oscillators -- Design and construction, Oscillators (Electronics), Business, Electronics and electrical industries, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Telecommunications industry, Design and construction
Abstract

Currently linear simulators are used extensively to design microwave and RF oscillators[1] for several reasons. Nonlinear simulators are more expensive and require powerful computers. Linear simulation is faster than nonlinear [...]

Published
1996

28. Hospital Information System Satisfaction in Brazil: Background and Moderating Effects

Author

Miranda Gonzalez Francisco Javier, Sunil Kant, Shakti Kumar Gupta, and Gadelha Socorro Nunes

Subjects
Hospital information system, business.industry, Medicine, Public relations, business
Abstract

In the last years, hospitals in Brazil have made significant investments in adopting and implementing new hospital information system (HIS). Whether these investments will prove beneficial for these organizations depends on the support that will be provided to ensure the effective use of the information systems (IS) implemented and also on the satisfaction of its users. The purpose of this study is to propose a conceptual model, appropriate for the intention to use HIS, by adopting the system, service, and information qualities covered in the Information System Success Model proposed by DeLone and Mclean. In the present study, structural analysis applied to data from a sample of 393 HIS users showed the variables service quality, information quality, system quality and satisfaction to act as antecedents of HIS success. A novel finding of the study was the importance of the user's aptitude with respect to computer moderating the relationships of the model. Managerial implications are provided accordingly. Suggestions for introducing healthcare information system are then provided as well. How to cite this article Nunes GS, Javier MGF. Hospital Information System Satisfaction in Brazil: Background and Moderating Effects. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):1-9.

Published
2014

29. Bank equity investments: reducing agency costs or buying undervalued firms? the information effects

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Equity (Finance) -- Management, Bank mergers -- Analysis, Cost control -- Methods, Company business management, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract

The two major reasons behind a bank's equity investment decisions are to reduce the costs of that particular firm or to purchase undervalued firms. These two reasons are analyzed by using information symmetric hypothesis.

Published
2006

30. Insecure Property and Technological Backwardness

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco M.

Subjects
Technological innovations -- Economic aspects, Technological innovations -- Social aspects, Technological innovations -- Comparative analysis, Right of property -- Economic aspects, Right of property -- Social aspects, Right of property -- Influence, Business, Economics
Abstract

We consider the incentive to adopt superior technologies when private property is insecure. The welfare costs of insecure property can be substantially greater than those commonly associated with diversion and with the disincentive effect induced by imperfect appropriation of returns. When private property is sufficiently insecure, anticipation of conflict over economic distribution gives rise to technological backwardness, even though (1) superior technologies are readily available at zero cost and (2) the diversion of resources might be small.

Published
2005

31. Viewpoint: Europe's Drive For Integration Is Lacking - European Financial Efficiency Is Being Held Back By Faint-hearted National Authorities, Writes Francisco Gonzalez

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Banking industry -- Economic aspects, Banking industry -- Management, Financial markets -- Forecasts and trends, Risk management -- Analysis, Banking industry, Risk management, Company business management, Market trend/market analysis, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract

Eight years after European monetary union (EMU) was created and five years since the introduction of the euro, the unified European financial market is still far from being a reality, [...]

Published
2006

32. MICROWAVE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED DETECTOR DESIGN FOR WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE APPLICATIONS

Author

ASENSIO-LOPEZ, ALBERTO, DE GUEVARA, JAIME LLUCH-LADRON, ORTEGA-GONZALEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER, and TORREGROSA-PENALVA, GERMAN

Subjects
Microwave devices -- Product information, Electronic components industry -- Product information, Business, Electronics and electrical industries, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Telecommunications industry, Product information
Abstract

Fundamentals on RF detection Schottky diode matching techniques, temperature compensation schemes and video output system configurations are reviewed. Modern radar and communications systems usually include and make use of intelligent [...]

Published
2001

33. Cost of treatment of schizophrenia in six European countries

Author

Salize, Hans Joachim, McCabe, Rosemarie, Bullenkamp, Jens, Hansson, Lars, Lauber, Christoph, Martinez-Leal, Rafael, Reinhard, Iris, Roessler, Wulf, Svensson, Bengt, Torres-Gonzalez, Francisco, van den Brink, Rob, Wiersma, Durk, Priebe, Stefan, Rossler, W., and Science in Healthy Ageing & healthcaRE (SHARE)

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Total cost, MENTAL-HEALTH-SERVICES, International Cooperation, Psychopharmacologic costs, law.invention, Service utilization, Indirect costs, Community care, Randomized controlled trial, Quality of life, law, LATEST ANTIPSYCHOTIC-DRUGS, QUALITY-OF-LIFE, Linear regression, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Medicine, Humans, Psychiatry, Baseline (configuration management), Biological Psychiatry, health care economics and organizations, UTILITY, Cost of care, business.industry, SPAIN, CUTLASS-1, Linear model, Health Care Costs, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL, CARE, medicine.disease, COMMUNITY, Europe, Psychiatry and Mental health, 2ND-GENERATION, Schizophrenia, Linear Models, business, Demography, Antipsychotic Agents, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Background and aims: As part of an RCT in six European sites, the direct mental health care cost for 422 patients with schizophrenia was analysed according to how total and medication costs differed across sites and which variables were likely to predict total or service-specific costs. Method: Service use was recorded continuously during a 12-month follow-up. Prescribed psychotropic medication was recorded at baseline and 12 months later. Service use data were transformed into EURO, log-transformed and analysed using linear regression models. Results: Although samples were homogeneous, large inter-site cost differences were found (annual means ranging from 2958 E in Spain up to 36978 E in Switzerland). Psychopharmacologic costs were much more constant across sites than costs for other services. Total costs were associated more with region or socio-demographic characteristics than with disorder related parameters. Conclusions: The findings confirm remarkable differences in direct costs of patients with schizophrenia across Europe. However, the relative stability of medication costs suggests a need to analyse mechanisms that influence service-specific costs for schizophrenia. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2008

34. What banks can learn from this credit crisis

Author

Gonzalez, Francisco

Subjects
Banks (Finance), Company financing, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, Business, international
Abstract

There has been an increasing disconnection between the real and financial economies in the past few years. The real economy has grown at a brisk pace but nothing like that [...]

Published
2008

35. Evolution Over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients With Neurologic Disease

Author

Tejerina E. E., Pelosi P., Robba C., Penuelas O., Muriel A., Barrios D., Frutos-Vivar F., Raymondos K., Du B., Thille A. W., Rios F., Gonzalez M., Del-Sorbo L., Marin M. D. C., Valle Pinheiro B., Soares M. A., Nin N., Maggiore S. M., Bersten A., Amin P., Cakar N., Young Suh G., Abroug F., Jibaja M., Matamis D., Ali Zeggwagh A., Sutherasan Y., Anzueto A., Esteban A, Fernando Ríos, Damian Violi, Marisol Rodríguez-Goñi, Roger Lamoglie, Fernando Villarejo, Norberto Tiribelli, Santiago Ilutovich, Matías Brizuela, Mariana Monllau, Fernando Saldarini, Silvina Borello, Alberto Marino, Mauricio Vinzio, Karina Bonasegla, Julián Hernández, María Belén Yapur, María Eugenia González, Sebastián E Mare, Judith Sagardía, Marco Bezzi, Cecilia Pereyra, Julian Strati, Daniel Vargas, Claudia Diaz, Pablo Gómez, Marcelo Palavecino, Graciela Elizabeth, Aguilera García, M Eugenia, Luis Pablo Cardonnet, Lisandro Betttini, Hernán Nuñez, Lucas Vallejo, Fernando Fernández, Jorge Arroyo, Daniel Duarte, Gerardo Filippa, Cayetano Galetti, Hernan Nunia, Fernando Lambert, Elisa Estenssoro, Marina Busico, Javier Horacio Álvarez, Alejandro Raimondi, Gustavo Badariotti, Martín Lugaro, Fernando Lipovestky, Alan Javier Zazu, Hugo Capponcelli, Patricia Vogl, Cristina Orlandi, Alejandro Gómez, Gustavo Jannello, Alejandro Risso, Leticia Rapetti, Guillermo Chiappero, Juan Domingo Fernández, Rodrigo E Gómez-Paz, Marcos Juan Zec, Pascual Valdez, Jorgelina Guyon, Ariel Chena, Sergio Lasdica, Martin Deheza, Schimdt Alejandra, Francisco Criado, Norma Beatriz Márquez, Pablo Desmery, José Luis Scapellato, Gonzalo Javier Ríos, Cristian Casabella, Jasmin Board, Andrew Davies, Andrew Bersten, Elisha Matheson, Amy Waters, John Santamaria, Jennifer Holmes, Cartan Costello, Manoj K Saxena, John Myburgh, Ellen Kinkel, Forbes McGain, Claire Cattigan, Allison Bone, Ian Seppelt, Leonie Weisbrodt, Cheryl Cuzner, Christopher MacIsaac, Deborah Barge, Tania Caf, Cameron Knott, Graeme Duke, Imogen Mitchell, Helen Rodgers, Rachel Whyte, Elisha Fulton, Alistair Nichol, Hergen Buscher, Priya Nair, Claire Reynolds, Simon J G Hockley, Ian Moore, Katherine Davidson, David Milliss, Raju Pusapati, Helen Wong, Jason Fletcher, Julie Smith, Paul Goldrick, Dianne Stephens, Jane Thomas, Anders Aneman, Sutrisno Gunawan, Tom Cowlam, George Lukas, Rick McAllister, Minka Springham, Joanne Sutton, Jeff Presneill, Tony Sutherland, Dianne Hill, Howard Connor, Jenny Dennett, Tim Coles, Freddy Sandy, Sando Chavarria, Marcelo Choque, Ronald Pairumani, Juan Guerra, Marco Antônio Soares Reis, José Carlos Versiani, Eduardo Fonseca Sad, Maria Aparecida Braga, Dinalva Aparecida Gomes, Fernando Antônio Botoni, Maurício Meireles Góes, Frederico Costa Val Barros, Rogério de Castro Pereira, Hugo Urbano, Valéria de Carvalho Magela, Aline Camile Yehia, Bruno Bonaccorsi Fernandino, Marco Antônio Ribeiro Leão, Rovílson Lara, Rubens Altair Amaral de Pádua, Janine Dias Alves, Aloísio Marques do Nascimento, Bruno do Valle Pinheiro, Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Marcelo Alcântara Holanda, Frederico Rodrigues Anselmo, Niall Ferguson, Neill Adhikari, Robert Fowler, Cheromi Sittambalam, Mehar-Un-Nisa Raja, Nicole Marinoff, Lauralyn McIntryre, Shawna Reddie, Laura Jones, Irene Watpool, Jeffrey Singh, Madison Dennis, Andrea Matte, Marc Lipkus, Ryan Albert, Andrew Steel, Emily Stern, Michael Miletin, Antonio Raso, Robyn Klages, Jan Friedrich, Orla Smith, Laura Wilson, Deborah Cook, Mark Bailey, Sangeeta Mehta, Stephen Lapinsky, Hannah Mathers, Cheryl Ethier, Stephanie Lubchansky, Samer Haj-Bakri, Dietrich Henzler, Lisa Julien, Luis Soto-Román, Juan Carlos Maurelia, César Antonio Maquilon, Luis Soto-Germani, Bin Du, Yan Kang, Bo Wang, Fachun Zhou, Fang Xu, Haibo Qiu, Yi Yang, Qingyuan Zhan, Bing Sun, Zhenjie Hu, Bin Yu, Xi Zhu, Yu Bai, Gang Li, Yi Li, Geng Zhang, Jianbiao Meng, Xiaobo Huang, Hong Pu, Daxing Yu, Chuanyun Qian, Wei Zhang, Yongjie Yin, Debiao Song, Yunxuan Yue, Zhengxuan Lv, Chengmin Yu, Qunmei Yao, Xue Wang, Yuan Xu, Wei He, Mian Chen, Zhihua Hu, Dongpo Jiang, Jian Huang, Wei Yu, Juanxian Gu, Yangong Chao, Zhixiang Li, Zhicheng Zhang, Wanxia Li, Zhenyang He, Jianguo Li, Chang Liu, Tiehe Qin, Shouhong Wang, Feng Li, Jun Jin, Jianhong Fu, Hongyang Xu, Hongyuan Lin, Jianying Guo, Yalin Liu, Jinghua Wang, Maoqin Li, Jiaqiong Li, Lei Chen, Qing Song, Liang Pan, Xianyao Wan, Jiuzhi Zhang, Weihai Yao, Yuhong Guo, Pang Wing Yan, Kelly Choy, Kwan Ming Chit, Patricia Leung, Chau Chin Man, Marco González, Ricardo Buitrago, Marcela Granados, Guillermo Ortiz, Cesar Enciso, Mario Gómez, Bladimir Alejandro Gil, Juan Pablo Sedano, Luis Fernando Castro Castro, Carlo Alberto Acosta, Marco Gonzalez, Francisco Molina, Camilo Pizarro, Mario Villabon, Carmelo Dueñas, Carlos Andrés Díaz, Nelson Fonseca, Rubén Camargo, Juan David Uribe, Hans-Henrik Bülow, Simona Beniczky, Jens Brushoj, Mikkel Præst, Birgitte Viebaek, Sine Wichman, Anette Mortensen, Susanne Andi Iversen, Bo Broberg, Edgard Luna, Manuel Jibaja, Leonardo Pazmiño, Katty Trelles, Fabricio Picoita, Gustavo Paredes, Vanesa Ramírez, Guillermo Falconí, Cristian Cevallos, Boris Villamagua, Marco Escobar, Freddy Sánchez, Miguel Llano, Miguel Lazcano, Ramiro Puetate, José Miguel Guerrero, Mijail Játiva, Myriam Montalvo, Franklin Villegas, Luis González Zambrano, Ronnie Mantilla, Gina Quinde, Andrea Gimenez, Luis Gonzalez Mosquera, Henry Caballero, María Fernanda García, Marcelo Ochoa, Soraya Puertas, Jackeline Coello, Mario Acosta, Medhat Soliman, Arnaud W Thille, Achille Kouatchet, Alain Mercat, Laurent Brochard, François Collet, Guillaume Marcotte, Pascal Beuret, Jean-Christophe M Richard, Gaëtan Bedunaeu, Pierre-Gildas Guitard, Fabien Soulis, Frédéric Bellec, Philippe Berger, Dorothée Carpentier, Benoit Veber, Salem Ould Zein, Géraldine Dessertaine, C Canevet, Fabien Grelon, Konstantinos Raymondos, Rolf Dembinski, Rolf Rossaint, Steffen Weber-Carstens, Christian Putensen, Maximillian Ragaller, Michael Quintel, Winfried Schubert, Thomas Bein, Heinrich Paulus, Walter Brandt, Lutz Pfeiffer, Silke Frenzel, Thoralf Kerner, P Kruska, Leila Eckholt, Joachim Hartung, Harald Fritz, Monika Holler, Johannes Busch, Andreas Viehöfer, Jens Buettner, Jörn Schlechtweg, Achim Lunkeit, Roland Schneider, Maria Wussow, Nils Marquardt, Christian Frenkel, Falk Hildebrandt, Tumbass Volker, Thomas Lipp, Cezar Mihailescu, Thomas Moellhoff, Thomas Steinke, Oliver Franke, Marcus Ruecker, Markus Schappacher, Steffen Appel, Heinz Kerger, Andreas Schwartz, Jan Dittmann, Jörg Haberkorn, Wolfgang Baier, Walter Seyde, Dimitros Matamis, Eleni Antoniadou, Pertsas Evangelos, Maria Giannakou, Zoltan Szentkereszty, Zsolt Molnar, Pravin Amin, Farhad N Kapadia, Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, Deepak Govil, Anitha Shenoy, Umesh G, Samir Sahu, Sheila Nainan Myatra, Subhash Kumar Todi, Sanjay Dhanuka, Mayur Patel, P Samaddar, Dhruva Chaudhry, Vivek Joshi, Srinivas Samavedam, Ankur Devendra Bhavsar, Prachee Sathe, Sujoy Mukherjee, Salvatore Maurizio Maggiore, Francesco Idone, Federica Antonicelli, Paolo Navalesi, Rosanna Vaschetto, Arianna Boggero, Rosalba Tufano, Michele Iannuzzi, Edoardo De Robertis, Romano Tetamo, Andrea Neville Cracchiolo, Antonio Braschi, Francesco Mojoli, Ilaria 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Jose Angel Baltazar Torres, Gustavo Morales Muñoz, Antonio Villa Delgado, Javier Ladape Martinez, Amine Ali Zeggwagh, Tarek Dendane, Abderrahim Azzouzi, Ahmed Sbihi, Wajdi Maazouzi, Mourad Amor, Charki Haimeur, Michael A Kuiper, Matty Koopmans, Uli Strauch, Dennis Bergmans, Serge Heines, Sylvia den Boer, Bas M Kors, Peter van der Voort, Paul J Dennesen, Bert Beishuizen, Ingrid van den Hul, Erna Alberts, Harry P P M Gelissen, Eduard Bootsma, Auke Reidinga, Kim Heus, Diane Mackle, Paul Young, Rachael Parke, Eileen Gilder, Jodi Brown, Lynette Newby, Catherine Simmonds, Jan Mehrtens, Seton Henderson, Tony Williams, Judi Tai, Chantal Hogan, Mary La Pine, John Durning, Sheree Gare, Troy Browne, Shirley Nelson, Jennifer Goodson, Julio Osorio, Chabu Coronado, Rollin Roldán Mori, Rosa Luz López Martínez, Adam Mikstacki, Barbara Tamowicz, Rui Moreno, Eduardo Almeida, Joana Silvestre, Heloisa Castro, Irene Aragão, Susana Alves Ferreira, Nelson Barros, Filomena Faria, Carlos André Correia Casado, Fausto Fialho Moura, Paulo Marcal, Ricardo Matos, Edward Nicolayenko, Mikhail Kirov, Andrey Yaroshetskiy, Andrei Piontek, Valery Subbotin, Yaseen Arabi, Olivia Dulfo, Chafrina Marie Olay, Edgardo E Tabhan, Nicolas Nin, Alfonso Muñoz, César Aragón, Ana Villagrá, Ainhoa Rosselló, Joan Maria Raurich, María Garitacelaya, Miguel Ángel González-Gallego, Francisco Ortuño, Miguel Fernández-Vivas, David Freire, Francisco Guerrero, Francisco Manzano, Juan Carlos, Alfredo Padrón, Pedro Rosa, Rafael Morales, Liliana Caipe, Maurizio Bottiroli, José María Nicolás, Marta Ugalde, Javier Ruiz, Lucia Capilla, Guillermo Muñiz, Jesús Sánchez-Ruiz, Javier Cebrián, Begoña Balerdi, Elena Parreño, Alvaro van Bommel, César Pérez-Calvo, Irene Dot, Javier Blanco, Raquel Manzanedo, José J Blanco, Daniel Fontaneda, Raúl González, Javier Díaz Domínguez, Alfonso Moreno, Antonio Reyes, Ian Carrasco, Itziar Mintegui, Rosa Sebastián, Javier García-Alonso, Carolina Lorencio, Josep Maria Sirvent, Patricia Jimeno, Miguel León, Pedro Galdos, Nuria Alonso, Julia López-Díaz, María Victoria de la Torre, Jorge Vidal Hernández, Nicolás Zamboschi, Francisco Lucena, Gemma Rialp, Raquel Montoiro, Victoria Goñi, María Ángeles Pena, Antonio Maestre, Marc Fabra, Jacinto Baena, Eva Benveniste, Susana Temprano, Jesús Sánchez, Carmen Campos, Sara Cabañes, María Elena Pérez-Losada, José Claudio Leo, Enrique Piacentini, María Del Carmen de la Torre, Laura Álvarez-Montero, Fernando Sánchez, Antonio Viñuales, Bernabé Álvarez, Javier Castañeda, Ángela Alonso, María Isabel Ruiz, Pedro Jesús Domínguez, Marcos Delgado, Eugenio Palazón, Antonio García-Jiménez, Rosa Álvaro, Clara Laplaza Eva Regidor, Enrique Maraví, José María Quiroga, Amalia Martínez de la Gandara, Cecilia Carbayo, María Luisa Navarrete, Manuel Valledor, Raquel Yano, José María Gutiérrez, Javier González-Robledo, Amparo Ferrandiz, Alberto Belenguer, Lidón Mateu, Laura Sayagues, María José Tolón, Nieves Franco, Elena Gallego, Félix Lacoma, Patricia Albert, 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Yao, Yuhong Guo, Pang Wing Yan, Kelly Choy, Kwan Ming Chit, Patricia Leung, Chau Chin Man, Marco González, Ricardo Buitrago, Marcela Granados, Guillermo Ortiz, Cesar Enciso, Mario Gómez, Bladimir Alejandro Gil, Juan Pablo Sedano, Luis Fernando Castro Castro, Carlo Alberto Acosta, Marco Gonzalez, Francisco Molina, Camilo Pizarro, Mario Villabon, Carmelo Dueñas, Carlos Andrés Díaz, Nelson Fonseca, Rubén Camargo, Juan David Uribe, Hans-Henrik Bülow, Simona Beniczky, Jens Brushoj, Mikkel Præst, Birgitte Viebaek, Sine Wichman, Anette Mortensen, Susanne Andi Iversen, Bo Broberg, Edgard Luna, Manuel Jibaja, Leonardo Pazmiño, Katty Trelles, Fabricio Picoita, Gustavo Paredes, Vanesa Ramírez, Guillermo Falconí, Cristian Cevallos, Boris Villamagua, Marco Escobar, Freddy Sánchez, Miguel Llano, Miguel Lazcano, Ramiro Puetate, José Miguel Guerrero, Mijail Játiva, Myriam Montalvo, Franklin Villegas, Luis González Zambrano, Ronnie Mantilla, Gina Quinde, Andrea Gimenez, Luis Gonzalez Mosquera, Henry Caballero, María Fernanda García, Marcelo Ochoa, Soraya Puertas, Jackeline Coello, Mario Acosta, Medhat Soliman, Arnaud W Thille, Achille Kouatchet, Alain Mercat, Laurent Brochard, François Collet, Guillaume Marcotte, Pascal Beuret, Jean-Christophe M Richard, Gaëtan Bedunaeu, Pierre-Gildas Guitard, Fabien Soulis, Frédéric Bellec, Philippe Berger, Dorothée Carpentier, Benoit Veber, Salem Ould Zein, Géraldine Dessertaine, C Canevet, Fabien Grelon, Konstantinos Raymondos, Rolf Dembinski, Rolf Rossaint, Steffen Weber-Carstens, Christian Putensen, Maximillian Ragaller, Michael Quintel, Winfried Schubert, Thomas Bein, Heinrich Paulus, Walter Brandt, Lutz Pfeiffer, Silke Frenzel, Thoralf Kerner, P Kruska, Leila Eckholt, Joachim Hartung, Harald Fritz, Monika Holler, Johannes Busch, Andreas Viehöfer, Jens Buettner, Jörn Schlechtweg, Achim Lunkeit, Roland Schneider, Maria Wussow, Nils Marquardt, Christian Frenkel, Falk Hildebrandt, Tumbass Volker, Thomas Lipp, Cezar Mihailescu, Thomas Moellhoff, Thomas Steinke, Oliver Franke, Marcus Ruecker, Markus Schappacher, Steffen Appel, Heinz Kerger, Andreas Schwartz, Jan Dittmann, Jörg Haberkorn, Wolfgang Baier, Walter Seyde, Dimitros Matamis, Eleni Antoniadou, Pertsas Evangelos, Maria Giannakou, Zoltan Szentkereszty, Zsolt Molnar, Pravin Amin, Farhad N Kapadia, Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, Deepak Govil, Anitha Shenoy, Umesh G, Samir Sahu, Sheila Nainan Myatra, Subhash Kumar Todi, Sanjay Dhanuka, Mayur Patel, P Samaddar, Dhruva Chaudhry, Vivek Joshi, Srinivas Samavedam, Ankur Devendra Bhavsar, Prachee Sathe, Sujoy Mukherjee, Salvatore Maurizio Maggiore, Francesco Idone, Federica Antonicelli, Paolo Navalesi, Rosanna Vaschetto, Arianna Boggero, Rosalba Tufano, Michele Iannuzzi, Edoardo De Robertis, Romano Tetamo, Andrea Neville Cracchiolo, Antonio Braschi, Francesco Mojoli, Ilaria Curro', Mirko Belliato, Chiara Verga, Marta Ferrari, Erika Mannelli, Valerio Mangani, Giorgio Tulli, Francesca Frigieri, Armando Pedulla', Monica Rocco, Giorgia Citterio, Di Russo, Gaetano Perchiazzi, Loredana Pitagora, Antonio Pesenti, Michela Bombino, Davide Chiumello, Federica Tallarini, Serena Azzari, Antonina Pigna, Ivano Aprile, Marco Adversi, Antonio Corcione, Marianna Esposito, Annunziata Mattei, Vito Marco Ranieri, Rosario Urbino, Ilaria Maria Mastromauro, Antonino Giarratano, Maurizio Raineri Santi, Ambrogio Sansone, Younsuck Koh, Moo Suk Park, Je Hyeong Kim, Kyung Chan Kim, Hye Sook Choi, Yun Seong Kim, Jin Hwa Lee, Myung-Goo Lee, Won-Yeon Lee, Jin Young An, Gee Young Suh, Ki-Suck Jung, Asisclo J Villagómez Ortiz, César Cruz Lozano, Zalatiel Maycotte Luna, José Francisco López Baca, José Elizalde, Guillermo Cueto Robledo, Mario Alonso Treviño Salinas, Ricardo Martinez Zubieta, Claudia Olvera-Guzman, Marco Montes De Oca, Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva, José Salvador Martínez Cano, Jose Angel Baltazar Torres, Gustavo Morales Muñoz, Antonio Villa Delgado, Javier Ladape Martinez, Amine Ali Zeggwagh, Tarek Dendane, Abderrahim Azzouzi, Ahmed Sbihi, Wajdi Maazouzi, Mourad Amor, Charki Haimeur, Michael A Kuiper, Matty Koopmans, Uli Strauch, Dennis Bergmans, Serge Heines, Sylvia den Boer, Bas M Kors, Peter van der Voort, Paul J Dennesen, Bert Beishuizen, Ingrid van den Hul, Erna Alberts, Harry P P M Gelissen, Eduard Bootsma, Auke Reidinga, Jasmin Board, Andrew Davies, Kim Heus, Diane Mackle, Paul Young, Rachael Parke, Eileen Gilder, Jodi Brown, Lynette Newby, Catherine Simmonds, Jan Mehrtens, Seton Henderson, Tony Williams, Judi Tai, Chantal Hogan, Mary La Pine, John Durning, Sheree Gare, Troy Browne, Shirley Nelson, Jennifer Goodson, Julio Osorio, Chabu Coronado, Rollin Roldán Mori, Rosa Luz López Martínez, Adam Mikstacki, Barbara Tamowicz, Rui Moreno, Eduardo Almeida, Joana Silvestre, Heloisa Castro, Irene Aragão, Susana Alves Ferreira, Nelson Barros, Filomena Faria, Carlos André Correia Casado, Fausto Fialho Moura, Paulo Marcal, Ricardo Matos, Edward Nicolayenko, Mikhail Kirov, Andrey Yaroshetskiy, Andrei Piontek, Valery Subbotin, Yaseen Arabi, Olivia Dulfo, Chafrina Marie Olay, Edgardo E Tabhan, Nicolas Nin, Alfonso Muñoz, César Aragón, Ana Villagrá, Ainhoa Rosselló, Joan Maria Raurich, María Garitacelaya, Miguel Ángel González-Gallego, Francisco Ortuño, Miguel Fernández-Vivas, David Freire, Francisco Guerrero, Francisco Manzano, Juan Carlos, Alfredo Padrón, Pedro Rosa, Rafael Morales, Liliana Caipe, Maurizio Bottiroli, José María Nicolás, Marta Ugalde, Javier Ruiz, Lucia Capilla, Guillermo Muñiz, Jesús Sánchez-Ruiz, Javier Cebrián, Begoña Balerdi, Elena Parreño, Alvaro van Bommel, César Pérez-Calvo, Irene Dot, Javier Blanco, Raquel Manzanedo, José J Blanco, Daniel Fontaneda, Raúl González, Javier Díaz Domínguez, Alfonso Moreno, Antonio Reyes, Ian Carrasco, Itziar Mintegui, Rosa Sebastián, Javier García-Alonso, Carolina Lorencio, Josep Maria Sirvent, Patricia Jimeno, Miguel León, Pedro Galdos, Nuria Alonso, Julia López-Díaz, María Victoria de la Torre, Jorge Vidal Hernández, Nicolás Zamboschi, Francisco Lucena, Gemma Rialp, Raquel Montoiro, Victoria Goñi, María Ángeles Pena, Antonio Maestre, Marc Fabra, Jacinto Baena, Eva Benveniste, Susana Temprano, Jesús Sánchez, Carmen Campos, Sara Cabañes, María Elena Pérez-Losada, José Claudio Leo, Enrique Piacentini, María Del Carmen de la Torre, Laura Álvarez-Montero, Fernando Sánchez, Antonio Viñuales, Bernabé Álvarez, Javier Castañeda, Ángela Alonso, María Isabel Ruiz, Pedro Jesús Domínguez, Marcos Delgado, Eugenio Palazón, Antonio García-Jiménez, Rosa Álvaro, Clara Laplaza Eva Regidor, Enrique Maraví, José María Quiroga, Amalia Martínez de la Gandara, Cecilia Carbayo, María Luisa Navarrete, Manuel Valledor, Raquel Yano, José María Gutiérrez, Javier González-Robledo, Amparo Ferrandiz, Alberto Belenguer, Lidón Mateu, Laura Sayagues, María José Tolón, Nieves Franco, Elena Gallego, Félix Lacoma, Patricia Albert, Vicente Arraez, Mar Gobernado, Susana Moradillo, Carolina Gímenez-Esparza, Teresa Sánchez de Dios, Carlos Marian Crespo, Cecilia Hermosa, Federico Gordo, Genis Carrasco, María Ángeles Alonso, Alejandro Algora, Raúl de Pablo, Sofía García, Ana Carolina Caballero, José María Montón, Teresa Mut, Eva Manteiga, Alejandro de la Serna, Ana Esther Trujillo, Rafael Blancas, Inmaculada Vallverdú, José Manuel Serrano, Miquel Ferrer, Juan Diego Jiménez, Carlos Gallego, Dolores Vila, Luis Marina, Valentín Parra, Juan Ramón Cortés, Chen Chin-Ming, Ai-Chin Cheng, Fekri Abroug, Besbes Mohamed, Imed Chouchene, Mounir Bouaziz, Stambouli Neji, Islem Ouanes, Ayed Samia, Nahit Cakar, Ismail Kati, Ali Aydım Altunkan, Remzi Iscimen, Zafer Dogan, Bilge Çetin, Tayfun Adanir, Sabriye Guvenc, Unase Büyükkoçak, Antonio Anzueto, Ashley Ellis, Gary Kinasewitz, Allan Walkey, Phil Alkana, Gregory A Schmidt, Susan Gillen, Kathleen Lilli, Jennifer Twombley, Denice Wells, Larry Welder, Alejandro Arroliga, Alfredo Vasquez-Sandoval, Vincent John Scott, Craig Cernosek, Christopher Spradley, Dimple Tejwani, Sindhaghatta Venkatram, Gilda Diaz-Fuentes, Amber Monson, Anthony Saleh, Madhav Gudi, George Liziamma, Mohamed A Saad, Crissie De Spirito, Bryan Beatty, Samir Vermani, Crissie Despirito, Zaza Cohen, Amee Patrawalla, Samir Abdelhadi, Rupesh Vakil, Steven Y Chang, Brian Sherman, Rosanna Del Giudice, John Oropell, Timothy D Girard, Cayce Strength, Joyce Okahashi, Leanne Boehm, Matthew Kirchner, Ashley Ellis, Gary Kinasewitz, Erwin J Oei, Sebastian Circo, Nelson Medina, Mohammed Al-Jagbeer, V J Cardenas Jr, Smyth Smith, Shelby Sutton, Marcela Canola-Mazo, Tim Houlihan, Yogeet Kaur, Travis Parry, Craig A Piquette, Kerry Canady, Rahul Nanchal, Dana K Soetaert, Maria Del Mar Torres-Perez, Carlos Robles-Arias, William Rodriguez-Cintron, Mark Tidswell, Jennifer Germain, Lori-Ann Kozikowski, Erin Braden, Geneva Tatem, Javier Hurtado, Alberto Deicas, Daniel Weiss, Marta Beron, Román Garrido, Cristina Santos, Mario Cancela, Raúl Lombardi, Pedro Alzugaray, Jorge Gerez, Silvia Mareque, Graciela Franca, Oscar Cluzet, Edgardo Nuñez, Julio Pontet, Sergio Cáceres, Elias Caragna, Alberto Soler, Frank Torres, Gastón Pittini, Gabriel D Empaire, Stevens Salva, Fernando Pérez, Clara Pacheco, Zoraida Parra, Ingrid Von der Osten, Luis Williams, José Salinas, Do Danh Quynh, Pham Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Huu Hoang, Nghuyen Ba Tuan

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_treatment, pulmonary complications, RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS-SYNDROME, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, CASE-FATALITY, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Hospital Mortality, Prospective Studies, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, Stroke, POPULATION, Age Factors, ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, Middle Aged, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Intensive Care Units, Observational Studies as Topic, Anesthesia, Breathing, Female, medicine.symptom, Ventilator Weaning, Cohort study, Adult, TRAUMATIC BRAIN-INJURY, Pressure support ventilation, mechanical ventilation, prognosis factors, ACUTE LUNG INJURY, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Humans, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Mechanical ventilation, Noninvasive Ventilation, business.industry, MORTALITY, neurologic patients, Organ dysfunction, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Length of Stay, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Respiration, Artificial, 030228 respiratory system, Etiology, NEUROCRITICAL CARE, Nervous System Diseases, Tracheotomy, business
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease.

Published
2021

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