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Generation X directors are slowly replacing Baby Boomers on U.S. corporate boards and will eventually dominate corporate boardrooms in the U.S. and around the world. We provide the first robust evidence of a significantly positive effect of Generation X directors on corporate performance. The positive effect is not driven by other director attributes such as age, sex, ethnicity, or professional expertise, and is robust to endogeneity checks using instrumental variables. Part of the improvement in firm performance can be attributed to the commitment of Generation X directors to corporate social responsibility and to the inclusion of women on corporate boards.

The study was carried out based on a survey among 115 Kazakhstani employees and 49 employers to understand attitudes to online employability during the coronavirus crisis and related problems to such format of work. Employees were presented by 32% of Generation Y (born between 1985 and 2002), 44% of Generation X (born between 1964 and 1984), 13% of Baby Boomers (born between 1944 and 1963), and 11% of Silent Generation (born before 1943). As for employers, they were presented by 28% of Generation Y, 51% of Generation X, 16% of Baby Boomers, and 5% of Silent Generation. The result reveals that the format of work has been 46% full-time online, 49% part-time online, 5% mix of full and part-time format. The same pattern was observed among employers with 60% confirming the use of remote online work of staff within the framework of self-isolation, although 31% switched to the part-time online format of work and 9% used a mix of full and part-time. At the same time, only about 7% of the workers and 11% of employers previously had such a practice, and for the majority, such work became an absolutely new experience. Most of 85% of Generation Y and 76% of Generation X have the sufficiency of digital skills and ability to work online, while 42% of Baby Boomers and 67% of Silent Generation experienced difficulties. In terms of problems, both employees and employers prioritize organization policies, communication, and law relationship. © 2021 LLC CPC Business Perspectives. All rights reserved.

Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable expansion, particularly spirituality theory in the workplace. Simultaneously, there has been a growth of research, most especially in practitioner publication into generational differences. The study's context is human resource (HR) policy and procedures in the workplace. Through this prism, generational perspectives and religious theory are compared and scrutinised within the United Kingdom. Two major religious groups (Muslim and Christian) and three-generational categories (Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers) were selected to explore different attitudes, with participants identifying as belonging to religious groups outside of these two major religions, categorised as 'Other.' This study adopts a quantitative approach, with questionnaires gathering employees' perceptions of spirituality policy within their place of work. Although the study found differences in expectations between the religious groups and between the three generations, there is greater homogeneity than a difference in that the results provide limited support for workplace spirituality. Indeed, the study raises more questions than answers. The study uncovered areas ripe for informed debate around personal values, generations, and spirituality in the workplace. This is a relatively new research area, and our findings are in line with others that suggest that employee spiritual well-being is both underresearched and underexplored by organisations. Changing the current intransigence around the place of spirituality is overdue.

Employee Green Behavior (EGB), which is an important component of organizational sustainability. This study aims to analyze the effect of Green Recruitment, Green Training and Employee Green Behavior on Environment Performance in two groups of generation X and generation Y employees. The paradigm in this study is Positivism with the type quantitative research and using survey methods. The study population was employees at PT PT Wira Cipta Perkasa with a total sample of 100 people. The data analysis used was the Structural Equation Model with Smart PLS software. The results of the study prove that Green Recruitment and Green Training have an effect on Environment Performance through Employee Green Behavior in Generation X. Whereas in Generation Y Millennia it is proven that Green Recruitment has an effect on Environment Performance through Employee Green Behavior but Green Training has no effect.Keywords : Green Recruitment, Green Training, Employee Green Behavior, Environment PerformanceJEL Classifications: L2, J2DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.11633

Elizabeth Wurtzel’s Prozac Nation (1994), a memoir that has been mostly read as an “iconic text which encapsulates the disillusioned and cynical tone of Generation X literature and culture” (Wall 2...

The steady increase of human population and the limited living space encourages developers to make vertical residential namely apartments. The developers certainly need the right marketing strategy, one of them is determining the target age of the buyer. In this study, age is categorized into several generations, which is Gen X and Gen Y. Gen X and Gen Y have different characters and mindsets. This also makes a difference in consideration of buying an apartment. This research examines about the differences in the consideration of external factors and internal factors between Gen X and Gen Y in purchasing an apartment. External factors consist of physical condition of the apartment, location, environmental and financial factors. Meanwhile, internal factors consist of psychological, emotional, and intuition factors. The results stated that there were only differences in external environmental factors. Although there are no difference on other external and internal factors, Gen X tends to consider physical and location factors more, while Gen Y considers financial factors more. Meanwhile, all internal factors are considered more by Gen X than Gen Y.

Demographics and population have been evidenced as part of the key elements that affect property development. Changes in demographics specifically may influence the economy including the property market hence influences the generations. Behaviour and values divergences among various age groups (generations) resulted in a variance of housing choices and decisions made. The generations are the population categorised by the age cohort including the Baby Boomers, Generation X (Gen-X), Generation Y (Gen-Y) and Generation Z (Gen-Z). This study aims to offer a comprehensive overview of housing decisions via choices made between location, house, and neighbourhood between Malaysian generations. This study uses mixed methods approaches with the Selangor state as a case study. The Pair-wise and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods of data analyses used for consumer behavioural decision-making studies were adopted in this study to determine the preferences of future housing choice between location, house and neighbourhood. The analysis uncovers house, location and neighbourhood as the prime housing choices factors of the Malaysian generations. The findings evidenced likeliness and differences of housing decision by generations on the choices made. Most importantly, the findings are significant in contributing better understanding and grant indications to the local authorities and housing developers on the main attraction factors of housing choice preferred by generations that may be very valuable for the enhancement of future Malaysian housing provisions.

Despite the many established strategies designed to prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission in the United States, African-American (AA) women are disproportionately affected by the virus. This descriptive qualitative study explored AA women’s experiences of Intergenerational Dialogues (IGD) about HIV prevention. Study participants included 30 AA women representing four generational cohorts (the Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials). Recruitment occurred in Scott County, Mississippi. Data were collected through in-person, in-depth interviews. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. Four themes emerged from using conventional content analysis: Acknowledging the Importance of Community Connections; Helping Others by Sharing; Using Self-Knowledge as a Preventive Strategy; and Encouraging Others to Manage Intimate Relationships. Findings suggest that intergenerational dialogues may be an effective strategy to help AA women manage intimate relationships and potentially contribute to preventing HIV transmission.

Kamusal mekan olma özelliği taşıyan kahve dükkanları tüketicilerin farklı yönlerden elde edebileceği deneyimler sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı kahve dükkanlarını tercih eden X, Y ve Z kuşağı tüketicilerin tüketim alışkanlıklarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden görüşme tekniği kullanılarak on üç katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış sorular ile görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler sonucunda beş başlık altında bulgular toplanmıştır. Bunlar; katılımcıların, kahve dükkanlarını tercih etme alışkanlıkları, marka tercihleri, hizmet beklentileri, önem verdikleri fiziki unsurlar ve satın aldıkları ürünler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular sonucunda X kuşağı katılımcıların diğer kuşaklara göre daha az kahve dükkanlarına gittikleri, standardı yakalayan markaların daha çok tercih edildiği, X kuşağının masaya servisi, Z kuşağının self-servisi ve Y kuşağının her iki servis türünü de tercih ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. X kuşağı daha rahat, Y kuşağı daha modern ve Z kuşağı ise daha özgün ortamları tercih etmektedir. X kuşağı filtre ve Türk kahvesi gibi daha geleneksel kahveleri, Y kuşağı V60, sifon, chemex ve cold brew gibi daha yenilikçi ve modern yöntemlerle hazırlanmış kahveleri ve Z kuşağı ise farklı şurup, özüt, çikolata ve kremalar ile hazırlanmış kahveleri tercih etmektedir. Coffee shops, which are public spaces, provide experiences that consumers can provide in different ways. The purpose of this study is to reveal the consumption habits of consumers, who prefer X, Y, and Z generation, who prefer coffee shops. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with thirteen participants with semi-structured questions using the interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the interviews, findings were collected under five headings. These; The habits of the participants to choose coffee shops, brand preferences, service expectations, the physical elements they care about and the products they buy are determined. As a result of the findings, it is understood that the participants of the X generation go to less coffee shops than the other generations, the brands that meet the standard are more preferred, the X generation service to the table, the Z generation self-service and the Y generation prefer both service types. Generation X is more comfortable, Generation Y is more modern and Generation Z prefers more original environments. They prefer more traditional coffees such as X belt filter and Turkish coffee, coffees prepared with more innovative and modern methods such as Y generation V60, siphon, chemex and cold brew, and Z generation coffees prepared with different syrups, extracts, chocolates and creams.

The development of digital tourism in Indonesia seems to occur quite rapidly. The tourism industry in Indonesia also looks relatively ready to face this era where quite a number of companies engaged in tourism have adopted digital tourism in their business models. Moreover, there has been a shift in the generation of tourism in the world towards millennial generation or Generation Y. Even now the latest generation has grown, namely Generation Z. Things that can not be avoided will provide a new environment in the development of the tourism industry. This next generation transition will also present new challenges, including for the Tourism Education Institute, especially in this case the Higher Education Institution. This article is a non-research article in which the author pours his thoughts on the problem being studied. The writing of this article is based on a review of sources relevant to this problem. In this article it was revealed that tourism education in Indonesia still has a role in the development of the tourism industry. The main role is in maintaining the values ??of tourism that have developed since the Baby Boomers, Generation X and continue to Generation Y and Generation Z, but by remaining open to the development of tourism 4.0 and its changes.

PurposeThe aim of this research is to advance the understanding of multi-channel behaviour in terms of different generational cohorts' usage and spending patterns.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on previous studies on multi-channel behaviour, differences in shopping channel usage and purchase amounts were investigated between baby boomers, Gen X, xennials and millennials.FindingsThere were significant differences found between the generations in terms of multi-channel behaviour regarding purchasing frequency and average purchase amounts via a) mobile phone, b) tablet, c) computer, d) social media and e) brick-and-mortar. Fewer differences were found amongst the generational cohorts in terms of amount spent per channel.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was successful in analysing variances in multi-channel behaviour amongst the baby boomer, Generation X, xennial and millennial cohorts, while updating the body of literature to consider generational channel usage of mobile and social media in multi-channel retailing.Practical implicationsMarketers should consider xennials’ channel behaviour and focus on converting sales through integrated programmes based on their channel usage. Retailers should also consider millennials' heavy engagement with social media in their lives but spend lower amounts via the medium, which may be an opportunity to use this medium as a viable stand-alone channel in targeting millennials' shopping dollars.Originality/valueThis study updates the body of research on multi-channel behaviour by considering generation as a factor in channel usage and spend amount.

Millennial generation economy behavior is very different from previous generations. Both generation X or even further generations. Generations before millennial save money for the future. While the millennial generation save money for certain purposes. Savings are more short term. So it's easier to spend money on savings and tend not to be ready for future savings. Millennials often spend money beyond their capabilities, the more limited the goods, the more 'stylish' they feel if they can upload it to social media.This study wants to find out whether the purchase decision will then be followed by a repurchase decision on products that are classified as not cheap to satisfy the lifestyle of the generation. The analytical method that researchers use is multiple regression. The purpose of this study is to see whether there is an influence of price fairness on the repurchase intention of high end make up and skin care millennial generation?The results revealed that price fairness had a significant effect on repurchase intention.

The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations on the use of marketing tools for economically active generational groups taking into account their values, the specifics of their consumer behavior and determining the most effective marketing tools. The methodological basis of the study was the theoretical foundations of the theory of generations of N. Howe and W. Strauss, adapted to the Russian specifics of marketing. As a study result, it was found that in the practical marketing activities of companies for representatives of the baby boomer generation it is advisable to use the tools of traditional offline marketing; for generation X — a combination of both online and offline marketing tools; generations Y and Z should be focused on a wide range Internet (online) marketing tools with an emphasis on impression marketing. The results of the study can be used by Russian companies in developing effective strategies for promoting goods and services.

Background: Several studies have demonstrated a patient preference for physicians wearing a white coat associated with improved patient satisfaction. There are few studies on physicians’ perceptions of attire mainly done in the outpatient and surgical specialties. Objective: Assess non-surgical physicians’ perception of attire in the hospital and to identify if any difference in the choice of attire amongst generation X and millennial physicians. Methods: We surveyed 86 physicians in the hospital with six sets of pictures of commonly worn physician attires in the hospital setting with a two-part questionnaire. Key Results: Formal attire with a white coat was found to be most favored, followed by formal without a white coat. Casual attire without a white coat was the least preferred across the surveyed attributes. The results were similar in generation X and millennial physicians. Only 49% concordance was observed with what physicians preferred and what they wore. Conclusion: Our study showed that physicians felt wearing a white coat was the best to convey specific attributes like honesty, confidence, professionalism, among others, similar to prior studies done in patients. However, less than half of the physicians surveyed themselves followed the preferred attire.

Workforce demographics have changed, and business leaders have started to question how to handle employees from different generations. With the noticeable generational divide, the issue of generational conflict is gaining prominence. Generational disagreement among employees is not new as each generation is shaped by different historical, socio-economic, and political events where each generation brings with them their unique perspective. Leaders in most organizations are aware of it, albeit few are willing to address such conflicts. Even if they do, uncertainties arise. These differences, or their unique generational characteristics, are due to the exposure to historical events during their early years. As most literature stems from the West and the historical events that happened are different, their characteristics may differ in terms of geography. An in-depth and practical understanding of generational dynamics could enhance the effectiveness of management in handling today’s multi-generational workforce. Hence, this research aims to provide insights into the characteristics of Malaysian Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y who are working locally and comparing them with the West.

The development of Islamic tourism such as Umrah does not get much attention in the literature though there are 6 million people all around the world performing Umrah every year. Nowadays, social media has been recognized as an important tool in building and maintaining the image of tourist destination especially in the Umrah context. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of social media experiences (interactions and sharing of contents) on attitudes and behavioral intentions towards Umrah package (booking decisions and electronic Word of Mouth) among generation X and Y. Sums of three hundred eighty-four respondents were engaged as the respondents. The population of this study was among Malaysian Muslim citizens who had social media experiences in seeking online information and knowledge about Umrah and already performed Umrah. The data then was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) software. The findings of this study confirmed that sharing of contents of social media experiences has significant and positive relationship on behavioral intentions (booking decisions and electronic Word of Mouth).

17 páginas.- 3 figuras.- 5 tablas.- 52 referencias., Water scarcity is one of the top five key global risks over the last years, and agriculture is the major and least efficient user of fresh water. In this scenario, the “hydroSOStainable” concept has been developed and registered to protect fruits and vegetables cultivated with a volume of water below the crop evapotranspiration. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate how the information influence the consumer liking and preference of the roasting almonds labelled as “hydroSOStainable” and “conventional”, although belonged to the same sample. Thus, we explored 300 consumers (Seville, Spain (high levels of water stress) versus Donostia, Spain and Wroclaw, Poland (regions with no water stress)) preference and acceptance of roasted almonds using satisfaction degree, CATA and willingness to pay questions. The present study demonstrated that both location and sociodemographic aspects influenced consumers perception and liking. Consumers living in areas with water restrictions were more susceptible to be influenced by the hydroSOStainable/conventional concept, while consumers from regions without water restrictions would need more information to choose a sustainable product. Both man and women, centennials and millennials scored higher the supposed hydroSOStainable almonds, while generation X was not really influenced by the information effect. Finally, 77% of consumers, regardless of location, were willing to pay a higher price for the almonds labelled “hydroSOStainable”. Consequently, these results provide valuable information for the government and food industry about consumer choice regarding sustainable products, depending on the location, knowledge, and sociodemographic aspects., The study has been funded by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, (MCI), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)), through a coordinated research project, including (i) Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (AGL2016-75794-C4-1-R, Productos hidroSOStenibles: identificación de debilidades y fortalezas, optimización del procesado, creación de marca propia, y estudio de su aceptación en el mercado europeo, hydroSOS foods) and (ii) Universidad de Sevilla (AGL2016-75794-C4-4-R). These projects have been also funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) “Una manera de hacer Europa”, (MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE).

Most of the current orthopaedic residents are considered Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and are often trained by attending surgeons who are from Generation X (born between 1965 and 1980) or the Baby Boomer generation (born between 1946 and 1964). The Generation X orthopaedic surgeons were largely trained by Baby Boomers who were very demanding of their trainees and expected excellence. The Baby Boomers had been inspired, mentored, and trained by the Greatest Generation (born between 1901 and 1927). Baby Boomers took nothing for granted and nothing was given to them on a silver platter. Generation X was trained under these premises and was expected to abide by similar values. Regarding the next generation of residents, current faculty hope to instill the same qualities that had been instilled in them during their training. This value transference sometimes presents a challenge because of the differences in attitudes and perspectives that may exist between Millennial residents and their predecessors regarding work-life balance, teaching styles, the regulation of duty hours, and feedback assessments. These differences require an evolution in the methods of surgical education to optimize the educational benefit and ensure good will and rapport between the generations. Trainees and faculty alike have a responsibility to understand each other's differences and come together to ensure that knowledge, experience, values, and skill sets are effectively passed on to a new generation of orthopaedic surgeons.