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The term ‘coastal fisheries’ designates a form of fishing which is under heavy pressure due to competition by large-scale high sea fishing. Setting up markets for seafood from coastal fisheries might offer possibilities of product differentiation when appreciated by consumers. The aim of this research is to analyse the potential of marketing seafood from coastal fisheries by investigating consumers’ perception of coastal fisheries and their attitudes towards a label for coastal fishery products in France and Italy. This research combined qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative methods (online survey) in two different steps. ‘Coastal fisheries’ were mainly perceived positively, as they provide fresh products, and are healthy and important for coastal areas. Although opinions on labelling in general, and on coastal fisheries specifically, varied widely, about 70% of the respondents were in favour of a coastal fisheries label. The willingness to use a coastal fisheries label increased significantly when domestic origin, high-quality products, eco-friendliness, support of local/coastal communities and artisanal fishing practices were part of this kind of label. It is concluded that using a label for communicating the origin coastal fisheries appears to be promising for the two study countries: France and Italy. A prerequisite for the success of this kind of approach is that the seafood products must fully comply with consumer expectations, as they are of domestic origin, be of very high product quality and fished in an artisanal or eco-friendly manner.

When developing new cosmetics, it is extremely important to consider the safety of consumers. Absence of potential irritancy is generally assessed using an OECD TG439 compliant Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) systems and MTT assays, resulting in an irritant/not irritant classification. To gain insight into the irritancy of molecules/finished cosmetic products and to predict the outcome of irritation tests performed on subjects whatever their nature, we developed a test that uses skin explants and histological analysis. Results showed that this irritation test is sensitive enough to accurately and repeatably detect known irritants. If the diverse origin of the skin explants used led to variability in the histological alterations scored, the overall grading of irritancy is highly reproducible. Finally, when testing 120 non-alcoholic cosmetics of various galenic forms, comparison of data between the ex vivo irritation tests and of a 24-/48-h human patch test revealed a single false negative, very close to the limit, and a 10% false positive rate. It was not possible to calculate the sensitivity of the ex vivo irritation test; however, its specificity was 89.9% and its accuracy was 89.1%. Similar results, with a slightly higher false positive rate, were found when testing 49 alcoholic cosmetics. These values exceed the minimum requirements of OECD TG439.

This paper examines how the traditional carp sector in Poland developed during the recent period, paying a particular attention to the different forms of innovations that have been implemented. Mostly based on first-hand, face-to-face interviews, the paper shows that despite the fact that aquaculture of carp is still characterised by strong traditional and cultural features, different categories of economic agents along the value-chain engaged in various kinds of technical, market and institutional innovations. These innovative strategies could be further replicated and developed through collaborative process, where policy makers have a potential role to play. The research results showed the existence of huge potential for innovation in traditional carp sector in Poland, especially in terms of alternative ways of marketing products for small and medium scale farms.

International audience; Among the tools and processes that are used to inform decisions makers on the long-term challenges raised by energy transition, numerical models are at the forefront. Whether led at the global, continental, country or local level, they help projecting the future operational conditions of our energy systems. However the possibility of addressing the sustainability challenge by changes in our lifestyles rather than technical solutions often remains outside the scope of such models whereas lifestyles contain a set of key determinants of mobility, housing, spatial planning or the organization terms of the productive sectors (industry, agriculture, services). Energy is not consumed for itself and understanding how the future demand of energy services could be framed is an important issue. This paper makes proposals to improve the consideration of lifestyles in the quantitative foresight exercises. Our methodology includes the development of a statistical model of the dynamic of changes in lifestyle patterns to derive energy service demands. The use of this model provides a more coherent framework for the formulation of lifestyle change scenarios. A set of three lifestyles anticipated for France are then designed and discussed up to 2072.

Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) can cause short-term disorders and permanent disabilities which may all result in serious limitations in activities of daily living. According to the WHO, MSD are the second largest cause of disability worldwide. In France, preventing MSD became a challenge for both the sickness fund and the complementary health insurers as the MSD prevalence increased by more than 50% since 2003, the MSD representing more than 80% of the occupational diseases leading to sick-leaves or financial compensations in 2015. Methods Data from the IRDES 2012 health and social welfare survey (ESPS, enquête santé et protection sociale) was matched with individual care consumptions from the French health insurance. The ESPS survey is a national representative survey including 23,047 CATI/CAPI interviewed individuals (participation rate: 66%). Respondents self-assessed their health status, including MSD among other health troubles. Prediction of MSD risk was designed as a supervised binary classification problem, with the help of Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) methods. Results Variable importance scores based on the squared error criterion over all trees were computed for the continuous and categorical variables supposed to be associated with MSD: the consumption of medicines, physiotherapists’ and GPs’ services, medical imaging, biomedical analyses, dental care, and sociodemographic features (occupation, age and income). Slightly better results were obtained with GBM compared to RF (overall test accuracy rate: 70% for both methods). Conclusions Machine learning methods with merged survey and registry data may help health insurers to better identify the individual MSD risk and prevent the occurrence and the disabling consequences of MSD with the help of individualized prevention strategies. This research is financially supported by Malakoff Mederic Humanis, life & health French insurance for employees and individuals. Key messages The use of machine learning methods may be of interest to improve the ability to predict the MSD risk and help to identify insured people whom individualized prevention strategies can be offered to. Matching survey and health insurance liquidation data improves the ability to identify people at improved risk of MSD and gives the opportunity to provide them resources to prevent and to cope with.

e15501 Background: Concomitant radiochemotherapy is the standard treatment of locally advanced epidermoid anal canal carcinoma (EACC) but conventional radiotherapy (RT) frequently induces significant non-hematological toxicities, resulting in long treatment breaks. Given the numerous anatomic pelvic structures, EACC has become of interest for Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) despite the induced cutaneous toxicities responsible for RT breaks. Given the deleterious effect of treatment duration on local control and survival in other epidermoid cancers, continuous IMRT is challenging to control EACC. Several SIB-IMRT schedules provided similar results with moderate doses and schedules delivering higher doses with short breaks. Yet, standard SIB-IMRT schedule in EACC still not exists. We propose to concomitantly assess the safety and efficacy of continuous SIB-IMRT without planned breaks and concurrent chemotherapy (CT) to improve the treatment of locally advanced EACC by reducing the proportion of patients (pts) requiring RT breaks for toxicities. Methods: The CANAL-IMRT-01 phase 2 trial (NCT02701088) targets pts with histologically proven EACC candidate for concomitant RT of pelvic and inguinal nodes plus CT. Applying a two-step Bryant & Day design, the main criterion is based on both efficacy and safety. Efficacy is defined as the proportion of pts alive with no local disease progression 3 months after the end of IMRT; safety is defined as the proportion of pts with no RT breaks required by grade ≥3 toxicities. Assuming the unacceptable and acceptable proportions of pts without toxicity requiring IMRT break are 60 and 80% respectively, the unacceptable and acceptable 3-month-progression-free-survival are 80 and 90%, 14 assessable pts at first step and 46 in the second are required (alpha risk 5%, 90% power). To anticipate a 10% drop out rate, 16 pts were needed in first step, with ≥11 objective local responses and ≤6 toxicity-induced IMRT breaks to pursue. Treatment consists in 50 days of concomitant CT (2 cycles of 5FU and Mitomycin-C) and SIB-IMRT delivered by helical tomotherapy: 61.2Gy/1.7Gy to the primary tumor, 57.6Gy/1.6Gy to involved nodes, and 54/1.5Gy to elective pelvic lymph nodes. Results: From December 2015 to June 2017, 16 pts were enrolled: 11 female (73%), median age 62 [55-66]. 15 pts were assessable for efficacy and safety. All 15 pts had a 3-month locoregional response (12 complete responses, 3 partial responses). SIB-IMRT breaks were required by toxicities for 4 out of 15 pts: G1 radiodermitis, G2 inguinal and epithelitis, G1 fever, G3 anorexia and vertigo. Conclusions: The planned interim analysis of continuous SIB-IMRT plus CT allowed pursuing this phase 2 trial to assess the relevance of such schedule for locally advanced ASCC. Enrolment is still ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02701088.

Public financial aid is approached as one of the most important tools allowing, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, to implement many of their investment intentions, thus improving their competitive position in the market. It is granted to enterprises regardless of whether they are of profit-oriented or a non-profit nature. The main goal of this article is to assess the effectiveness of public aid in the aquaculture sector. Authors reviewed the aid measures allocated to three carp farms located in the Barycz Valley, the biggest center for carp breeding in Europe. These three farms accounted for half of the aid beneficiaries over the period of analysis, and are considered to be representative according to the typical farms approach. They also account for 85% of the total grants allocated to the sector. After identifying differences in investment strategies, the authors investigated whether these differences could be reflected in the financial situation of the selected enterprises. The analysis covered the value of the financial liquidity factors, profitability, the level of debt and the increase in assets during the years 2012–2016. The research suggests that part of the benefits expected from public aid are not fully captured in the traditional performance ratios, especially when ecosystem-enhancing measures are involved.

Infonie was launched as a company offering online services in France in October 1995. Aimed at a limited group of affluent and, above all, inexperienced consumers, the new company saw itself as an alternative to the Internet, offering targeted content in French. Subscribers would be provided with a connection to specific services established by Infonie, together with French partners. However, the development of the Internet and in particular the range of services offered by French Internet Service Providers (ISPs) obliged Infonie to rethink its strategy and look increasingly to the Internet, integrating its services with the norms of the latter and acquiring the search engine Lokace, along with shares in Caramail, a specialist site providing free email addresses. The emergence of free service providers from 1999 onwards reinforced this trend and Infonie finally became just another ISP. We analyse this process by examining both the company's communications strategy, in particular its TV advertising...

Radiation-induced mucositis is a common toxicity, especially in patients with head and neck cancers. Despite recent technological advances in radiation therapy, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, radiation-induced mucositis is still causing treatment disruptions, negatively affecting patients' long and short term quality of life, and impacting medical resources use with economic consequences. The objective of this article was to review the latest updates in the management of radiation-induced mucositis, with a focus on pharmaceutical strategies for the prevention or treatment of mucositis. Although numerous studies analysing the prevention and management of oral radiation-induced mucositis have been conducted, there are still few reliable data to guide daily clinical practice. Furthermore, most of the tested drugs have shown no (anti-inflammatory cytokine, growth factors) or limited (palifermin) effect. Therapies for acute oral mucositis are predominantly focused on improving oral hygiene and providing symptoms control. Although low-level laser therapy proved efficient in preventing radiation-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer, this intervention requires equipment and trained medical staff, and is therefore insufficiently developed in clinical routine. New effective pharmacological agents able to prevent or reverse radio-induced mucositis are required.

In this paper, the conceptual design and practical construction of a wind propelled Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV), for marine research are described. The ASPire (Autonomous Sailing Platform) will be deployed for collecting marine sensor data (i.e., Conductivity, Temperature and Density (CTD) measurements) and for passive-acoustic monitoring (PAM) of harbor porpoise in the vicinity of the Aland Islands in the Baltic Sea. The construction of hull and rig is presented, along with propulsion methods and energy harvesting strategies. Supplementary electronics, sensors, control systems, communication methods and obstacle avoidance strategies are also described. The ASV design includes several novel features, four are mentioned here. 1) The perhaps most notable feature is the rig with a free rotating rigid wingsail. The rig has two servo wings, one in front of, and one behind the main wing. To our knowledge, this is the first design of a surface vessel that uses such a three-surface configuration for wind propulsion. 2) Another novel feature of the ASPire is the single-axis solar tracker developed for the purpose of increasing the amount of harvested solar energy. The solar panel is angled based on the position and heading of the ASV as well as the time of day. 3) A windvane self steering device is furthermore used to keep the ASV at a straight course relative to the wind in an energy efficient manner. Although the design of the windvane is well known, its use in an autonomous vessel has not been explored. 4) A forward-looking Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) is utilized for obstacle detection. This approach is currently under-explored for ASV. The ASPire is suited for operation in shallow waters. It is sufficiently large for carrying payload needed for marine sensor measurements and monitoring of high-frequency cetaceans such as harbor porpoise. One further advantage of wind propulsion for audio measurement is the possibility to operate without contributing noise from propulsion engines.

International audience; Ecological control has often focused on factorsenhancing control of pests by their natural enemies, whilefactors reducing the colonization rate of crops by pestshave been comparatively neglected. We present anapproach to assess landscape influence on the intensity ofwheat colonization by a major crop pest, the aphidRhopalosiphum padi. We used trays containing wheatseedlings to monitor field colonization by R. padi andbarley yellow dwarf viruses’ transmission in two areas inFrance in autumn. We assessed the influence of landscapecomponents likely affecting aphid colonization, i.e. maizeand grasslands as source of migrants on the number ofaphids landing per tray, as well as the host plant of originand the viruliferous potential of migrants. During the survey,maize was the main source of migrants. Virus transmissionwas detected in a few cases (4 % positive assays).Colonization was increased by the presence of maize, butreduced by the presence of grasslands at the landscapescale considered here (i.e. at a radius of 1000 m). Our studycontributes to a better understanding of disease dynamicsin agricultural landscapes. By identifying features of thelandscape that surrounds fields and affects these dynamics,growers can develop more efficient crop protection strategiesrelying on habitat manipulation and rational use ofpesticides.

This paper presents and discusses the results of tests of breakup phenomenon of liquid water into a hypersonic cross §ow from the surface of a 7 degree half-angle cone model at zero degree angle of incidence. The present work shows the dependence of the liquid phase characteristics on the cross-section area of the injection hole in a Mach 6 cross flow. The results are analyzed qualitatively by imaging, by Interferometric Laser Imaging for Droplet Sizing (ILIDS), and by InfraRed Light Extinction Spectroscopy (IR-LES). Conclusions are drawn concerning the droplet size distribution and the liquid §ow ¦eld characteristics.

Resume Introduction Dans la BPCO, la masse maigre (MM) conditionne le pronostic vital. Methodes Pour evaluer leur etat nutritionnel et comparer la precision de plusieurs criteres nutritionnels, 47 patients BPCO ont eu une evaluation nutritionnelle clinique et biologique, completee par une impedancemetrie corporelle bioelectrique (BIA) et une enquete alimentaire. La concordance entre BIA et methode des plis cutanes (PC) pour l’estimation de la MM a ete determinee par correlation statistique et la methode de Bland et Altman. Les apports energetiques (AE), le recours aux soins et la qualite de vie (QDV) ont ete compares en fonction de la MM. Resultats Selon les methodes utilisees, de 4 a 49 % des patients etaient denutris. Compares a la BIA, l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) inferieure a 20, le PC tricipital inferieur au cinquieme percentile et la prealbuminemie inferieure a 0,20 g/L avaient une specificite proche de 100 % pour le diagnostic de denutrition. La correlation entre BIA et methode des PC etait excellente ( r = 0,86, p p = 0,003), consultaient plus souvent leur medecin generaliste ( p = 0,01), mais leur QDV n’etait pas differente. Conclusion La BIA est la plus fiable pour evaluer la MM dans la BPCO. Des valeurs abaissees d’IMC, de PC tricipital et de prealbuminemie predisent la perte de MM.

International audience; A central question in radiation protection research is dose and dose-rate relationship for radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases. The response of endothelial cells to different low dose rates may contribute to help estimate risks for cardiovascular diseases by providing mechanistic understanding. In this study we investigated whether chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure had an effect on the inflammatory response of endothelial cells and their function. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were chronically exposed to radiation at a dose of 1.4 mGy/h or 4.1 mGy/h for 1, 3, 6 or 10 weeks. We determined the pro-inflammatory profile of HUVECs before and during radiation exposure, and investigated the functional consequences of this radiation exposure by measuring their capacity to form vascular networks in matrigel. Expression levels of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α were analyzed. When a total dose of 2 Gy was given at a rate of 4.1 mGy/h, we observed an increase in IL-6 and MCP-1 release into the cell culture media, but this was not observed at 1.4 mGy/h. The increase in the inflammatory profile induced at the dose rate of 4.1 mGy/h was also correlated with a decrease in the capacity of the HUVECs to form a vascular network in matrigel. Our results suggest that dose rate is an important parameter in the alteration of HUVEC inflammatory profile and function. © 2015 by Radiation Research Society.

The fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities has recently become a high priority in the international fisheries management agenda. While a number of academic contributions have sought to improve the understanding of the problem, most remain limited in scope. To help policy makers obtain a more comprehensive picture of the situation, the OECD Committee for Fisheries recently completed a study addressing the full economic dimensions of IUU fishing in an integrated manner. This paper presents the analytical framework developed by the OECD as well as some of the key results of the study regarding the causes of and the potential solutions to this widespread problem.

International audience; After Chernobyl and Fukushima Daï Chi, two major nuclear accidents, large amounts of radionuclides were released in the environment, mostly caesium 137 (137Cs). Populations living in contaminated territories are chronically exposed to radionuclides by ingestion of contaminated food. However, questions still remain regarding the effects of low dose ionizing radiation exposure on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. We therefore investigated the effects of a chronic internal exposure to 137Cs on atherosclerosis in predisposed ApoE-/- mice. Mice were exposed daily to 0, 4, 20 or 100 kBq/l 137Cs in drinking water, corresponding to range of concentrations found in contaminated territories, for 6 or 9 months. We evaluated plaque size and phenotype, inflammatory profile, and oxidative stress status in different experimental groups. Results did not show any differences in atherosclerosis progression between mice exposed to 137Cs and unexposed controls. However, 137Cs exposed mice developed more stable plaques with decreased macrophage content, associated with reduced aortic expression of pro-inflammatory factors (CRP, TNFα, MCP-1, IFNγ) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin). Lesions of mice exposed to 137Cs were also characterized by enhanced collagen and smooth muscle cell content, concurrent with reduced matrix metalloproteinase MMP8 and MMP13 expression. These results suggest that low dose chronic exposure of 137Cs in ApoE-/- mice enhances atherosclerotic lesion stability by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP production, resulting in collagen-rich plaques with greater smooth muscle cell and less macrophage content. © 2015 Le Gallic et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The main objectives of fisheries management are generally similar throughout the world. These are often stated in policy documents such as the Common Fisheries Policy and the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. However, at the local level often the key objectives of management are more detailed, characterised by both the overriding management structure and the status and type of fishery concerned. In this paper, we consider case study fisheries from the UK, France, Spain and Denmark to compare some of the various types of fisheries and fisheries management systems that exist in the European Union. From this, we define the key objectives for each management system.

Considering the large number of technical interactions between various fishing activities, the English Channel (ICES divisions VIId and VIIe) fisheries may be regarded as one large and diverse multi-country, multi-gear and multi-species artisanal fishery, although rarely studied as such. Awhole-scale bioeconomic model has been constructed. It does not take into account biological interactions, but focuses on competition among fleets. A large amount of biological and economic data have been preliminarily gathered, leading to a substantial increase of the quantitative knowledge available. The main purpose of the model is to study the long-term consequences of various management alternatives on the economic situation of the English and French fleets fishing in the area and on exploited resources. The model describes this feature through the links between three entities on the one hand (stocks, fleets and ‘‘me«tiers’’, i.e. gear targetspecies fishing area), and three modules on the other hand (activity, biological production and economics). The model is described and some simulation results are presented. An example simulating a decrease of one fleet segment effort illustrates these technical interactions among fleets and underlines the interest of a large-scale approach for these fisheries. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

In a multi-gear and multi-species artisanal fishery, the level of technical interactions (i.e. the competitive externalities resulting from a shared exploitation of common resources or fishing grounds) among various fishing units is high. Assessing these technical interactions is of great importance for fishery management, as any control applied to one fishing unit may have positive or negative effects on others. The magnitude and direction of these effects cannot be easily measured, unless all fishing units and species in the fishery are considered simultaneously. Technical interactions are particularly important in the complex artisanal fisheries of the English Channel. Using a bioeconomic model of the English Channel that incorporates all the major fishing units (the BECHAMEL model), we describe a method for measuring and classifying the technical interactions due to the competition for resource (stock externalities). The results are used to develop a typology of metiers and fleets based on their overall level of interaction for the resource. We also define fleets and metiers as structuring, dependent, intermediate or autonomous.

International audience; As a result of the stagnation of commercial fishery landings, aquaculture activities are expected to increase over the next decades to match the growing demand for marine protein Overall, it is expected that the aquaculture sector could reduce sonic of the fishing pressure applied to wild stocks However, this development is likely to be limited by the availability of key aquaculture inputs, specifically fishmeal and fish oil products (FMFOP) Aquaculture provided 60% (fish meal) and 80% (fish oil) of the world total consumption of these products in 2007 FMFOP are generally derived from small pelagic fish species, but can also be derived from other sources Identifying the origin of FMFOP is crucial to understanding the effects of this new pressure on marine social-ecological systems Two factors are of particular importance in the reduction sector transforming wild fish into fishmeal or fish oil the two "conversion ratios" (le the ratio between the quantity of wild fish harvested and the resulting quantity of FMFOP), and the ratio between the quantity of FMFOP and aquaculture production), and the type of raw material used by the reduction sector Based on trade and production databases from FAO and the International Fishmeal and Fish oil Organisation (IFFO), this paper proposes an approach to identify the origin of FMFOP It shows that whereas different countries use different pelagic resources to produce FMFOP, other countries use non-pelagic sources, and some countries use pelagic resources for human consumption (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Background Desflurane during early reperfusion has been shown to postcondition human myocardium. Whether it involves "reperfusion injury salvage kinase" pathway remains incompletely studied. The authors tested the involvement of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, nitric oxide synthase, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore in desflurane-induced postconditioning. Methods The authors recorded isometric contraction of human right atrial trabeculae suspended in an oxygenated Tyrode's solution (34 degrees C, stimulation frequency 1 Hz). After a 30-min hypoxic period, desflurane 6% was administered during the first 5 min of reoxygenation. Desflurane was administered alone or with pretreatment of rapamycin, a 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and atractyloside, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opener. GSK-3beta inhibitor VII was administered during the first few minutes of reoxygenation alone or in the presence of desflurane 6%, rapamycin, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and atractyloside. Developed force at the end of a 60-min reoxygenation period was compared (mean +/- SD). Phosphorylation of GSK-3beta was measured using blotting. Results Desflurane 6% (84 +/- 4% of baseline) enhanced the recovery of force after 60 min of reoxygenation when compared with the control group (54 +/- 4%, P < 0.0001). Rapamycin (68 +/- 8% of baseline), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (57 +/- 8%), atractyloside (52 +/- 7%) abolished desflurane-induced postconditioning (P < 0.001). GSK-3beta inhibitor-induced postconditioning (84 +/- 5%, P < 0.0001 vs. control) was not modified by desflurane (78 +/- 6%), rapamycin (81 +/- 6%), and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (82 +/- 10%), but it was abolished by atractyloside (49 +/- 6%). Desflurane increased the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta (3.30 +/- 0.57-fold increase in desflurane vs. control; P < 0.0001). Conclusions In vitro, desflurane-induced postconditioning protects human myocardium through the activation of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, nitric oxide synthase, inhibition, and phosphorylation of GSK-3beta, and preventing mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.

International audience; This work is part of a project for evaluating catastrophic tank failures caused by impacts with a high-speed solid body. Previous studies on shock overpressure and drag events have provided analytical predictions, but they are not sufficient to explain ejection of liquid from the tank. This study focuses on the hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid after collision to explain subsequent ejection of liquid. The study is characterized by use of high-velocity projectiles and analysis of projectile dynamics in terms of energy loss to tank contents. New tests were performed at two projectile velocities (963 and 1255 m s−1) and over a range of viscosities (from 1 to 23.66 mPa s) of the target liquid. Based on data obtained from a high-speed video recorder, a phenomenological description is proposed for the evolution of intense pressure waves and cavitation in the target liquids.

Assessment of dietary intake using a 3-day dietary record may delay the management of undernutrition. Methods allowing a quick estimation of dietary intake are needed. We aimed to determine the feasibility of assessing dietary intake using two 10-point verbal (AVeS) and visual (AViS) analogue scales, to assess the correlations of both scales with energy intake, and to determine the accuracy of AVeS for assessing undernutrition.We prospectively recruited 114 patients undernourished or nutritionally at-risk in two French University Hospitals. Undernutrition was defined as a Nutritional Risk Index97.5. AVeS and AViS were performed by one interviewer and mean daily energy intake was calculated from 3-day dietary records by one dietician.The feasibility of AVeS and AViS was 98% and 96%, respectively. Both verbal and visual scales were statistically correlated with calculated energy intake (rho=0.66 and rho=0.74, P0.0001), especially in undernourished patients (rho=0.82, P0.0001, for AVeS). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of an AVeS score less than 7 for assessing undernutrition were 57%, 81%, 86% and 46%, respectively.AVeS and AViS could be used for a quick assessment of dietary intake in clinical practice, particularly in undernourished in-patients. Thus, both verbal and visual analogue scales could be particularly useful for the management of hospital undernutrition.

International audience; We have studied the sequence of events that occurs when a high-speed projectile (from 960 m s−1 to 1480 m s−1) penetrates a vessel filled with toxic liquid. We find that prior to liquid ejection several well-defined phases occur, including the phenomenon known as the “hydraulic ram.” Then a catastrophic tank failure leads to liquid ejection and fragmentation. This paper focuses on this phenomenon and explains how it can be related to the initial conditions of the target.

Background Isoflurane and sevoflurane have been shown to elicit myocardial postconditioning, but the effect of desflurane remain unknown. The authors studied the mechanisms involved in desflurane-induced myocardial postconditioning. Methods Contracting isolated human right atrial trabeculae (34 degrees C, stimulation frequency 1 Hz) were exposed to 30-min hypoxia followed by 60-min reoxygenation. Desflurane at 3%, 6%, and 9% was administered during the first 5-min of reoxygenation. Postconditioning with 6% desflurane was studied in the presence of 1 microM calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor; 800 mm 5-hydroxydecanoate, a mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels antagonist; 1 microM Akt inhibitor; 20 microM PD89058, an extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 inhibitor; and 1 microM SB 202190, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. The force of contraction at the end of the 60-min reoxygenation period was compared (mean +/- SD). The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was studied using Western blotting. Results Desflurane at 3% (77 +/- 10% of baseline), 6% (90 +/- 14% of baseline), and 9% (86 +/- 11% of baseline) enhanced the recovery of force after 60 min of reoxygenation as compared with the control group (51 +/- 9% of baseline; P < 0.001). Calphostin C (55 +/- 3% of baseline), 5-hydroxydecanoate (53 +/- 3% of baseline), Akt inhibitor (57 +/- 8% of baseline), PD89058 (64 +/- 6% of baseline), and SB 202190 (61 +/- 3% of baseline) abolished desflurane-induced postconditioning. Western blot analysis showed that 6% desflurane increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Conclusions In vitro, desflurane postconditioned human atrial myocardium through protein kinase C activation, opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, Akt and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.

International audience; Since the events of September 11, 2001, the possibility of an intentional act targeting the chemical process industry has become realistic. It is, therefore, a great concern to be able to predict the immediate consequences of such an act. This study is intended to improve our knowledge about the sequence of events that occurs when a high-speed bullet (>1000 m s−1) penetrates a vessel filled with toxic liquid. We find that, prior to liquid ejection, several well-defined phases occur, including the phenomenon known as the “hydraulic ram.” This paper focuses on projectile–target interactions and explains how the decay of projectile velocity is related to the initial conditions of the target.

Common experimental configurations used to determine HE detonation velocity‐curvature are right circular cylinders detonated in air. The steadily propagating detonation front is curved and its velocity depends upon the diameter of the cylinder. This configuration requires several experiments with different diameters and sufficiently long cylinders to assume a steadily propagating detonation front. This last hypothesis is practically not achieved for non‐ideal HE using reasonably long cylinders. To elude this problem, a special explosive device called “logosphere”, developed by CEA, has been adapted to non ideal HE. It provides a well define spherically diverging detonation wave and allows measurements of the detonation velocity‐curvature relationship by means of piezoelectric pins without any perturbation. VISAR and IDL diagnostics record the material velocities at the rear surface of the explosive through transparent windows. The particle velocity values are used to determine the curved detonation states...