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Recognising materials and their properties from visual information is vital for successful interactions with our environment, from avoiding slippery floors to handling fragile objects. Yet there is no simple mapping of retinal image intensities to the physical properties that define materials. While studies have investigated how material properties like surface gloss are perceived from regularities in image structure, such as the size, sharpness, contrast, and position of bright patches caused by specular reflections, little is known how this translates to the recognition of different material classes like plastic, pearl, satin, or steel, and the underlying mechanisms involved. We investigated this by collecting human psychophysical judgments about complex glossy objects rendered in natural illumination fields. We found that variations in specular image structure – produced either by different reflectance properties or direct manipulation of image features – caused categorical shifts in material appearance, suggesting that specular reflections provide diagnostic information about a wide range of material classes, including many that should be defined by more complex scattering functions. Moreover, differences in material category were predicted by, but also appeared to mediate, cues for surface gloss, providing evidence against a traditional feedforward view of neural processing that assumes combinations of mid-level properties mediate our holistic, categorical impressions. Instead, our results suggest that the image structure that triggers our perception of surface gloss plays a direct role in visual categorisation and, importantly, that the perception and neural processing of stimulus properties should not be studied in isolation but rather in the context of recognition.

Luster for a fiber/fabric system is a phenomenon to the reflectance of incident light to the surface, addressed as its shine or gloss. Presently, objective evaluation of the shine for straight hair...

The color gamut of imaging media is significant for the reproduction of color images because its magnitude directly affects the degree to which colors change during the printing process. Over the last few years, digital impression technology has started to play a substantial role in the printing industry due to the quest for short runs and variable information printing. The color gamut of electrophotographic digital printing depends on various parameters including the printer and toner, but especially the properties (whiteness, roughness, and gloss) of the paper, which influence the final printed color gamut and replication quality. Artificial intelligence approaches are applied herein for the first time to choose and predict the performance of a paper with appropriate properties to achieve the maximum color gamut. A genetic algorithm-based computer code is developed to optimize the architecture of an artificial neural network, thereby yielding an accurate model to predict the color gamut achievable in electrophotographic color printing. The gamut volume was generated using an Eye-One spectrophotometer, ProfileMaker, and ColorThink software. The properties of 11 dissimilar types of paper were assessed by atomic force microscopy, spectrophotometer, and goniophotometer. The results indicate that the reproducibility depended considerably on the features of the paper. Although high whiteness and gloss increased the color gamut volume, and high roughness decreased the reproducibility of the printing machine, the artificial intelligence approach provided the opportunity to achieve a high gamut volume with low gloss and high roughness.

Dylan Thomas’s poems have frequently been subjected to critical glosses which treat his poems almost like puzzles to be solved, or codes to be deciphered. This is a method of reading, however, whic...

This paper analyses the relativisation patterns in the Northumbrian Old English gloss to St. Mark's gospel, composed by the scribe Owun. Its analysis leads to the conclusion that in this corpus seþ...

According to the glossed judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of November 7, 2018, file ref. Act I FSK 1692/16 compensation for the provided transport services in public transport buses should not be subject to VAT. The article focuses primarily on whether the Supreme Administrative Court rightly recognized them as subsidies similar to donation and subsidy referred to in the VAT Act. In connection with the above, the gloss presents the meaning of donation and subsidy under Polish and EU law. The final conclusion is that compensations involving a reasonable profit cannot be included in a surcharge of a similar nature to the above-mentioned measures, as they are a form of payment and therefore should be subject to VAT. In the remaining scope, however, the position of the Supreme Administrative Court should be shared, taking into account the broad definition of subsidies/subsidies found in EU law.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of different finishing and polishing (F/P) systems on gloss and surface morphology of a new nanocomposite. Thirty discs of Filtek Universal Restorative material (3 M, ESPE) were prepared and divided into six groups (n = 5). Group A and B followed F/P protocols for anterior restorations, whereas Group C and D for posterior ones. Group E represented the control (covered by Mylar strip) and Group F represented the nanocomposite placement by means of clinical hand instruments; Groups E and F did not undergo F/P procedures. Among the polished groups, Group B showed the highest values (68.54 ± 7.54 GU), followed by Group A and D (46.87 ± 5.52 GU; 53.76 ± 2.65 GU). Finally, Group C (37.38 ± 4.93 GU) displayed the lowest results. Overall, Group E showed the highest gloss values (93.45 ± 8.27 GU), while Group F presented the lowest ones (1.74 ± 0.64 GU). Surface analysis revealed that Group A, C, and D displayed a smooth surface. Group B showed the lowest irregularities. Group E exhibited the most uniform superficial morphology. On the other hand, Group F displayed the most irregular one. In conclusion, using the tested material, only two protocols achieved appropriate gloss values. Then, clinicians might use the protocols of Group B and Group D, for anterior and posterior restorations, respectively.

Reflectance, lighting and geometry combine in complex ways to create images. How do we disentangle these to perceive individual properties, such as surface glossiness? We suggest that brains disentangle properties by learning to model statistical structure in proximal images. To test this hypothesis, we trained unsupervised generative neural networks on renderings of glossy surfaces and compared their representations with human gloss judgements. The networks spontaneously cluster images according to distal properties such as reflectance and illumination, despite receiving no explicit information about these properties. Intriguingly, the resulting representations also predict the specific patterns of ‘successes’ and ‘errors’ in human perception. Linearly decoding specular reflectance from the model’s internal code predicts human gloss perception better than ground truth, supervised networks or control models, and it predicts, on an image-by-image basis, illusions of gloss perception caused by interactions between material, shape and lighting. Unsupervised learning may underlie many perceptual dimensions in vision and beyond., Storrs et al. train unsupervised generative neural networks on glossy surfaces and show how gloss perception in humans may emerge in an unsupervised fashion from learning to model statistical structure.

Nanostructure-induced structural coloration and bio-invisibility are important for camouflaging as it displays color and can be tuned and imparted in a more environmentally friendly manner. However, even though many new camouflage fabrics and technologies are invented, there is a lack of numerical electromagnetic and optical approaches to analyze the phenomenon of light scattering of camouflaging materials from nanostructures. In this study, we built and presented a successful simulation of physical coloration caused by multilayer membrane interference. We created this model based on surfactant-like cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) that tightly stacked into photon-active microstructure and surface topology for light reflection, thus affecting the film gloss. Incident light coming at a defined wavelength or angle was studied. The effects of film height, high microstructure, and curvature on the optical properties of ITO/PET substrates were investigated. These showed the coloration is highly dependent on the nanostructure’s characteristics. This study provides a general prediction model to deal with optical multilayer systems where interference plays a vital role in optical camouflaging, etc.

Plasma electrolytic polishing (PeP) is an innovative technology used to obtain metal surfaces with low roughness and a high gloss. Its advantages, which include high efficiency, no structural selectivity, and low pollution, have recently attracted much attention. PeP is widely used in aerospace, biomedical, precision instrumentation, and 3C electronics industries. This paper primarily aims to introduce basic principles of PeP technology from both the macro- and micro-mechanism viewpoints. Accordingly, the typical characteristics and phenomena of the polishing process are summarized. The primary control parameters which affect the surface quality and material removal rate are discussed in detail. These include treatment time, electrolyte, electrical source, and voltage. Furthermore, the electrolyte jet polishing methods applicable to parts with various geometries are also analyzed. Finally, the PeP surface treatment of selected difficult-to-finish materials is reviewed, followed by the authors’ insights into the prospects of PeP technology. This review can serve as a suitable and effective guide for researchers to understand the PeP technology systematically.

The Qur'an commentary Anwār al-tanzīl of al-Bayḍāwī (d. 719/1319) was one of the most important works of the Islamic religious tradition. As a universally adopted Sunni text for teaching tafsīr, it was ubiquitous, read even in Safavid Iran. This was a work used by all Sunni schools, and as such was beyond the legal divisions of madhāhib. The history of this work is, however, uncharted. This article follows the trajectory of this work and traces the history of its rise to predominance, when and why it was adopted, and how the new significance it gained after the ninth/fifteenth century was projected back to the period it was written. It explores how the Anwār replaced al-Zamakhsharī's (d. 538/1144) al-Kashshāf in scholarly circles in Cairo before going on to gain universalised authority in the Ottoman realms. Following this, I address the deep-rooted connections that existed between the scholars of Cairo and Istanbul, and how late Mamluk developments in Cairo came to full fruition in Istanbul. The eclipse of the Anwār by the Qur'an commentary of Ibn Kathīr (d. 774/1372) in the twentieth century is also outlined, and a list of the published glosses of Anwār is supplied in an appendix.

The commented judgment is a fundamental source of information on the protection of consumer rights and interests from the point of view of actions taken by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, as well as the courts. The essence of the issued ruling focuses not only on the proper procedure implementing the assumptions of consumer protection policy, but also refers to key concepts for consumers. In particular, to the concept of an average consumer model or the public interest in the process of consumer protection. The Court of Competition and Consumer Protection, following the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, also made significant considerations on the significance of the judgment issued as a result of the abstract control of contract templates.

One of the most characteristic features of the grammar of the Lindisfarne Gospel gloss is the absence of the etymological -e inflection in the dative singular in the paradigm of the strong masculine and neuter declension (a-stems). Ross (1960: 38) already noted that endingless forms of the nominative/accusative cases were quite frequent in contexts where a dative singular in -e would be expected, to the extent that he labeled the forms in -e ‘rudimentary dative.’ The aim of this article is to assess to what extent the dative singular is still found as a separate case in the paradigms of the masculine and neuter a-stems and root nouns. To this end a quantitative/statistical analysis of nouns belonging to these classes has been carried out in contexts where the Latin lemma is either accusative or dative. We have tried to determine whether variables such as syntactic context, noun class, and frequency condition the presence or absence of the -e inflection, and whether the distribution of the inflected and uninflected forms is different in the various demarcations that have been identified in the gloss. The data have been retrieved using the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. All tokens have been checked against the facsimile edition and the digitised manuscript in order to detect possible errors.

The quality of ink-jet printing depends to a large extent on the technical characteristics of the selected equipment and the surface properties of the printed substrates. It is known that for digital printing it is necessary to use expensive paper with a special coating that determines the degree of gloss of the surface. Therefore, ordinary offset papers before ink-jet printing are covered with primers that ensure good fixation of pigment ink or dye on paper, a wide field of color coverage, characteristic gloss, which generally contribute to high quality of imprints. As you can see, the type of the substrate and the state of its surface has a very great influence on the quality of the imprints. Result of the research, it has been confirmed that not only expensive paper of a special purpose can be used for a drop ink-jet digital printing. High-quality color imprints can also be obtained on ordinary offset and coated paper, coated before printing with special primers based on interpolymeric complexes of polyvinyl alcohol, which will provide sufficient optical density, contrast of images, and expand the possibilities of digital ink-jet printing.

In order to clean varnishes used as final protective layers in paintings and polychromed sculptures,organic solvents often associated with high toxicity, have traditionally been used that pose a risk to the original materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop cleaning methods that use substances that are as innocuous as possible for the artwork and the restorers themselves. Water-based cleaning systems have been put forward in recent years, usually accompanied by surfactants, which under certain circumstances can provide significant benefits. We are presenting this work along these lines, proposing a model for studying response surfaces that analyses the performance in cleaning and removing varnish from artworks using various cleaning formulas comprised mainly of water and a low-toxicity monoterpene: limonene. Their level of effectiveness has been evaluated using the software for statistical design and optimization of experiments, MODDE GO®. The study shows the model's statistical validity and its ability to simulate a multitude of cleaning scenarios in silico and to determine the main factors that affect the cleaning, evaluated via the responses according to: chemical composition, expert opinion using visible light, expert opinion using ultraviolet light, variation in color and percentage variation of lightness and gloss.

Purpose: Lip plumpers are cosmetic agents for producing a temporary increase in lip volume. The topical action of lip plumpers has been rarely discussed in the dermatology literature. This study was conducted to assess the volumizing effect of lip cosmetic products. Methods: We prepared the three different lip glosses: the control (base lip gloss), sample A (2% Zingiber officinale root oil), and sample B (2% Punica granatum flower extract). To assess their efficacy, 30 Korean female subjects (age range 30–49 years) with no negative clinical history of lip conditions were recruited. The impressions of lips were prepared at 0 min, 30 min, and 3 weeks after applying the lip gloss. Scanning electron microscopy was used to scan the impressions. The volume changes in the impressions were assessed by 3D image analysis software. Results: For sample A, the intensity of wrinkles on the lip was decreased at 30 minutes after application, and the volumizing effect was seen at the same time. Both results were statistically significant. However, there was no statistically significant difference in wrinkle relief and volumizing effect 3 weeks later, as compared to the baseline. On the other hand, sample B both decreased wrinkle intensity and showed volumizing effects at 30 min that persisted 3 weeks later. Also, the wrinkle grade was measured by the experts. Conclusion: In conclusion, the sample containing the Punica granatum flower extract had long-term effects in relieving wrinkles and increasing the volume of the lips. These results support the possibility of developing functional cosmetics using Punica granatum flower extract.

Lighting computation requires photometry data that are not always available. Lacking photometry data limits lighting study to in situ measurement, luminaire measurement or use of similar luminaire photometry. This is not satisfactory, neither for convenience nor cost and accuracy reasons. Fitting the spatial distribution of luminaire efficiency to their description would allow lighting computations in this kind of situation. An efficiency spatial distribution model is proposed for grid and louvre tube luminaires, taking optic width, louvre between-axis and gloss as parameters. It is constructed over 12 measured efficiency spatial distributions and the corresponding luminaire descriptors. Even if optic and louvre gloss cannot be differentiated, this model fits to measurements and allows for computed irradiance close to experiments within −5% to +19%. In addition, luminaire descriptors can freely vary inside their experimental range and even be extrapolated.

High-translucency restorative materials are commonly used in the restoration of anterior teeth where aesthetics is a critical factor. In this in vitro study, the impact of mouthwash on the colour stability and surface characteristics of high-translucency computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dental restorative materials was evaluated. Two-hundred specimens were fabricated from five high-translucency CAD-CAM materials: a resin nano ceramic; a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network; a feldspathic ceramic; a lithium disilicate glass ceramic; and high-translucency zirconia. Each group of ceramic specimens was then divided into four subgroups: conventional mouthwash (LISTERINE); whitening mouthwash (LISTERINE Healthy White); chlorhexidine gluconate; and distilled water. Oral rinsing was simulated at 100 rpm for 180 h, representing 15 yr of clinical simulation. The specimens were then evaluated for colour, translucency, gloss, roughness, and surface morphology. Two-way ANOVA and linear mixed models were used for intergroup comparisons (α = 0.05). The polymer-infiltrated ceramic network and feldspathic ceramic became brighter, more opaque, less glossy, and rougher after rinsing with the whitening mouthwash. The long-term use of specific mouthwashes can cause deterioration of the optical and surface properties of high-translucency CAD-CAM dental restorations.

An important feature in dentistry is teeth gloss. During an intervention, the doctor applies a resin and a polishing to achieve the lowest roughness and the highest gloss possible. This work aims to evaluate the effect of four polishing protocols in teeth surface roughness and gloss when combined with two different resins and eventually indicate the best combination (treatment). An atomic force microscope is used for measuring the in vitro roughness of a dental surface surrogate. We consider a shared parameters approach for linking the information carried by those two correlated variables. The model fitted to the gloss considers some features of the roughness, namely the information conveyed by a set of spatial structured random effects, specific to each treatment, and the within treatment variance, which allows interpreting how the heterogeneity and the variability of the surface roughness impacts a tooth gloss. The statistical model here developed is an alternative to the “traditional” two-way ANOVA used in dentistry journals. The results, using the recent R-NIMBLE package in R, show that variability characteristics of the surface's roughness are central for explaining differences among the gloss achieved after each treatment and not just the mean roughness of that surface.

The majority of angiosperms have flowers with conical epidermal cells, which are assumed to have various functions, such as enhancing the visual signal to pollinators, but detailed optical studies on how conical epidermal cells determine the flower's visual appearance are scarce. Here we report that conical epidermal cells of Mandevilla sanderi flowers effectively reduce surface gloss and create a velvety appearance. Owing to the reduction in surface gloss, the flower further makes more efficient use of floral pigments and light scattering structures inside the flower. The interior backscattering yields a cosine angular dependence of reflected light, meaning that the flowers approximate near-perfect (Lambertian) diffusers, creating a visual signal that is visible across a wide angular space. Together with the large flowers and the tilted corolla tips, this generates a distinct visual pattern, which may enhance the visibility to pollinators.

The aim of this study was to propose a method to assess images of the tongue captured using a polarized light camera for diagnostic use in Kampo medicine. Glossy and non-glossy images of the tongue were captured simultaneously using a polarizing camera and a polarizing plate. Data augmentation was performed by modulating the color and gloss, resulting in an increase in the number of images from 11 to 275. To create a data set, the values for which diseases were evaluated by Kampo doctors for all tongue images were taken as the correct values and combined with the features extracted from the tongue images. Using this data set, we constructed a diagnostic support module to evaluate diseases. The resulting mean absolute error of the assessment was 0.44 for qi deficiency, 0.42 for blood deficiency, 0.33 for blood stagnation, 0.36 for yin deficiency, and 0.55 for fluid stagnation, suggesting that the diagnostic assistance module was accurate, and our proposed learning and data augmentation methods were effective.

The aim of this study was to compare the surface roughness and gloss of polymer-infiltrated ceramics after simulated in vitro toothbrushing in different storage mediums. Four polymer- infiltrated ceramics were evaluated, Lava ultimate (LU), Vita enamic (EN), Shofu (SH), and Crystal ultra (CU). The control group was a feldspathic ceramic, Vita Mark II (VM). One hundred and twenty specimens (12 × 14 × 2.5 mm) were prepared using a precision saw. For each material (n = 24), the specimens were allocated into two groups, polished and stained. The specimens of each group were stored (for 7 days) in either citric acid (0.2N) or distilled water. Data for surface gloss (ΔE*SCE-SCI) and roughness (Ra) were evaluated before (baseline) and after simulated toothbrushing. For toothbrushing simulation, a toothpaste slurry containing a toothpaste of 100 relative dentin abrasion (RDA) and 0.3 ml distilled water was used for 3650 cycles (7300 strokes) for each specimen. Data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. A p-value of ≤ to 0.05 was considered significant. The highest mean value of surface gloss was identified in CU (stained—water) (4.3 (0.47)) (ΔE*) and EN (stained—acid) (4.3 (1.00)) (ΔE*) specimens, whereas the lowest mean value was shown by SH (stained—acid) (2.04 (0.42)) (ΔE*) samples. The highest mean value of surface roughness was observed in SH (0.40 (0.99)) Ra (stained—acid) whereas the lowest in VM (0.13 (0.039)) Ra (polished— water). A significant difference (p &lt, 0.05) was observed in surface roughness and gloss between the materials with simulated toothbrushing, except in VM and LU, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that simulated toothbrushing impacts on surface roughness and gloss, irrespective of the storage medium.

The glossiness of porcelain tiles is a highly appreciated feature by its consumers and so it became a crucial aspect on the quality control of this product. The polishing process, which enhance the porcelain tile with the glossiness effect, is a complex process regarding the individual gloss values of each region of the tile and the glossiness final pattern. Due to this complexity, the use of artificial neural networks is a promising tool to build a regression model of glossiness prediction. This paper presents the performance of eight neural networks designed to predict glossiness in a specific point of the tile’s surface. Each model has different inputs and so the aim of this work is to quantify the influence of the inputs on the performance metric of the neural network. The identified input parameters which had the highest influence on the gloss value were the number of abrasive contacts, average scratching speed and standard deviation of scratching direction. This study also intends to provide scientific basis to future works on employing neural networks to predict glossiness of porcelain tile after the polishing process.

In the gloss to the judgment of 24 April 2018, V CSK 305/17, the author welcomed the Supreme Court’s position about the permissibility of a clause in the vehicle accident and insurance contract whereby the vehicle value calculated by the insurer upon the conclusion of the contract shall be the basis to determine compensation in the case of total loss (Article 8241 para. 1 of the Polish Civil Code).

This paper describes the technology for recording surface wave signals and sea level fluctuations in the coastal areas of the World Ocean based on real-time analysis of the surveillance camera “live video” presented on the Internet. A wave signal obtained by the method described in Crotone Port (Italy) is compared with the data from a nearby station of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS). This example demonstrates the high recording quality of the seiche oscillation system in the port with periods from 40 to 2 min, which is comparable to GLOSS. In addition, in contrast to the GLOSS stations, signals obtained through video contain responses of even shorter period (up to tens of seconds) seiches, swell waves, wind, and ship waves.

A well-known exception to Grimm’s Law, /kʷ/ > /f/ instead of /kʷ/ > /hʷ/, is taken as a starting point and its reflexes in Middle Dutch and Sal-Frankic are discussed. As to the PIE root *leikʷ-, MD and MLG līf- in the compounds līfeigen ‘owned by the fief’, līftuht ‘feudal law’, and līfcōp ‘feudal transaction fee’ is identified as derived from this root under a regular sound change, which is coined Uhlenbeck’s Law. Uhlenbeck’s Law acts as a resolution of a pansyllabic constraint, not a constraint on roots. As to Sal-Frankic, the new etymology of SF leo- ‘related to the tenements’’, and by extention ‘agricultural’, sheds new light on the structure of the Lex Salica. It is argued that the tripartite manorial system of land tenure has reflexes in juridical terminology of this archaic legal document.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the alteration of the optical properties of bulk Fill resin-based composites after 2 years of simulated toothbrushing. Three high-viscosity bulk fill resin composites and one conventional sculptable resin composite (control) were analyzed. Five specimens of each resin composite were prepared, and roughness, color, translucency and gloss were evaluated initially and after one and two years of simulated toothbrushing. The specimens were submitted to electric simulated toothbrushing (14600 strokes/100g) using a commercially available toothbrush with soft fibers and toothpaste slurry in a proportion of 1:2 by weight. The brushing scheme was of 40 cycles per day (2 cycles per second / 280 cycles in a week). The optical properties and the roughness data were analyzed by a multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test. The baseline and final values of Ra and Sa were submitted to linear regression analyses, all of which were performed at a significance level of p=0.05. Gloss and roughness presented statistical differences between the resin-time interactions in all composite resins. The gloss (72.5%) and roughness (89.4%) worsened significantly after brushing, but the authors didn’t find statistically significant differences when evaluating translucency and color. Based in the results, it could be concluded that the simulated brushing degraded the brightness and roughness of the used high-viscosity bulk fill composites.

In this study, we analyzed color changed by wetness in various areas on palm to clarify the influence of highlights. To improve the accuracy of emotion estimation, it is necessary to suggest other modalities combined with the conventional modalities. Therefore, we focused on emotional sweating, which is reliable modality of contact methods but not used in non-contact methods. We analyzed the color change in images containing a few highlights to clarify the influence of sharp highlights because the highlights can be noise for the analysis of internal reflection change by getting wet. The sharp highlight means the bright pixels in images of gloss material. We also analyzed areas separated from pixels representing sharp highlights to unveil the influence of the sharp highlights. As a result, we found that sharp highlights have a little influence on the analysis and better detection can be performed on pixels not containing sharp highlight area.

Calibration of color vision system is one of the important factors to ensure measurement accuracy and to minimize error. In the present work, RGB cube calibration method was developed and evaluated. The method suggests a basis of selecting different color shades for calibration and gives insight on development of customized calibration charts. Four types of calibration charts (Macbeth gloss, Macbeth matt, Color cube gloss and Color cube matt) were evaluated and effect on color measurement of mozzarella cheese was studied. CIE L*a*b* color values were determined using commercial color spectrophotometer. The colorimetric values and CIE L*a*b* values of color vision system were further used for regression analysis. Color difference (ΔE) values of less than five were observed for all the four types of calibration charts. ΔE value of Color cube gloss calibration chart was lower than other calibration charts indicating better color measurement accuracy. The calibrated color vision system was successfully used for color measurement of mozzarella cheese.

3D printing is an innovative technology that allows for rapid prototyping of designs and models. The use of different printing methods and materials used allows the creation of both functional objects of real size and scale models. These features make 3D printing its application in virtually all fields of science and industry, allowing for faster design while reducing costs, compared to traditional prototyping techniques. Incremental methods enable quick and economical creation of conceptual and functional models of prototypes composed of several components. There are many methods of FDM, CJP, SLA, SLS, DLP, MJM, DMS. On the basis of the printout, you can create a model that does not differ in appearance from the mass produced. Through this technique, you can create metallized, rubberized, transparent surfaces, brought to an ideal gloss or matt, also having different colors depending on the material used (filament), the material from which the model is made. This article presents the application of printed elements using the FDM method in a research stand for PIV measurements.

The optical perception of high precision, fine grinded surfaces plays a major role, especially in various consumer goods. The very complex manufacturing process of cutlery consists of a variety of parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, grinding disc, cutting fluid, contact force or process time. The change of a parameter setting has a direct effect on the surface topography. Therefore, a standardized and optimized configuration of process parameters enables a desired quality of a product. In this study, the image analysis of the fine grinded surface is performed. For this reason, a customized test rig is designed in the first step. Here, constant boundary conditions such as defined light, specified camera settings, and a fixation ensuring the proper positioning of the samples are considered and determined for the further, computational analysis. The gathered image material serves as the training data for the machine learning analysis. The image of each grinded sample is analyzed concerning the measured roughness (Ra and Rz) and gloss value subjected to the corresponding production parameters based on Computer Vision (CV) techniques. Above all, Neural Networks as well as inductive methods are used for the image analysis. Additionally, the color data (L*a*b color space) is extracted using CV and serves as additional information for the further analysis. The application of the methodology is shown within the real case study.

Background The ITA° is the gold standard for skin tone classification. Different skin tones are often associated with different skin characteristics and issues. Different skin types are often associated with different skin characteristics and issues in China. Aims To study the population's skin color distribution and accompanying skin problems according to the ITA° classification standard. Methods A total of 1092 women aged 22-42 years were recruited in 7 cities in China. All biophysical parameter measurements (SM, CM, TWEL, pH, R2, GLOSS_DSCT, MEXA, ERYTH, ITA°; 9 indexes total) were quantified with noninvasive instruments. All volunteers provided consent before enrollment. Result The main skin color categories were light (II), very light (I), intermediate (III), and tan (IV). The results demonstrated that the characteristics of the facial skin based on the ITA° were significantly different among cities and age groups and were associated with different skin issues. Conclusions Lighter skin was associated with worse skin elasticity; intermediate skin was associated with worse skin hydration content and was most prone to being oily; and darker skin was associated with poor barrier function. Established principal component regression (PCR) indicated that pH, gloss GLOSS_DSC, MEXA, ERYTH, TEWL, and SM had significant effects on the ITA°.

Due to the high efficiency, flexible moving trajectory and good controllability, laser surface treatment is a modification method used for wood materials, which could be applied to change the wood properties of color, wettability, surface roughness, etc. These surface properties directly affect the wood products coating performance, such as coating adhesion and surface gloss. To reveal the width of the heat-affected zone under laser treatment with different laser parameter combinations, the width of color change area (WCCA) during a single irradiation was measured. The laser power, feed speed and focus plane position were chosen as input parameters. The response surface methodology was selected to arrange the experiments, analyze the influences of laser parameters on WCCA and establish a relationship between laser parameters and WCCA. The results showed that the laser power and focus plane position had significant influences on WCCA. The values of WCCA increased with increased laser power and focus plane position within certain limit. The quadratic model for establishing the relationship between laser parameters and WCCA was significant. The value of correlation coefficient (R2) is very close to 1, which means that the model could give an accurate prediction of WCCA under variable modification parameter combinations.

Gloss is an aspect of surface perception that is important for understanding the material properties of the environment. Because a surface can stimulate any region of the visual field during natural viewing, it is of interest to measure the potential influence of visual field asymmetries on perceived gloss—as such asymmetries could make the perception of gloss dependent on the visual field location. Here, our aim was to compare the apparent glossiness of renderings of nondescript objects when positioned in the lower and upper regions of the visual field. In Experiment 1, participants (n=20) evaluated the glossiness of objects presented simultaneously below and above central fixation. Estimates of the specular reflectance required for perceptual gloss equality indicated little effect of the visual field location. In Experiment 2, participants (n=19) compared the magnitude of gloss differences across two pairs of objects in either the lower or the upper visual field. Estimates of the exponent relating specular reflectance to a gloss difference scale and a noise parameter again indicated little effect of the visual field location. Overall, these estimates are consistent with the existence of a high degree of gloss constancy across presentations in the lower and upper visual fields.

Visual perception of the appearances of different wood surfaces is greatly influenced by their features, such as color, grain, and gloss. Among these features, human visual perception of wood grain type occurs through a later and higher-ordered cognitive process than the perception of color or gloss. Dark wood was subjectively preferred to light- or medium-colored wood, and both matte and glossy wood were preferred to semigloss wood. Understanding how the appearance of wood is processed in visual perception is critical for wood product design and will help improve consumer satisfaction. Unlike traditional subjective evaluation, neuroscientific methods enable a quantitative understanding of the process and are sensitive to the human visual perceptual response to the appearance of wood surfaces. The objectives of this study were to quantify the visual perception process and to explore the human neural activity elicited by different wood surface appearances. Three types of wood differing in color (light, medium, and dark) were cut to expose two different grain types (radial and tangential) and finished to three different gloss values (matte, semigloss, and glossy); digital images of these stimuli were shown to the subjects on a screen. A subjective emotion scale was constructed to measure their subjective evaluation, and neural ERP (event-related potential) data reflecting subjects’ early visual perception were recorded. Finally, all the data underwent analysis of variance as well as correlation analysis. Regarding early visual perception, the measurements of relevant ERP components showed that subjects perceived the color and gloss of wood more quickly than the grain type, and their perception of wood grain involved a higher-order cognitive process. The match or mismatch between a given stimulus and a subject’s visual memory of wood surface appearance could enhance different ERP components, respectively. In addition, subjects had significantly greater appreciation for dark wood than for other colors, and semigloss wood was less favored than matte or glossy wood. This study provides an objective method to measure the visual perceptual processing of wood appearance; this method may help improve the efficiency of material selection for wood product design. Furthermore, the quantification method can be used by designers in measuring their wood products, and the results can be treated as indicators by which to evaluate the appearance of wood.

Specular gloss is the perception by an observer of the shiny appearance of a surface. This perception changes whenever there is a change in the relative position or spectral distribution of the source, the sample, or the observer. However, the spectral distribution of the source in ISO 2813 is CIE standard illuminant C, which is different from CIE standard illuminant D65 and CIE standard illuminant A in JJG696-2015. During the measurement, the reflected flux of the sample is influenced by the luminous reflectance of the sample and the spectral distribution of the source. This paper mainly analyses the influence of different spectral distributions on specular gloss measurement. Combined with the luminous reflectance of the sample in the wavelength range from400nm to 760nm, we theoretically and experimentally analyzed the difference of the specular gloss values under the spectral distributions of CIE standard illuminant D65 and CIE standard illuminant A.

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) aims to predict the correct sense of a word given its context. This problem is of extreme importance in Arabic, as written words can be highly ambiguous, 43% of diacritized words have multiple interpretations and the percentage increases to 72% for non-diacritized words. Nevertheless, most Arabic written text does not have diacritical marks. Gloss-based WSD methods measure the semantic similarity or the overlap between the context of a target word that needs to be disambiguated and the dictionary definition of that word (gloss of the word). Arabic gloss WSD suffers from a lack of context-gloss datasets. In this paper, we present an Arabic gloss-based WSD technique. We utilize the celebrated Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) to build two models that can efficiently perform Arabic WSD. These models can be trained with few training samples since they utilize BERT models that were pretrained on a large Arabic corpus. Our experimental results show that our models outperform two of the most recent gloss-based WSDs when we test them against the same test data used to evaluate our model. Additionally, our model achieves an F1-score of 89% compared to the best-reported F1-score of 85% for knowledge-based Arabic WSD. Another contribution of this paper is introducing a context-gloss benchmark that may help to overcome the lack of a standardized benchmark for Arabic gloss-based WSD.

The use of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) significantly increased in the last decades due to their enhanced thermal properties, low installation cost and ease of application, not only in new constructions but also for thermal retrofitting of building facades. These multilayer rendering systems are constantly exposed to weathering agents and anthropic factors which can lead to physical-mechanical and aesthetical anomalies and thus affect their durability. However, possible synergetic effects among these agents are often neglected by international technical documents on the evaluation of the effectiveness and durability of ETICS. With the aim of filling this gap, moisture transport properties (capillary water absorption, water vapor permeability, water absorption under low pressure, and drying kinetics), thermal conductivity, mould susceptibility and surface properties (color, gloss, and roughness) of twelve commercially available ETICS were assessed and discussed. Possible links between these factors were analyzed and ETICS performance parameters were defined. Results demonstrate that a deeper knowledge of the correlation among ETICS properties can effectively contribute to the evaluation of the efficiency and long-term durability of these systems. The authors acknowledge the support given by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within research project PTDC/ECI-EGC/30681/2017 (WGB_Shield -Shielding building' facades on cities revitalization. Triple resistance for water, graffiti and biocolonization of external thermal insulation systems). The authors also acknowledge Saint-Gobain Weber, CIN and Secil for the materials supply. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion